Water pollution and fish physiology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Lewis
1995
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 359 S. |
| ISBN: | 0873716329 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804125603146760192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Second Edition
WATERPOLLUTION
and FISH
PHYSIOLOGY
Alan G Heath
Department of biology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
LEWIS PUBLISHERS
Boca Raton New York London Tokyo
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Some Introductory Concepts
I Types of Water Pollution 1
A Putrecible Organic Materials 1
B Excessive Nutrition 1
C Suspended Solids 2
D Toxic Chemicals 2
1 Metals 2
2 Chlorine 2
3 Cyanides 3
4 Ammonia 3
5 Detergents 3
6 Acids 3
7 Pesticides 3
8 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 4
9 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 4
10 Pulpmill Effluents 4
11 Miscellaneous 5
E Thermal Pollution 5
II The Relationship Between Aquatic Toxicology and Fish
Physiology 5
HI Levels of Biological Organization 6
IV Importance of Dose and Duration of Exposure 7
V Stress 9
VI Toxic Mode of Action 10
References 11
Chapter 2
Environmental Hypoxia
I Introduction 15
II Minimum Levels of Oxygen Required for Fish Life 16
III Interaction of Hypoxia and Toxicity of Pollutant
Chemicals 17
yv Gill vs Cutaneous Respiration 18
V Adjustments in Ventilation 20
VI Adjustments by the Gills to Hypoxia 24
VII Transport of Oxygen by the Blood 24
VIII Cardiovascular Changes During Hypoxia 26
IX Respiratory Regulation and Conformity 27
X Anaerobic Metabolism 29
XI Swimming Speed 31
XII Behavior 33
XIII Blood and Urine 34
XIV Histopathology 36
XV Acclimation to Hypoxia 36
References 37
Chapter 3
Respiratory and Cardiovascular Responses
I Introduction 47
II Overview of Normal Respiratory Physiology 47
III Histopathology of Gill Lamellae Exposed to Pollutants 49
IV Ventilation Changes in Response to Pollutants 52
V Physiological Mechanisms of Changes in Ventilation 55
VI Circulatory Physiology 58
VII Cardiac Responses to Pollutants 59
References 62
Chapter 4
Hematology
I Introduction 67
II Fish Blood Cells and their Measurement 67
A Hematocrit 68
B Blood Cell Count 68
C Hemoglobin Concentration 68
D Blood Cell Differential Count 68
III Chemicals that Cause Anemia 69
A Cadmium 69
B Lead 70
C Mercury 71
D Chloramine 71
E Nitrite 72
F Pulpmill Effluent 72
G Miscellaneous 72
H Biological Significance of Anemia 73
IV Chemicals Causing an Increase in Hematological Variables 73
A Acid 73
B Pesticides 74
C Copper 74
V Concluding Remarks 74
References 75
Chapter 5
Uptake, Accumulation, Biotransformation, and Excretion of
Xenobiotics
I Introduction 79
II Uptake from the Environment 80
A Metals 81
B Organics 87
III Transport Within the Fish of Metals and Organics 91
IV Accumulation of Metals in Different Organs 91
V Regulation of Metal Concentration 96
VI Glutathione and Metal Detoxification 97
VII Involvement of Metallothionein in Metal Accumulation and
Acclimation to Metals 99
VIII Bioconcentration of Organic Pollutants 101
IX Biotransformation of Organic Contaminants 106
X Excretion of Organic Contaminants 110
References 113
Chapter 6
Liver
I Introduction 125
II Structure of the Liver 125
III Alterations in Liver/Somatic Index 126
IV Histopathological Effects of Pollutants 127
V Major Functions of the Liver 128
A Interconversion of Foodstuffs • 128
B Storage of Glycogen 128
C Removal and Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals in
the Blood 129
D Formation of Bile 129
E Synthesis of Many Plasma Proteins 129
F Synthesis of Cholesterol for Use in Steroid Hormones
and Cell Membranes : 129
G Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion 129
H Metabolism of Hormones 129
VI Effects of Pollutants on Liver Function 129
A Plasma Clearance by the Liver of Specific Dyes 130
B Plasma Enzymes of Liver Origin 130
C Changes in Plasma Concentration of Chemicals
Produced or Excreted by Liver 132
VII Ascorbic Acid and Pollutant Exposure 134
References 136
Chapter 7
Osmotic and Ionic Regulation
I Overview of Some General Principles 141
II Effects of Pollutants on Osmotic and Ionic Regulation 144
A Copper 145
; B Zinc 150
C Cadmium 151
D Mercury 153
E Chromium 155
F Lead 155
G Aluminum 156
H Tin 157
I Manganese and Iron 157
J Detergents 157
K Phenol 158
L DDT 158
M Fenvalerate 158
N Petroleum Hydrocarbons 159
O Ammonia 160
P Nitrite 160
Q Chlorine and Ozone 161
III Mucus 161
IV Chloride Cell Proliferation 162
V Some Summary Comments Regarding Osmoregulatory
and Electrolyte Alterations 162
References 164
Chapter 8
Physiological Energetics
I Introduction 171
II General Concepts 171
III Methods of Measuring Energy Expenditure in Fish 174
IV Effects of Metals on Metabolic Rate 176
A Copper 176
B Miscellaneous Metals 180
