Island networks: communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania
In their previous book, Exchange in Oceania, anthropologist Per Hage and mathematician Frank Harary demonstrated that models from graph theory, a branch of pure mathematics, provide the essential basis for analyzing the great variety of exchange systems in Micronesian, Melanesian, and Polynesian soc...
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1996
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Structural analysis in the social sciences
11 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | In their previous book, Exchange in Oceania, anthropologist Per Hage and mathematician Frank Harary demonstrated that models from graph theory, a branch of pure mathematics, provide the essential basis for analyzing the great variety of exchange systems in Micronesian, Melanesian, and Polynesian societies. In this new book the authors extend these models and apply them to the analysis of communication, kinship, and classification structures in the island societies of Oceania, presenting the relevant topics from graph theory in a form accessible to the nonmathematical reader. The research problems include the formation of island empires, the social basis of dialect groups, the emergence of trade and political centers, the evolution and devolution of social stratification, the transformations of marriage and descent systems, the historical development of kinship terminologies, and the reconstruction of protosocieties. |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 296 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 052155232X |
Internformat
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| 490 | 1 | |a Structural analysis in the social sciences |v 11 | |
| 520 | 3 | |a In their previous book, Exchange in Oceania, anthropologist Per Hage and mathematician Frank Harary demonstrated that models from graph theory, a branch of pure mathematics, provide the essential basis for analyzing the great variety of exchange systems in Micronesian, Melanesian, and Polynesian societies. In this new book the authors extend these models and apply them to the analysis of communication, kinship, and classification structures in the island societies of Oceania, presenting the relevant topics from graph theory in a form accessible to the nonmathematical reader. The research problems include the formation of island empires, the social basis of dialect groups, the emergence of trade and political centers, the evolution and devolution of social stratification, the transformations of marriage and descent systems, the historical development of kinship terminologies, and the reconstruction of protosocieties. | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1817613087201558528 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
List of figures, tables, and maps page ix
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
1 Island networks and graphs 1
Graph theoretic models 3
Geographical, linguistic, and anthropological terms 17
2 Trees 22
Basic definitions 22
A Micronesian prestige good system 30
"Recursive dualism " in Austronesian classification
systems 35
Cognatic kinship networks 43
Cycle rank and network connectedness 45
3 The minimum spanning tree problem 51
Dialect groups and marriage isolates in the Tuamotus 52
The evolution of the Lakemban matanitu 66
The Renfrew Sterud method of close proximity analysis 75
On deconstructing a network 89
4 Search trees: I 90
Independent discoveries of the conical clan 92
Social stratification in Polynesia 101
A structural model of the conical clan 107
Prestige good systems 116
5 Search trees: II 125
The Marshallese conical clan 126
The devolution of social organization in Nuclear
Micronesia 142
vii
viii Contents
Search trees and the organization of genealogical
knowledge 162
6 Centrality 165
Southern Lau, Fiji: "A natural trade area" 166
Power centers in the Greater Lauan trade network 174
Political and mythological centers in Ralik and Ratak 178
Expeditions in Torres Strait 180
On the position of Delos in the Archaic Aegean
network 194
Self centered networks 201
7 Dominating sets 204
Local domination in the Caroline Islands 205
Alliance structures in the western Tuamotus 207
Pottery monopolies in Melanesian trade networks 212
8 Digraphs 218
Basic definitions 219
Murdock's maze: The bilateral hypothesis of
Proto Malayo Polynesian social organization 222
Sibling classification and culture history in
Island Oceania 231
9 Conclusion 262
References 269
Index 289
Figures, tables, and maps
Figures
1.1 Alternative representations of a graph page 4
1.2 Equivalent representations of a rooted tree as (a) a graph 5
and (b) nested sets
1.3 Two binary trees 5
1.4 A native model of social organization in Polynesia (from 6
E. and P. Beaglehole 1938)
1.5 An electrical network N, its underlying graph G, and a 7
spanning tree T
1.6 Boruvka's illustration of a minimum spanning tree 8
algorithm (from Graham and Hell 1985)
1.7 Depth first and breadth first search trees 10
1.8 A breadth first search of a graph 12
1.9 A graph to illustrate centrality concepts 13
1.10 One solution to the Five Queens Problem 14
