Holdings: Functional roles of biodiversity

Functional roles of biodiversity: a global perspective

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 1996
Series:	International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE 55
Subjects:	Biodiversiteit Diversité biologique Écologie Écosystèmes Ökologie Biological diversity Ecology Klima Ökosystem Artenreichtum Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXIII, 493 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	0471956015

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	SCOPE 55 FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BIODIVERSITY A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE EDITED BY HAROLD A. MOONEY STANFORD UNIVERSITY, USA J. HALL CUSHMAN SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY V USA ERNESTO MEDINA IVIC,, CENTRO DE ECOLOGIA, VENEZUELA OSVALDO E. SALA UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA ERNST-DETLEF SCHULZE UNIVERSITAT BAYREUTH, GERMANY PUBLISHED ON BEHALF OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON PROBLEMS OF THE ENVIRONMENT (SCOPE) OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS (ICSU) AND OF THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) UNEP BY JOHN WILEY & SONS CHICHESTER * NEW YORK * BRISBANE * TORONTO * SINGAPORE CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS XIX 1 THE SCOPE ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING OF BIODIVERSITY PROGRAM 1 H.A. MOONEY, J. HALL CUSHMAN, ERNESTO MEDINA, OSVALDO E. SALA AND E.D. SCHULZE 1. 1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 THE SCOPE PROGRAM 2 1.3 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 4 1.4 PROGRAM PUBLICATIONS 5 2 ARCTIC AND ALPINE BIODIVERSITY: ITS PATTERNS, CAUSES AND ECOSYSTEM CONSEQUENCES 7 F. STUART CHAPIN III AND CHRISTIAN KO RNER 2. 1 THE ARCTIC AND ALPINE BIOTA 8 2.2 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY 11 2.3 EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 12 2.3.1 NUTRIENT CYCLING AND ENERGY FLOW 13 2.3.2 SPECIALIZATION IN RESOURCE CAPTURE 18 2.3.3 NUTRIENT INPUTS AND LOSSES 20 2.3.4 ENERGY INPUTS AND LOSSES 22 2.3.5 LANDSCAPE CONTROLS OVER INPUTS AND LOSSES 23 2.3.6 MAINTENANCE OF ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY 23 2.3.7 INSURANCE 25 2.4 CONCLUSIONS 26 REFERENCES 27 3 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN BOREAL REGIONS 33 JOHN PASTOR, DAVID J. MLADENOFF, YRJO HAILA, JOHN BRYANT AND , SERGE PAYETTE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 33 3.2 NATURAL DIVERSITY OF BOREAL REGIONS 36 3.2.1 TREE SPECIES 36 3.2.2 MAMMALS 40 3.2.3 BIRDS 42 3.2.4 INSECTS ^ 44 3.2.5 POPULATION CYCLES AND BIODIVERSITY 45 VIII CONTENTS 3.2.6 LANDSCAPES AND DISTURBANCES 46 3.2.7 SYNTHESIS OF ECOSYSTEM CONSEQUENCES OF THE NATURAL PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY 48 3.3 HUMAN-INDUCED CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 51 3.3.1 CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERE 51 3.3.2 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 53 3.4 RESEARCH NEEDS 55 . 3.4.1 LONG-TERM SURVEYS 55 3.4.2 EXPERIMENTS 56 3.4.3 MODELS OF BOREAL FORESTS 58 3.5 SUMMARY 59 REFERENCES 59 4 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION OF TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS 71 E.-D. SCHULZE, F.A. BAZZAZ, K.J. NADELHOFFER, T. KOIKE AND S. TAKATSUKI 4.1 INTRODUCTION 71 4.2 BIODIVERSITY IN TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST 73 4.3 LINKING BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES 81 4.4 IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 83 4.4.1 EFFECTS ON FOREST PRODUCTIVITY 83 4.4.2 EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT CYCLING 84 4.4.3 EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM WATER RELATIONS 85 4.4.4 EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON FOREST RESILIENCE 88 4.5 EFFECTS OF LAND-USE CONVERSIONS AND MANAGEMENT ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS 91 4.5.1 CONVERSION OF BROAD-LEAVED FOREST INTO CONIFEROUS PLANTATION 91 4.5.2 CONVERSION OF BROAD-LEAVED FOREST INTO GRASSLAND AND AGRICULTURE 92 4.5.3 OLD FIELD REAFFORESTATION 92 4.5.4 FRAGMENTATION AND EFFECTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT 93 4.5.5 DELETION AND INVASION 93 4.6 CONCLUSIONS 93 REFERENCES 94 5 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION OF BIODIVERSITY IN ARID ECOSYSTEMS 99 L.F. HUENNEKE AND I. NOBLE 5.1 INTRODUCTION 99 5.