Handbook of ethological methods:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1996
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 672 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521554055 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Handbook of ethological methods
SECOND EDITION
PHILIP N LEHNER
Department of Biology Colorado Slate University
I CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Preface page xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1 1 What is ethology? 2
1 2 Why study animal behavior? 2
1 3 What to study? 3
131 Levels of behavior 4
132 Areas of study 4
133 Categories of questions 8
1 4 Scientific method 10
1 5 Ethological approach 11
1 6 Descriptive versus experimental research 13
I GETTING STARTED 17
2 A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 19
2 1 Continuous stream of behavior 19
2 2 Predisposition to behave: differing contributions 20
221 Genotype, environment (experience) and interaction 20
222 Anatomy and physiology 23
23A model for a behavioral act 24
231 The animal 24
232 Stimuli 24
233 Behavior 26
234 Ethological model of innate behavior 26
235 Associative learning paradigms 28
236 Feedback 37
237 Feedforward 37
2 4 Application of the model 38
241 Conceptualizing the areas of study 38
242 Organizing the types of question 39
243 Focusing research 39
244 Developing an expanded or more focused model 41
245 Diagnosing and treating behavior problems in animals 44
CONTENTS
2 5 Summary 44
3CHOICEOF SUBJECTS 47
3 1 Species-oriented research 47
3 2 Concept-oriented research 50
321 August Krogh principle 51
322 Suitability versus availability 53
4RECONNAISSANCE OBSERVATION 54
4 1 How to observe 54
411 Watching versus observing 54
412 An exercise in observing 58
413 Field notes 61
414 Equipment 65
4 2 How to describe behavior 81
421 Empirical versus functional descriptions 81
422 Catalog, repertoire and ethogram 86
4 3 Information resources 93
431 Literature 94
432 Other researchers 97
433 Films and videotapes 98
5DELINEATIONOFRESEARCH 100
5 1 Conceptualizing the problem 100
511 What are the questions? 100
512 Stating objectives 102
513 Research hypotheses 102
5 2 Using the model for a behavioral act 103
6DESIGNOFRESEARCH 105
6 1 Description versus experimentation 105
6 2 Variables 107
6 3 Behavior units 109
631 Classification of behavior units 110
632 Spatial and temporal aspects 114
633 Descriptions and definitions of behavior units 115
634 Number of behavioral units to measure 123
635 Validity 124
6 4 Researcher-statistician • 124
6 5 Basic experimental designs 126
651 Variables, samples, treatments, blocks, individuals and measurements 126
CONTENTS
652 Experimental designs 129
653 Random, haphazard and opportunistic samples 144
6 6 Relative efficiency of experimental designs 147
6 7 Determination of sample size 148
7EXPERIMENTALRESEARCH 150
7 1 The varying variables 151
711 Natural variation 155
712 Artificial manipulation 157
7 2 Further examples of experimental manipulation 167
721 In the field 167
722 In the laboratory 174
7 3 Field to laboratory: a continuum 177
II COLLECTING THE DATA 181
8 DATA COLLECTION METHODS 183
8 1 Research design and data collection 183
8 2 Scales of measurement 183
8 3 Sampling methods 189
831 Focal-animal (pair, group) versus all-animal sampling 189
832 Ad libitum sampling 195
833 Continuous recording sampling methods 197
834 Time sampling 201
835 Summary 206
8 4 Observer effects 210
8 5 Reliability 212
851 Intra-observer or self-reliability 213
852 Inter-observer reliability 214
8 6 Identification and naming of individuals 221
861 Natural marks 221
862 Capture and marking 223
863 Assignment of numbers and names 230
9 DATA-COLLECTION EQUIPMENT 233
9 1 Notebook and pencil 235
9 2 Data forms 236
921 Characteristics of behavior units 236
922 Columns and rows 237
923 Coding 238
924 Data-form examples 238
CONTENTS
9 3 Clocks and counters 247
9 4 Calculators 250
9 5 Strip-chart event recorders 250
9 6 Stenograph 253
9 7 Computer-compatible data loggers 254
9 8 Microcomputers 256
981 Data collection 257
