Government reform in New Zealand:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
Internat. Monetary Fund
1996
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International Monetary Fund: Occasional paper
140 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 107 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 155775540X |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Page
Preface ix
I Introduction I
II Essential Facts 3
III Political and Economic Background to the Reforms
of Government Management Systems 5
Political Background 5
Economic Background 7
Distortion in the Price System 7
Poor Productivity and Low Innovation 7
Effects of Tariffs and Controls 7
Inefficient Labor Market 7
Inefficient and Inequitable Tax System 7
Excessive Presence of Government in the
Production Sectors of the Economy 8
Some Specific Failures in Government Run Enterprises 8
Ineffective Stabilization Policies 8
Evolution of a New Strategy for Development 8
Implications for Government and Management Reform 9
IV Theoretical Influences on the Approaches to Reform 10
Influences from Theory and from Other Countries Experiences 11
Agency Theory 11
Public Choice Theory 12
New Accounting Methodologies 13
Generic Frameworks for Institutional Reform 13
V Structural Change to Promote Effectiveness 14
Basic Features of Reform 14
Separation Between Policy and Operation 14
Separation Between Funding, Purchasing, and Provision of Service 14
Competition Between Service Providers 14
Reallocation of Responsibilities Between Government Departments 14
Examples of Reform 15
Education 15
Health 15
Housing 15
Science 15
Transport 16
D
Justice 16
Land 16
Commercial Regulation 16
Assessment 16
Contestability 18
How Much Disaggregation Is Enough? 19
Government Ownership of the Providers 19
Complex Contracts 19
Changing Managers 20
VI Reform of the Commercial Activities of the Government 21
Historical Background 21
Extent of Government Involvement 21
Causes of Poor Performance in Government Businesses 22
State Owned Enterprise Framework 22
Performance Objectives and Accountability 23
Results of the Reform 23
Fiscal Implications 24
Implications for Labor 24
New Issues in New Zealand s State Owned Enterprise Policy 25
Who Benefited from Corporatization in New Zealand? 25
Telecommunications 26
Electricity Corporation of New Zealand 26
Government as Owner of Monopolies 27
Dividends and Reinvestment Policies 27
Economic Value Added as a Technique to Enhance
State Owned Enterprise Performance 28
Implications for Regulators 28
Conclusion 29
VII Management for Improved Performance in Core
Government Administration 30
Previous System 30
Roles, Accountability, and Delegation 31
Emphasis on Ex Ante Performance Specification 32
Setting Objectives to Shift Control from Inputs to Outputs 33
Practical Approaches to Establishing Outcomes 37
Contracting for Output Performance 39
Output Quantity 41
Output Quality 41
Output Costs 41
VIII Human Resource Issues 44
Senior Management 44
Industrial Relations 48
IX Decentralized Financial Management in Core
Government Administration 50
Public Finance Act 50
Budgeting 50
Parliamentary Control of Supply 50
Appropriations 51
Budget Processes 53
Operational Financial Management 55
I
Financial Delegation 55
Measuring Financial Performance 55
Output Cost Accounting 56
Debt and Cash Management 60
Charging for Capital 61
Management Framework Surrounding a Chief Executive 62
Accounting and Financial Reporting 63
Setting Accounting Standards 63
Government Balance Sheet 65
External Accountability and the Fiscal Responsibility Act 66
Parliamentary Scrutiny 66
Fiscal Responsibility Act 66
Assessing the Results 69
X Lessons of Reform 71
Big Changes Can Be Rapid Changes 71
Lessons in Implementation 71
Recognize the Problem 71
Solve a Sequence of Real Problems 72
Political Commitment Is Necessary at Key Points 72
Leadership from Heads of Departments Is Essential 72
Do Not Relax Central Controls Too Soon 72
Managers Will Welcome Change 73
Create Incentives for Change 73
Communicate the Objectives of Changes 73
Decentralize Technical Accounting Issues 73
Accept the Allocation of Senior Management Time to Change 74
Manage Transitional Risks Carefully 74
Managing Change at Departmental Level Is Critical for Success 74
XI Contribution of Government Management
Reform to New Zealand s Economic Adjustment 75
Impact of Reforms on Adjustment 75
Fiscal and Economic Trends 75
Associations Between Fiscal Outcomes and
Particular Management Reforms 77
More Efficient Budgeting 78