1.11 Digraphs that are (a) weakly and (b) strongly connected 15
1.12 A semilattice 16
1.13 The Austronesian family tree (from Blust 1990) 19
2.1 The 11 graphs with four nodes 23
2.2 A graph to illustrate adjacency 23
2.3 A graph, a subgraph, and a spanning subgraph 24
2.4 Two labeled graphs 24
2.5 A graph to illustrate walks, trails, paths, and cycles 25
2.6 Four of the 11 graphs with four nodes 26
2.7 A graph to illustrate cutnodes and bridges 26
2.8 Two isomorphic graphs _ 26
2.9 A graph G and its complement G 27
2.10 Three bigraphs 27
2.11 A rooted graph and a doubly rooted graph 27
2.12 The product of two graphs 28
2.13 Planar, plane, and nonplanar graphs 28
ix
x Figures, tables, and maps
2.14 The digraphs with three nodes and three arcs 29
2.15 The 11 trees with seven nodes 29
2.16 The rooted trees with four nodes 30
2.17 Yapese communication structures (tha'): (a) the outer 32
island tribute system; (b) Gacpar political networks
2.18 Hocart's (1929) model of "perpetual dichotomy" in Fijian 36
social organization
2.19 Social organization in the Lau Islands (from Hocart 1929) 36
2.20 Eyde's (1983) model of "recursive dualism" in the 38
Admiralty Islands
2.21 J.J. Fox's (1989) model of "recursive complementarity" 39
in eastern Indonesian exchange
2.22 Three rooted plane trees 40
2.23 Three full binary trees 41
2.24 The binary trees with four nodes 42
2.25 The twin binary trees with seven nodes 42
2.26 An out tree and its dual in tree 43
2.27 An in tree model of'ati affiliations in the Tuamotus 45
(from Ottino 1972)
2.28 A Southeast Solomons Vanuatu New Caledonia Lapita 46
network (from Hunt 1988)
2.29 A graph and all its spanning trees 47
2.30 A graph G, a spanning tree T, and the set of independent 48
cycles obtained from T
2.31 Illustrations of the alpha index of planar graphs (from 49
Haggett 1967)
3.1 A minimum spanning tree (MST) of a network N 56
3.2 Generating an MST using Kruskal's algorithm 57
3.3 The MST of the Tuamotus network, clustered to show 59
dialect groups
3.4 Generating an MST using Boruvka's algorithm 73
3.5 Modeling the evolution of the Lakemba matanitu with 74
Boruvka's MST algorithm
3.6 Illustration of the Renfrew Sterud method of double link 76
close proximity analysis applied to a series of
Aurignacian burins
3.7 Construction of the close proximity graph in Fig. 3.6 77
using Kruskal's algorithm
3.8 Generating an MST using Prim's algorithm 79
3.9 Illustration of a matrix method for using Prim's MST 80
algorithm (from Wilson and Watkins 1990)
3.10 A network with two MSTs 81
3.11 Renfrew and Sterud's (1969) close proximity structure 82
Figures, tables, and maps xi
for the Early Cycladic cemeteries, using presence absence
similarity coefficients
3.12 Two different MSTs generated by the Cycladic cemetery 85
matrix
3.13 The universal subtree of the MST of the Cycladic cemetery 86
matrix
3.14 The graph in Fig. 3.13 relabeled with island names 86
3.15 An MST of linked Lapita pottery motifs, based on data in 88
Green (1978,1991)
4.1 Sahlins's (1958) model of the conical clan (ramage) in 102
Polynesia
4.2 White's (1959) model of the conical clan 109
4.3 The graph Ky drawn as a rooted labeled plane graph 111
4.4 The labeled trees with four nodes 112
4.5 A breadth first search of T2 112
4.6 Goody's (1966) implicit BFST model of the "inclusive 113
system of agnatic hereditary succession"
4.7 A depth first search of T2 113
4.8 The details of a depth first search 114
4.9 A left to right DFST model of the conical clan in 114
Polynesia, where rank is defined by primogeniture
4.10 A right to left DFST model of the conical clan in Kachin 115
gwnsa society, where rank is defined by ultimogeniture
4.11 A graph of the protohistoric long distance exchange 118
network of the Tongan maritime empire (from Kirch
1988a)
4.12 A prestige goods cycle linking Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa 123
5.1 Mason's (1954) coding of rank in the Bikini clan 128
5.2 A product graph of intra and interclass marriage and 133
status of the children in Marshallese society
5.3 A graph of the Ralik Ratak voyaging network 138
5.4 Wife giving and tribute relations between noble and 141
royal Marshallese lineages
5.5 A schematic map showing languages in Micronesia (from 144
Bender 1971)
5.6 The "ideal scheme for reciting genealogies" among the 164
Tory Islanders (from R. Fox 1978)
6.1 Illustrations of degree, closeness, and betweenness 169
centrality in a graph
6.2 The graph of the southern Lau trade network 172
6.3 A graph of the Greater Lauan trade network 176
6.4 A graph and the eccentricities of nodes 179
6.5 A graph in which the center and the median are disjoint 179
xii Figures, tables, and maps
6.6 A rooted graph of the western Torres Strait Papua New 186
Guinea canoe purchasing trade routes implicit in Harris
(1979)
6.7 A rooted graph of the western and central Torres Strait 187
Papua New Guinea canoe purchasing trade routes,
based on Haddon(1904, 1935)
6.8 A doubly rooted graph of the western, central, and eastern 190
Torres Strait Papua New Guinea canoe purchasing trade
routes, based on Haddon (1904, 1935)
6.9 A graph of the Torres Strait Papuan coast Cape York trade 192
network
6.10 A graph and its adjacency, reachability, and distance 195
matrices