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN ARID LANDS 100 5.3 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 103 CONTENTS IX 5.3.1 PRODUCTION 103 5.3.2 SOIL STRUCTURE AND NUTRIENTS 104 5.3.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION AND QUALITY 106 5.3.4 ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES AND FEEDBACKS 107 5.3.5 LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE 108 5.3.6 BIOTIC LINKAGES AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS 109 5.3.7 MICROBIAL ACTIVITY 111 5.4 ALTERATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS IMPACTS 112 5.4.1 LIVESTOCK GRAZING 113 5.4.2 INTRODUCTION OF OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES 115 5.4.3 CREATION OF WATER SOURCES 115 5.4.4 INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE PLANTS 116 5.4.5 DECLINES OR EXTINCTIONS OF NATIVE ANIMALS 117 5.4.6 WOOD HARVESTING 118 5.4.7 ABANDONMENT OF AGRICULTURE 118 5.5 LIKELY RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CHANGE 118 5.6 SUMMARY - BIODIVERSITY EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 119 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 120 REFERENCES 120 6 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING IN GRASSLANDS 129 O.E. SALA, W.K. LAUENROTH, S.J. MCNAUGHTON, G. RUSCH AND XINSHI ZHANG 6.1 INTRODUCTION 129 6.2 THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRASSLAND BIODIVERSITY 131 6.3 DISTURBANCE AND GRASSLAND BIODIVERSITY 132 6.4 CONCEPTUAL MODEL 133 6.5 IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY UPON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 140 6.5.1 PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY . 141 6.5.2 DECOMPOSITION AND SOIL STRUCTURE 142 6.5.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION AND BALANCE 142 6.5.4 ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES 143 6.5.5 LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE 143 6.5.6 BIOTIC LINKAGES/SPECIES INTERACTIONS 144 6.6 CONCLUSIONS 144 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 145 REFERENCES 145 7 MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ECOSYSTEMS: THE INFLUENCE OF BIODIVERSITY ON THEIR FUNCTIONING 151 GEORGE W. DAVIS, DAVID M. RICHARDSON, JON. E. KEELEY AND RICHARD J. HOBBS CONTENTS 7.1 INTRODUCTION 151 7.2 MTES AS A CLASS OF SYSTEMS FOR TESTING THE HYPOTHESES GENERATED BY THE ASSERTION THAT BIODIVERSITY AFFECTS SYSTEM FUNCTIONING 154 7.3 FEATURES OF MTES 154 7.3.1 CLIMATE 154 7.3.2 SUBSTRATES 155 7.3.3 VEGETATION 155 7.3.4 FAUNA 156 7.3.5 HUMANS IN MTES 158 7.4 INFLUENCES OF DIVERSITY ON SYSTEM FUNCTION IN MTES 159 7.4.1 LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AND PRODUCTIVITY 160 7.4.2 FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS OF BIODIVERSITY 161 7.4.3 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 163 7.4.4 KEYSTONES 166 7.4.5 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS SUPPORT OF HUMAN UTILITY 167 7.4.6 INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION AND SYSTEM FUNCTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN 168 7.4.7 PLEISTOCENE HERBIVORES IN THE CALIFORNIAN PALAEOLANDSCAPE 169 7.4.8 FORMATION SHIFTS IN SOUTH AFRICAN MTES 169 7.4.9 LAND FRAGMENTATION IN THE WHEATBELT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA 172 7.4.10 MODELLING THE INFLUENCE OF DIVERSITY ON SYSTEM FUNCTION 173 7.5 MTE RESEARCH AND THE GLOBAL FORUM . 