Expenditure Composition 79
Improvements in Efficiency 79
Fiscal Policy s Contribution to Disequilibrium 79
Looking to the Future 81
XII Relevance of New Zealand s Experience to Other Situations 82
Other Countries Approaches 82
Delegation of Management Authority 86
Countries With Different Management Approaches 86
Interdependencies Between Components of the System 87
Balancing Freedom and Accountability 88
Accrual Accounting 89
Can Improved Performance Be Achieved Through Program Evaluation? 89
Concluding Remarks 90
D
Appendices
I Outline of Treasury Instructions 91
II Summary of Aggregate Fiscal Reports 92
III Schedule of Reforms Enacted Between 1984 and 1991 93
IV Ministry of Defence: Contingent Military Capabilities 97
V Evolution of New Zealand s Health Policies 99
Historical Developments 99
The 1993 Health Reforms 99
Transitional Issues 101
Evaluation of the Current System 102
Efficiency 102
Expenditure Control 102
Equity 102
Core Services Definition 102
Issues for the Future 102
Who Decides What Is To Be Purchased? 102
Is the Purchaser Provider Split Working? 102
Conclusion 103
Bibliography 104
Boxes
Section
VII. 1. Chief Executives Performance Agreements 33
2. Treasury Output Classes 36
3. New Zealand Defence Force National Security Outcomes 38
4. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Outcomes 38
5. Department of Social Welfare, New Zealand
Income Support Service Outputs 40
6. Cost Dimension of Typical Outputs 43
7. Wider Cost Dimension of Typical Outputs 43
VIII. 8. Salaries for Heads of Departments/Branches of the
State Services, December 1, 1986 45
9. Public Service Chief Executives Remuneration, June 30, 1994 46
IX. 10. Environmental Hazards Control 53
11. Management Framework Surrounding a Chief Executive 62
12. External Reporting of Departments 63
13. Government Financial Statements 64
Tables
Section
V. 1. The Case for Structural Separation of Funding, Purchasing,
and Provision of Services 18
VII. 2. Examples of Outputs 34
3. Examples of Outputs from Purchase Agreements of Departments 35
4. Examples of Output Quantity and Quality 42
IX. 5. Ministry for the Environment Appropriations 54
6. Defence Force Costs Allocation 59
0
Appendix
IV. 7. Cost: Output Class I 97
Charts
Section
VI. 1. State Owned Enterprise Outputs 24
XI. 2. Deficits as Percent of GDP 76
3. Government Expenditure as Percent of GDP 76
4. Taxes/GDP 77
5. GDP Annual Growth 77
6. Net Public Debt as a Percent of GDP 78
7. Shares of Net Government Expenditure 80
Figures
Section
V. 1. Organizational Structure of the Science System 17
VII. 2. Accountability Relationship 32
3. Outcomes, Outputs, and Inputs 33
Appendix
V. 4. Proposed Health Care Structures 100
5. Advisory and Contracting Relationships in the Health Care System 101
The following symbols have been used throughout this paper:
... to indicate that data are not available;
— to indicate that the figure is zero or less than half the final digit shown, or that the item
does not exist;
between years or months (e.g., 1991 92 or January June) to indicate the years or
months covered, including the beginning and ending years or months;
/ between years (e.g., 1991/92) to indicate a crop or fiscal (financial) year.
Billion means a thousand million.
Minor discrepancies between constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.
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| spelling | Scott, Graham C. Verfasser aut Government reform in New Zealand Graham C. Scott Washington, DC Internat. Monetary Fund 1996 IX, 107 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Monetary Fund: Occasional paper 140 Verwaltungsreform (DE-588)4063353-6 gnd rswk-swf Neuseeland (DE-588)4041915-0 gnd rswk-swf Neuseeland (DE-588)4041915-0 g Verwaltungsreform (DE-588)4063353-6 s DE-604 International Monetary Fund: Occasional paper 140 (DE-604)BV002597241 140 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007504029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Government reform in New Zealand |
| title_auth | Government reform in New Zealand |
| title_exact_search | Government reform in New Zealand |
| title_full | Government reform in New Zealand Graham C. Scott |
| title_fullStr | Government reform in New Zealand Graham C. Scott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Government reform in New Zealand Graham C. Scott |
| title_short | Government reform in New Zealand |
| title_sort | government reform in new zealand |
| topic | Verwaltungsreform (DE-588)4063353-6 gnd |
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