V Gill Tissue Metabolism: Effects of Metals and Possible
Relation of Gill Metabolism to Whole-Body Metabolic Rate 182
VI Effects of Pesticides on Whole-Body and Individual
Tissue Respiration 184
VII Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Energy Metabolism 189
VIII Methods Applicable to Measurement of Energy Expenditure
in the Field 189
IX Effects of Pollutants on Larval and Juvenile Growth 191
X Swimming Performance 195
XI Changes in Carbohydrate, Lipid and Protein Energy Stores 200
A Introduction 200
B Effect of Pulpmill Effluent 202
C Metals 203
D Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Surfactants 205
E Pesticides 205
F Miscellaneous Pollutants: 207
G Concluding Comment 207
References 208
Chapter 9
Alterations in Cellular Enzyme Activity, Antioxidants, Adenylates,
and Stress Proteins
I Introduction 217
II Some Comments About Enzyme Methodology 217
III Alterations in Cellular Enzyme Activity Resulting from
Metal Exposure 219
IV Enzyme Effects from Organic Chemicals 225
V Concluding Comments on Enzyme Effects 230
VI Antioxidants 231
VII Adenylates 232
VIII Stress Proteins 233
References 234
Chapter 10
Acid Pollution
I Introduction 239
II Spawning 240
III Embryonic Development and Hatching 242
IV Larvae from Hatching Through Swim-Cp 242
V Juvenile and Adult: Blood Acid-Base Balance and
Electrolyte Changes from Acute Exposures 244
VI Juvenile and Adult: Blood Changes from Chronic
Exposure 247
VII Hormonal Responses 249
VIII Ventilation and Blood Gases 250
IX Oxygen Consumption, Swimming Performance, and
Swim Bladder Inflation 251
X Behavior 252
XI Concluding Comment 253
References 253
Chapter 11
The Immune System
I Overview of Fish Immunology 259
II Effects of Pollutants on Immune Function 260
A Metals 261
1 Cadmium 261
2 Copper 262
3 Miscellaneous Metals 262
B Organic Pollutants 263
C Miscellaneous Pollutants 264
D Immune Effects in Fish from Contaminated
Natural Waters 265
III Hormonal Modulation of Immune Response 266
References 266
Chapter 12
Behavior and Nervous System Function
I Introduction 271
II Locomotor Activity 272
A Methods for Measuring Locomotor Activity 272
B Metals 273
C Miscellaneous Chemicals 274
III Avoidance of or Attractance to Waterbome Chemicals 276
IV Sensory Receptors 279
V Feeding and Predator-Prey Behavior 282
VI Aggression 284
VII Learning 285
VIII Optomotor Response 287
IX Acetylcholinesterase 288
X Concluding Comments 289
References 290
Chapter 13
Reproduction
I Introduction 299
II Brief Overview of Fish Reproductive Physiology 299
A Reproductive Strategies 300
B Hormonal Control of Gametogenesis 300
C Spawning 301
D Development - 302
III Action of Pollutants on Reproductive Processes 303
A Hormonal Controls 303
B Egg Production 308
C Transfer of Contaminants into Eggs from Adults 309
D Effects on Sperm and Fertilization 310
E Egg Activation 310
F Oocyte and Embryo Energy Metabolism 311
G Changes In Pollutant Sensitivity During Embryonic
Development 312
H Hatching Time and Viable Hatch 313
I Larvae 314
J Concluding Comment 317
References 317
Chapter 14
Use of Physiological and Biochemical Measures in Pollution Biology
I Introduction 325
II Water Quality Criteria : 326
III Biomonitoring of Fish in the Field and Mesocosms 327
A Cellular and Tissue Chemistry 329
B Histopathology : 331
C Hematology, Immunology, and Blood Chemistry 331
D Challenge Tests 334
E Behavior Tests 335
F Conclusions 335
IV Early Warning Systems 336
References 337
Index 339
|
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| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| spellingShingle | Heath, Alan G. Water pollution and fish physiology Poissons - Effets de la pollution de l'eau ram Poissons - Physiologie ram Fishes Effect of water pollution on Fishes Physiology Fishes physiology Water Pollution adverse effects Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Fische (DE-588)4017269-7 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd |
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| title | Water pollution and fish physiology |
| title_auth | Water pollution and fish physiology |
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| title_full | Water pollution and fish physiology Alan G. Heath |
| title_fullStr | Water pollution and fish physiology Alan G. Heath |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water pollution and fish physiology Alan G. Heath |
| title_short | Water pollution and fish physiology |
| title_sort | water pollution and fish physiology |
| topic | Poissons - Effets de la pollution de l'eau ram Poissons - Physiologie ram Fishes Effect of water pollution on Fishes Physiology Fishes physiology Water Pollution adverse effects Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Fische (DE-588)4017269-7 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd |
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