173 7.6 SUMMARY 176 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 177 REFERENCES 177 8 BIODIVERSITY AND TROPICAL SAVANNA PROPERTIES: A GLOBAL VIEW 185 OTTO T. SOLBRIG, ERNESTO MEDINA AND JUAN F. SILVA 8.1 INTRODUCTION 185 8.2 SAVANNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 190 8.2.1 DYNAMICS OF SAVANNA RESOURCES 191 8.2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAVANNA SPECIES 195 8.2.3 SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM STABILITY 196 8.3 A MODEL OF SAVANNA FUNCTION 197 8.4 EFFECT OF SPECIES DIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 200 8.4.1 INVASION OF SOUTH AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN SAVANNAS BY AFRICAN GRASSES 200 8.4.2 SPECIES CHANGES RESULTING FROM FIRE EXCLUSION 201 CONTENTS XI 8.4.3 SPECIES CHANGES RESULTING FROM HERBIVORE INTRODUCTION OR EXCLUSION 202 8.4.4 CHANGES RESULTING FROM INCREASES OR REMOVAL OF TREES AND SHRUBS 204 8.5 RESILIENCE AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 205 REFERENCES 205 9 IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY ON TROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 213 GORDON H. ORIANS, RODOLFO DIRZO AND J. HALL CUSHMAN 9.1 INTRODUCTION 213 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN TROPICAL FORESTS 214 9.2.1 MOISTURE 214 9.2.2 FERTILITY 215 9.2.3 ELEVATION 216 9.3 STABILITY AND SPECIES RICHNESS 217 9.4 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 218 9.5 ENERGY FLOW AND MATERIAL PROCESSING INTERFACES 219 9.6 BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONING OF TROPICAL FORESTS 219 9.6.1 ENERGY FLOW 221 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION 221 WITHIN-PLANT CARBON ALLOCATION AND CONSUMPTION 222 ANIMAL-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS 224 DETRITUS-DETRITIVORES 224 9.6.2 MATERIALS PROCESSING 225 ATMOSPHERE-ORGANISM 225 BIOTIC INTERFACE 226 PLANT-SOIL 227 ATMOSPHERE-SOIL 228 SOIL-WATER TABLE *: 228 EMPIRICAL STUDIES 228 9.6.3 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OVER LONGER TEMPORAL SCALES 229 PROVISION AND MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURE 229 RESISTANCE TO INVASION 229 9.6.4 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OVER LARGER SPATIAL SCALES 230 WATER DISTRIBUTION AND QUALITY 231 ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES AND FEEDBACKS 231 LANDSCAPE AND WATERSCAPE STRUCTURE 231 ANIMAL MOVEMENTS 231 9.7 BIODIVERSITY AND RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCES 232 9.8 RESEARCH AGENDA 232 9.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS 234 REFERENCES 236 XII CONTENTS 10 ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS: DO THEY REPRESENT NATURAL EXPERIMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION? 245 PETER M. VITOUSEK, LLOYD L. LOOPE, HENNING ADSERSEN AND CARLA M. D ANTONIO 10.1 INTRODUCTION 245 10.2 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 249 10.2.1 DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION NEAR STEADY STATE 250 10.2.2 DISTURBANCE, DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 251 10.2.3 INVASION, EXTINCTION AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 252 10.3 OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH 254 10.4 SUMMARY 255 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 256 REFERENCES 256 11 BIODIVERSITY AND AGROECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 261 M.J. SWIFT, J. VANDERMEER, P.S. RAMAKRISHNAN, J.M. ANDERSON, C.K. ONG AND B.A. HAWKINS 11.1 INTRODUCTION 261 11.1.1 AGROECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 263 11.2 AGROECOSYSTEMS, AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND BIODIVERSITY 263 11.2.1 AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION 263 11.2.2 THE VARIETY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS 264 SHIFTING AGRICULTURE 264 ROTATIONAL FALLOW 264 HOME GARDENS 265 COMPOUND FARMS 265 MIXED ARABLE-LIVESTOCK FARMING 265 INTENSIFIED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 266 INTERCROPPING AND CROP ROTATION 266 SPECIALIZED CASH-CROP SYSTEMS 267 MODERN FARMING SYSTEMS 267 11.2.3 IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION ON BIODIVERSITY 