982 Data storage and manipulation 266
9 9 Audio-tape recorders 267
991 Data collection on audio-tape recorders 267
992 Recording animal sounds 269
993 Playback of sounds 273
994 Ultrasonic detectors 275
9 10 Analysis of animal sounds 276
9 10 1 Equipment 276
9 10 2 Analysis of sound spectrograms 282
9 10 3 Computer analysis of recorded sounds 283
9 11 Photography 284
9 11 1 Still photography 285
9 11 2 Motion-picture photography 293
9 11 3 Film analysis 296
9 12 Videotape recording and analysis 299
9 13 Stopwatches 307
9 14 Metronomes 308
9 15 Determining geographic location 309
9 15 1 Global Positioning System and Argos Satellite System 310
9 15 2 Biotelemetry 313
10 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF DATA COLLECTION
AND DESCRIPTION 319
10 1 Individual behavior 319
10 1 1 Terrestrial tetrapod locomotion 319
10 2 Social behavior 321
10 2 1 Displays 321
10 2 2 Dominant-subordinate relationships 326
10 2 3 Social organization 338
CONTENTS
III ANALYZING THE RESULTS 345
11 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSES 347
11 1 Statistical principles 347
11 2 Statistical hypotheses 348
11 3 Hypothesis testing 349
11 4 Type I and type II errors 351
11 5 Selecting the alpha level 352
11 6 Power of a test 353
11 7 Sample statistics 358
11 7 1 Sample distributions 358
11 7 2 Sample mean, mode and median 358
11 7 3 Skewness 359
11 7 4 Location 359
11 7 5 Variability 361
11 7 6 Standard deviation 361
11 7 7 Sample mean confidence interval 362
11 7 8 Coefficient of variation 366
12 SELECTION OF A STATISTICAL TEST 369
12 1 Parametric versus nonparametric statistical tests 369
12 1 1 Parametric tests 369
12 1 2 Data transformations 377
12 1 3 Nonparametric tests 379
13 PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS 381
13 1 Completely randomized design 381
13 1 1 Two independent samples 381
13 1 2 Three or more independent samples 384
13 2 Randomized block, matched pairs or repeated measures design 386
13 2 1 Two related of matched samples 386
14 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS 391
14 1 Completely randomized design 391
14 1 1 One variable 391
14 1 2 Two variables 412
14 2 Randomized block, matched pairs and repeated measures design 421
14 2 1 One variable 421
CONTENTS
15 RATES OF BEHAVIOR AND ANALYSIS OF
SEQUENCES 440
15 1 Rates of behavior 440
15 2 Analysis of sequences 444
15 2 1 Intra-individual sequences 447
15 2 2 Inter-individual sequences 456
16 MULTIVARIATEANALYSES 465
16 1 Matrices 465
16 2 Grouping behaviors 468
16 3 Grouping individuals 469
16 4 Describing differences among individuals 474
16 5 Discriminating among groups of individuals or behaviors 476
16 6 Analyzing sequences of behavior 479
16 6 1 Factor analysis 479
16 6 2 Multidimensional scaling 482
16 7 Summary 482
16 8 Software packages for statistical analyses 483
17 SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND TIME: CIRCULAR
STATISTICS AND SPATIAL PATTERNS 485
17 1 Tests for randomness of directions (or times) 485
17 1 1 Chi-square goodness-of-fit test 487
17 1 2 Rayleighlest 489
17 1 3 Vtest 491
17 2 Difference between sample mean direction (or time period) and specified
direction (or specified time period) • 493
17 2 1 Sample mean direction 494
17 2 2 Confidence interval 494
17 3 Difference in sample mean directions between two, or more, groups of
animals 495
17 3 1 Two sample runs lest 495
17 3 2 Watson-Williams two sample lest 496
17 3 3 Watson-Williams multisample lest 500
17 4 Spatial patterns: animal-animal and animal-environment 502
17 4 1 Animal-animal spatial relationships 502
17 4 2 Animal-environment spatial relationships 510
CONTENTS
18 INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF
RESULTS 522
18 1 What do your results mean? 522
18 2 Visual representations 522
18 2 1 Graphs and figures 523
18 2 2 Vector diagrams 527
18 2 3 Kinematic graphs 530
18 2 4 Conceptual models 531
18 2 5 Other illustrations 536
18 3 Comparisons with previous results 539
18 4 Re-evaluation 539
18 5 Revising and restating hypotheses 539
APPENDICES 539
A Statistical figures and tables 541