6.11 A network N and its cost matrix C 196
6.12 The Archaic Ionian city state network, based on J. L. 199
Davis (1982)
6.13 The four automorphisms of the graph K4 e 202
6.14 Three node symmetric graphs 202
6.15 A self centered graph that is not node symmetric 203
6.16 A nonregular self median graph (from Sabidussi 1966) 203
7.1 A graph to illustrate dominating sets 205
7.2 A graph of the western Carolines voyaging network 206
(from Hage and Harary 1991)
7.3 A graph of the overnight voyaging network in the 211
Vahitu, Tapuhoe Tauro, and Parata districts of the
western Tuamotus
7.4 The kula ring (after Irwin 1983) 214
7.5 The square G2 of a graph G 215
7.6 The graph of the Mailu network (from Irwin 1974) 216
8.1 A digraph to illustrate the classification of nodes 219
8.2 A digraph to illustrate walks 220
8.3 Digraphs to illustrate connectedness categories 221
8.4 Illustrations of converse digraphs 222
8.5 A BFST of Murdock's (1949) maze with Normal Hawaiian 229
as the root
8.6 A BFST of Murdock's (1949) maze with Normal Iroquois 230
as the root
8.7 Nerlove and Romney's (1967) ideal types of sibling 235
terminologies
8.8 Polynesian sibling terminologies identified by Firth (1970) 237
8.9 A graph of Epling, Kirk, and Boyd's (1973) "upper 239
semilattice of [Polynesian] sibling terminologies showing
the two reconstructed evolutionary chains"
Figures, tables, and maps xiii
8.10 A digraph of Clark's (1975) model of the evolution of 242
Polynesian sibling terminology
8.11 A graph of Marshall's (1984) "chain of structural patterns 243
of sibling classification in Island Oceania"
8.12 Marshall's (1984) "developmental core of structural 244
patterns of sibling classification in Island Oceania"
8.13 Marshall's (1984) graph of "relationships among 245
structural patterns of sibling classification in Island
Oceania"
8.14 Marshall's (1984) digraph of "probable genetic 246
relationships among the eleven structural patterns of
sibling classification in Island Oceania"
8.15 Marshall's (1984) digraphs of "probable 247
developmental sequences of major structural patterns of
sibling classification in Polynesia, Micronesia, and
Melanesia"
8.16 Two depictions of the same rooted tree 251
8.17 A directed path 252
8.18 (a) Lattice, (b) semilattice, (c) oriented graph 253
8.19 A semilattice of the evolution of Proto Oceanic (POC) 254
sibling terminologies, based on Milke (1938)
8.20 Marshall's (1984) model of the evolution of Nuclear 257
Micronesian (NM) sibling terminologies
8.21 A lattice model of the evolution of Nuclear Micronesian 258
(NM) sibling terminologies
8.22 Lexical relationships in the evolution of Trukese sibling 259
terminology
Tables
3.1 Population of the Tuamotus in 1951 63
3.2 Presence absence similarity coefficient matrix of Early 84
Cycladic cemeteries, based on Renfrew and Sterud
(1969) and Renfrew (1972)
6.1 Relative centrality of islands in the southern Lau trade 173
network
6.2 Relative centrality of islands in the Greater Lauan 177
network
6.3 Estimated pre European (ca. 1840) populations and 184
population densities of the western Torres Strait islands
6.4 The position of the western Torres Strait islands in the 188
canoe trade with Papua New Guinea
xiv Figures, tables, and maps
6.5 Relative centrality of locations in the Greater 193
Torres Strait Papuan coast Cape York trade network
6.6 Relative centrality of city states in the Archaic Ionian 200
network
8.1 A digraph (list of arcs) of Murdock's (1949) evolutionary 227
model of social organization
8.2 Murdock's (1949) classification of Malayo Polynesian 228
societies
Maps
1.1 The distribution of the Austronesian and Oceanic 18
languages (from Bellwood 1978)
3.1 The Tuamotu Archipelago (from Emory 1934) 54
3.2 The Fiji Islands (from Thompson 1940) 67
6.1 Torres Strait (adapted from Beckett 1987) 182 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hage, Per Harary, Frank 1921-2005 |
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| discipline | Soziologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Océanie - Moeurs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques ram Océanie - Murs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques Oceania Social life and customs Mathematical models Ozeanien (DE-588)4044257-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Océanie - Moeurs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques Océanie - Murs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques Oceania Social life and customs Mathematical models Ozeanien |
| id | DE-604.BV011234210 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-05T15:01:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 052155232X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007539076 |
| oclc_num | 32853840 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
| physical | XX, 296 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Structural analysis in the social sciences |
| series2 | Structural analysis in the social sciences |