268 11.2.4 PATTERNS OF CHANGE^ 270 IMPACT ON THE ABOVE-GROUND FAUNA OF INTENSIFICATION IN THE CENTRAL AMERICAN COFFEE ECOSYSTEM 270 IMPACT OF LAND-USE CHANGE ON THE SOIL BIOTA 271 HYSTERESIS 273 11.3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS 275 11.3.1 THE ISSUE OF SCALE AND FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS 275 11.3.2 THE PLANT SUBSYSTEM 276 PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE CAPTURE 278 TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANT DIVERSITY 280 CONTENTS XIII 11.3.3 BIODIVERSITY AND PEST MANAGEMENT 281 11.3.4 BIODIVERSITY CONTROLS ON NUTRIENT CYCLING AND SOIL PROCESSES 285 11.4 BIODIVERSITY AND THE DESIGN OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS ~ 289 11.5 CONCLUSIONS: BIODIVERSITY, AGROECOSYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPES 291 11.5.1 BIODIVERSITY AND AGROECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 291 11.5.2 AGROECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 292 REFERENCES 294 12 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS: LINKAGES OF COMPLEXITY AND PROCESSES 299 S. CARPENTER, T. FROST, L. PERSSON, M. POWER AND D. SOTO 12.1 INTRODUCTION 299 12.1.1 USES OF FRESHWATERS 299 12.1.2 VULNERABILITY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES 299 12.1.3 ASSESSING VULNERABILITY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES 301 12.2 COMPLEXITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN FRESHWATERS 303 12.2.1 STRONG INTERACTIONS, CASCADES AND COMPLEMENTARITY 303 12.2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONG INTERACTIONS 304 PRODUCTIVITY GRADIENTS AND FISHES 305 HYDROLOGY, DISTURBANCE AND RIVER FOOD WEBS 309 12.3 PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY AND PROSPECTS FOR LEARNING 313 12.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILEAN LAKES 314 12.3.2 POTENTIAL SHIFTS IN CHILEAN LAKES 314 12.3.3 LEARNING AND ADAPTING TO SURPRISE 317 12.4 MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY OF FRESHWATERS 318 12.5 SUMMARY 320 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 321 REFERENCES 32 1 13 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN TROPICAL ESTUARIES: PERSPECTIVES OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 327 ROBERT R. TWILLEY, SAMUEL C. SNEDAKER, ALEJANDRO YDNEZ-ARANCIBIA AND ERNESTO MEDINA 13.1 INTRODUCTION 327 13.2 BIODIVERSITY OF MANGROVES 328 13.3 FOREST STRUCTURE AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 335 13.3.1 MANGROVE-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT DYNAMICS 335 13.3.2 ECOLOGICAL TYPE AND LITTER DYNAMICS 337 13.4 MANGROVE FAUNAL GUILDS AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 339 13.4.1 CRABS 339 13.4.2 INSECTS 342 13.4.3 BENTHOS AND EPIBIONTS 344 13.5 MICROBIAL PROCESSES AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 347 XIV CONTENTS 13.6 NEKTON BIODIVERSITY AND MANGROVE FOOD WEBS 348 13.7 VULNERABILITY OF BIODIVERSITY IN TROPICAL ESTUARIES 354 13.7.1 LAND-USE CHANGE 354 13.7.2 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE . 356 13.8 SUMMARY 358 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 359 REFERENCES 360 14 PREDICTABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY IN COMMUNITY REGULATION: CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED CONSUMER DIVERSITY IN COASTAL ROCKY ECOSYSTEMS 371 GARY W. ALLISON, BRUCE A. MENGE, JANE LUBCHENCO AND SERGIO A. NAVARRETE 14.1 INTRODUCTION 371 14.2 GLOBAL IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY IN COASTAL REGIONS 372 14.3 SHALLOW-WATER HARD-BOTTOM COMMUNITIES: MODEL SYSTEMS FOR EVALUATING CONSEQUENCES OF DIVERSITY LOSS 374 14.3.1 APPROACH 374 14.3.2 DIVERSITY COMPONENTS CONSIDERED 375 14.3.3 CONSEQUENCES OF CONSUMER LOSS: SELECTED EXAMPLES 376 STRONG PREDATION: KEYSTONE EFFECTS 376 STRONG PREDATION: DIFFUSE EFFECTS 379 WEAK PREDATION 380 14.3.4 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE SURVEY 381 14.4 CONCEPTUAL SYNTHESIS 381 14.4.1 CLASSIFICATION 381 14.4.2 PREDICTIONS 