Table A1 Factorials Values of n! 541
Table A2 Logarithms of factorials for n+/ to 199 542
Table A3 Binomial coefficients 543
Table A4 Critical values for the F-Max test for homogeneity of variance 544
Table A5 Critical values of the l-siaiistic for a two-tailed test 545
Table A6r Critical values of F for the analysis of variance Alpha=0 05 546
Table A6r Critical values of F for the analysis of variance Alpha=0 01 549
Table A 7 Critical values for significance of the Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient rf 551
Table A8r Critical values of r for the one-sample and two-sample runs test Alpha=0 05 552
Table A8r Critical values of r for the one-sample runs test 553
Table A9 Critical values of the chi-square distribution for one-tailed tests 554
Table A10 Critical values of U for the Mann-Whitney test 555
Table All Critical values for the Kolmogorov—Snu rnov two-sample, one-tailed test for
small samples • 556
Table A12 Critical values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample, two-tailed test for
small samples 560
Table A13 Critical values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample, two-tailed test for
large samples 564
Table A14 Critical values for the Kruskal- Wallis one-way analysis of variance 565
Table AI5 Critical values of Qfor Dunn s multiple comparison test 567
Table A16 Critical values of Sfor Kendall s Coefficient of Concordance for small samples 568
Table A17 Probabilities for the two-tailed sign test 569
Table A18 Critical values of Tfor the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks lest 570
Table A19 Critical values of Spearman s Rho correlation coefficient 571
Table A20 Critical values of Kendall s tau correlation coefficient 573
Table A21 Critical values of qfor Dunnett s test 574
Table A22 Values of log,n and -plog,p 576
Table A23 Values of sine, cosine and tangent for direction and time 578
Table A24 Critical values of ufor the V tea 589
|
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| spelling | Lehner, Philip N. Verfasser aut Handbook of ethological methods Philip N. Lehner 2. ed. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1996 XIX, 672 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Animaux - Murs et comportement - Méthodologie Comportamento instintivo animal larpcal Éthologie - Méthodes statistiques Éthologie - Méthodologie Animal behavior Methodology Handbooks, manuals, etc Ethology methods Handbooks Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007551497&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lehner, Philip N. Handbook of ethological methods Animaux - Murs et comportement - Méthodologie Comportamento instintivo animal larpcal Éthologie - Méthodes statistiques Éthologie - Méthodologie Animal behavior Methodology Handbooks, manuals, etc Ethology methods Handbooks Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
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| title | Handbook of ethological methods |
| title_auth | Handbook of ethological methods |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of ethological methods |
| title_full | Handbook of ethological methods Philip N. Lehner |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of ethological methods Philip N. Lehner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of ethological methods Philip N. Lehner |
| title_short | Handbook of ethological methods |
| title_sort | handbook of ethological methods |
| topic | Animaux - Murs et comportement - Méthodologie Comportamento instintivo animal larpcal Éthologie - Méthodes statistiques Éthologie - Méthodologie Animal behavior Methodology Handbooks, manuals, etc Ethology methods Handbooks Verhaltensforschung (DE-588)4062862-0 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Animaux - Murs et comportement - Méthodologie Comportamento instintivo animal Éthologie - Méthodes statistiques Éthologie - Méthodologie Animal behavior Methodology Handbooks, manuals, etc Ethology methods Handbooks Verhaltensforschung Methode |
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