| spelling | Hage, Per Verfasser aut Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania Per Hage ; Frank Harary 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1996 XX, 296 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Structural analysis in the social sciences 11 In their previous book, Exchange in Oceania, anthropologist Per Hage and mathematician Frank Harary demonstrated that models from graph theory, a branch of pure mathematics, provide the essential basis for analyzing the great variety of exchange systems in Micronesian, Melanesian, and Polynesian societies. In this new book the authors extend these models and apply them to the analysis of communication, kinship, and classification structures in the island societies of Oceania, presenting the relevant topics from graph theory in a form accessible to the nonmathematical reader. The research problems include the formation of island empires, the social basis of dialect groups, the emergence of trade and political centers, the evolution and devolution of social stratification, the transformations of marriage and descent systems, the historical development of kinship terminologies, and the reconstruction of protosocieties. Anthropologie sociale - Océanie ram Anthropologie structurale - Océanie Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Graphes, Théorie des Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Sociale organisatie gtt Verwantschap gtt Alltag, Brauchtum Mathematisches Modell Ethnology Oceania Mathematical models Graph theory Kinship Oceania Mathematical models Social networks Oceania Mathematical models Structural anthropology Oceania Soziales Netzwerk (DE-588)4055762-5 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 gnd rswk-swf Océanie - Moeurs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques ram Océanie - Murs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques Oceania Social life and customs Mathematical models Ozeanien (DE-588)4044257-3 gnd rswk-swf Ozeanien (DE-588)4044257-3 g Soziales Netzwerk (DE-588)4055762-5 s DE-604 Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 s Harary, Frank 1921-2005 Verfasser (DE-588)117711330 aut Structural analysis in the social sciences 11 (DE-604)BV002814947 11 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007539076&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hage, Per Harary, Frank 1921-2005 Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania Structural analysis in the social sciences Anthropologie sociale - Océanie ram Anthropologie structurale - Océanie Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Graphes, Théorie des Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Sociale organisatie gtt Verwantschap gtt Alltag, Brauchtum Mathematisches Modell Ethnology Oceania Mathematical models Graph theory Kinship Oceania Mathematical models Social networks Oceania Mathematical models Structural anthropology Oceania Soziales Netzwerk (DE-588)4055762-5 gnd Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055762-5 (DE-588)4031883-7 (DE-588)4044257-3 |
| title | Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania |
| title_auth | Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania |
| title_exact_search | Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania |
| title_full | Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania Per Hage ; Frank Harary |
| title_fullStr | Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania Per Hage ; Frank Harary |
| title_full_unstemmed | Island networks communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania Per Hage ; Frank Harary |
| title_short | Island networks |
| title_sort | island networks communication kinship and classification structures in oceania |
| title_sub | communication, kinship, and classification structures in Oceania |
| topic | Anthropologie sociale - Océanie ram Anthropologie structurale - Océanie Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Graphes, Théorie des Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques ram Sociale organisatie gtt Verwantschap gtt Alltag, Brauchtum Mathematisches Modell Ethnology Oceania Mathematical models Graph theory Kinship Oceania Mathematical models Social networks Oceania Mathematical models Structural anthropology Oceania Soziales Netzwerk (DE-588)4055762-5 gnd Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Anthropologie sociale - Océanie Anthropologie structurale - Océanie Ethnologie - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Graphes, Théorie des Parenté - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Réseaux sociaux - Océanie - Modèles mathématiques Sociale organisatie Verwantschap Alltag, Brauchtum Mathematisches Modell Ethnology Oceania Mathematical models Graph theory Kinship Oceania Mathematical models Social networks Oceania Mathematical models Structural anthropology Oceania Soziales Netzwerk Kommunikation Océanie - Moeurs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques Océanie - Murs et coutumes - Modèles mathématiques Oceania Social life and customs Mathematical models Ozeanien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007539076&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002814947 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hageper islandnetworkscommunicationkinshipandclassificationstructuresinoceania AT hararyfrank islandnetworkscommunicationkinshipandclassificationstructuresinoceania |