383 14.4.3 CAVEATS 384 14.4.4 USES 385 14.5 CONCLUSION 386 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 386 REFERENCES 387 15 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION OF CORAL REEFS 393 TERENCE J. DONE, JOHN C. OGDEN, WILLIAM J. WEIBE AND B.R. ROSEN 15.1 INTRODUCTION 393 15.1.1 USE, ABUSE AND MANAGEMENT OF CORAL REEFS 397 15.1.2 CHAPTER GOALS AND SOME DEFINITIONS 397 15.2 A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 398 15.2.1 CARBON PATHWAYS, REEF FUNCTION AND REEF DEGRADATION 398 15.2.2 TROPHIC ROLES 401 15.2.3 BIOCONSTRUCTIONAL ROLES 402 BIOCONSTRUCTORS 402 CONTENTS XV MODIFIERS . 403 15.2.4 FACILITATING ROLES 405 15.3 ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AT SCALES OF WHOLE REEFS AND ZONES 406 15.3.1 WHOLE REEFS 406 15.3.2 ZONES 407 15.3.3 ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AND REEF HEALTH 408 15.4 BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND ECOSYSTEM DYSFUNCTION 409 15.4.1 FACILITATORS AS LINKS BETWEEN HUMANS, BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM 409 CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH 410 CARIBBEAN SEA URCHIN 410 EAST AFRICAN SEA URCHIN 412 15.4.2 WATER QUALITY AND LAND RUNOFF EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 413 MECHANISMS FOR NUTRIENT IMPACTS ON CORAL REEFS 413 SYMBIONT DIVERSITY AS A BASIS FOR ADAPTATION? 413 LANDSCAPE/SEASCAPE DIVERSITY AS BUFFERS PROTECTING CORAL REEFS 414 15.5 BIODIVERSITY AND RESILIENCE 414 15.5.1 REPLENISHMENT OF POPULATIONS 414 15.5.2 LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES, RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE 415 15.6 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS 416 15.6.1 SUMMARY 416 15.6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 417 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH NEEDS 417 APPLICATIONS TO MANAGEMENT OF CORAL REEFS 418 THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION 418 15.6.3 CONCLUSION - BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION, FROM GENES TO REGIONS 419 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 420 REFERENCES 420 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS 428 16 HUMAN IMPACT, BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN THE OPEN OCEAN 431 MARK CHANDLER, LES KAUFMAN AND SANDOR MULSOW 16.1 INTRODUCTION 421 16.2 PATTERNS OF OPEN-OCEAN BIODIVERSITY 433 16.2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE WATERSCAPE 433 16.2.2 PHYLETIC DIVERSITY 436 » DIFFERENCES AT HIGHER PHYLETIC LEVELS 440 ARE OPEN-OCEAN COMMUNITIES COSMOPOLITAN? 441 16.3 HUMAN IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY OF THE OPEN OCEAN 441 XVI CONTENTS 16.3.1 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SPECIES 444 16.3.2 ADDITION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 444 16.3.3 INDIRECT ALTERATION OF ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES 445 16.4 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES: GENERAL THOUGHTS 447 16.4.1 STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF OPEN-OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS 448 16.4.2 NICHE BREADTH 449 16.5 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 450 16.5.1 NUTRIENT REGENERATION IN THE PELAGIC ZONE (MICROBIAL LOOP) 450 16.5.2 PELAGIC BIOMASS PRODUCTION 452 EUTROPHICATION AND INTRODUCTIONS 458 16.5.3 PELAGIC-BENTHIC COUPLING (EXPORT OF BENTHIC MATERIAL TO THE BENTHOS) 459 16.5.4 PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRIENT REGENERATION IN THE BENTHOS 460 16.5.5 OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLING 461 16.5.6 OPEN-OCEAN CONTINENTAL-SHELF COUPLING 462 16.6 CONCLUSIONS 463 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 465 REFERENCES 465 17 WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED ABOUT THE ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING OF BIODIVERSITY 475 H.A. MOONEY, J. HALL CUSHMAN, ERNESTO MEDINA, OSVALDO E. SALA AND E.-D. SCHULZE 17.1 BACKGROUND 475 17.2 GENERAL PROGRAM CONCLUSIONS 476 17.3 LESSONS FROM SPECIFIC BIOMES 477 17.3.1 MEDITERRANEAN ECOSYSTEMS 477 ON DISTURBANCE/DIVERSITY/FUNCTIONING 477 17.3.2 THE OPEN OCEAN 478 MANAGING IN THE DARK 478 17.3.3 TROPICAL FORESTS 478 THE TIME DIMENSION 478 17.3.4 MANGROVES 479 THE LINK BETWEEN THE LAND AND THE SEA 479 17.3.5 AGROECOSYSTEMS 479 ON SIMPLIFICATION AND SUBSTITUTION 479 17.3.6 ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS 480 ON SIMPLICITY DUE TO DISPERSAL 480 17.3.7 COLD AND DRY ECOSYSTEMS 480 ON SIMPLICITY DUE TO LIMITING WATERS 480 ON SIMPLICITY DUE TO COLD TEMPERATURE 480 17.3.8 LAKES AND RIVERS 481 CONTENTS XVII RESPONSES TO MASSIVE IMPACTS 481 17.3.9 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 481 KEYSTONES AND COMPENSATIONS 481 17.3.10 CORAL REEFS 482 COMPLEXITY 482 17.3.11 BOREAL FORESTS 482 LOW DIVERSITY AND LOW REDUNDANCY 482 17.3.12 TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL GRASSLANDS 482 WHERE EXPERIMENTS ARE MOST TRACTABLE 482 17.3.13 TEMPERATE FORESTS 483 DIVERSITY AND FUNCTION OVER EVOLUTIONARY TIME 483 17.3.14 CONCLUDING REMARKS 484 REFERENCES 484 INDEX 485
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genre_facet	Aufsatzsammlung
id	DE-604.BV011114328
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T18:04:14Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0471956015
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007447308
oclc_num	34471606
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703 DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83
owner_facet	DE-703 DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83
physical	XXIII, 493 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
publishDate	1996
publishDateSearch	1996
publishDateSort	1996
publisher	Wiley
record_format	marc
series2	International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE
spelling	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective ed. by Harold A. Mooney Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 1996 XXIII, 493 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE 55 Biodiversiteit gtt Diversité biologique ram Écologie ram Écosystèmes ram Ökologie Biological diversity Ecology Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 s DE-604 Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 s Mooney, Harold A. 1932- Sonstige (DE-588)120854945 oth Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE International Council of Scientific Unions 55 (DE-604)BV000007237 55 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007447308&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective Biodiversiteit gtt Diversité biologique ram Écologie ram Écosystèmes ram Ökologie Biological diversity Ecology Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4031170-3 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4131912-6 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective
title_auth	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective
title_exact_search	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective
title_full	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective ed. by Harold A. Mooney
title_fullStr	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective ed. by Harold A. Mooney
title_full_unstemmed	Functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective ed. by Harold A. Mooney
title_short	Functional roles of biodiversity
title_sort	functional roles of biodiversity a global perspective
title_sub	a global perspective
topic	Biodiversiteit gtt Diversité biologique ram Écologie ram Écosystèmes ram Ökologie Biological diversity Ecology Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd
topic_facet	Biodiversiteit Diversité biologique Écologie Écosystèmes Ökologie Biological diversity Ecology Klima Ökosystem Artenreichtum Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007447308&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000007237
work_keys_str_mv	AT mooneyharolda functionalrolesofbiodiversityaglobalperspective

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