Indefinite pronouns:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Clarendon Press
1997
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 364 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0198235607 9780198235606 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/oso/9780198235606.001.0001 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813306310554288128 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
Abbreviations xiii
Notation xv
1. Overview 1
2. A Typological Perspective on Indefinite Pronouns 7
2.1. Language Typology 7
2.2. Indefinite Pronouns: Definition and Delimitation
of the Domain of Inquiry 9
2.2.1. Mixed functional formal definitions 9
2.2.2. The formal criterion: 'pronoun' 10
2.2.3. The functional criterion:'indefinite' 11
2.3. EarlierWork 13
2.4. The Language Samples 15
2.4.1. General problems of typological sampling 15
2.4.2. Selection of the samples for this study 16
2.4.3. The two samples 17
3. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun 21
3.1. The Main Formal Types of Indefinite Pronoun 21
3.1.1. Types of indefiniteness marker 21
3.1.2. The derivational bases of indefinite pronouns 26
3.1.3. The ontological categories 29
3.2. The Main Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun 31
3.2.1. Negation: negative indefinite pronouns 31
3.2.2. Negative polarity (or scale reversal) 33
3.2.3. Specificity and non specificity 37
3.2.4. Knowledge of the Speaker 45
3.2.5. Free choice indefinite pronouns 48
3.2.6. Summary: the main functional distinctions 52
3.3. Alternatives to Indefinite Pronouns 52
3.3.1. Generic nouns 52
3.3.2. Existential sentences 54
3.3.3. Non specific free relative clauses 55
3.3.4. Universal quantifiers 55
3.3.5. Languages without indefinite pronouns 56
x Indefinite Pronouns
4. An Implicational Map for Indefinite Pronoun Functions 58
4.1. Multifunctionality 58
4.2. The Semantic Map Methodology 59
4.2.1. Indefiniteness markers as grammatical categories 59
4.2.2. The use/function based approach 60
4.2.3. A geometric representation of implicational universals 62
4.3. The Implicational Map 63
4.3.1. English 64
4.3.2. Russian 65
4.3.3. Nanay 66
4.4. The Distributional Schemas of 40 Languages 68
4.5. Further Restrictions on Combinations of Functions 76
4.6. Earlier Formulations of Typological Implications 77
4.7. Some Finer Distinctions 79
4.7.1. Comparatives 79
4.7.2. Indirect negation 80
4.7.3. Questions 81
4.7.4. Expectations of the Speaker 82
4.8. Towards an Explanation of the Implicational Map 86
5. Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns 87
5.1. Structuralist Semantics 87
5.2. Logical Semantics 90
5.2.1. Free choice indefinites and universal
or existential quantifiers 90
5.2.2. (Non )specific indefinites and referential opacity 95
5.2.3. Conclusion 98
5.3. Syntactic Approaches 98
5.3.1. Transformational approaches 98
5.3.2. A binding approach 99
5.4. Mental Spaces 106
5.4.1. Introduction to the mental space approach 106
5.4.2. A definition of (non )specificity 108
5.4.3. Advantages of the mental space approach 110
5.5. Pragmatic Scales and Scale Reversal 111
5.5.1. Pragmatic scales 111
5.5.2. Scalar implicatures 111
5.5.3. Scale reversal 113
5.5.4. Negative polarity items express the low point on a scale 115
5.5.5. Free choice indefinites express the low point on a scale 116
5.5.6. Widening and strengthening 117
5.6. Explaining the Implicational Map 119
Contents xi
5.7. Focusing and Sentence Accent 122
5.7.1. Sentence accent 123
5.7.2. Emphatic vs. non emphatic indefinites 125
5.7.3. Further meaning differences associated
with sentence accent 126
6. The Grammaticalization of Indefinite Pronouns 129
6.1. Diachronie Typology 129
6.2. Source Constructions for Indefiniteness Markers 130
6.2.1. The'dunno'type 130
6.2.2. The 'want/pleases' type 133
6.2.3. The'it may be'type 135
6.2.4. The 'no matter' type 140
6.3. Grammaticalization 141
6.3.1. Grammaticalization theory 141
6.3.2. Integrity 143
6.3.3. Scope 144
6.3.4. Paradigmaticity 146
6.3.5. Bondedness 146
6.3.6. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic variability 147
6.3.7. The explanatory power of grammaticalization 147
6.4. Desemanticization: The Semantic Side of Grammaticalization 148
6.4.1. Three competing theories of semantic grammaticalization 148
6.4.2. Extension from 'free choiee' 149
6.4.3. Semantic change as weakening 150
6.4.4. Extension from 'dunno' 153
6.5. From Free Choice Indefinite to Universal Quantifier 154
7. Further Sources of Indefinite Pronouns 157
7.1. Indefinite Pronouns Marked by Scalar Focus Particles 157
7.1.1. Thefacts 157
7.1.2. Two possible pathways 159
7.1.3. Towards an explanation 163
7.2. Indefinite Pronouns from'Or'? 164
7.3. Bare Interrogatives as Indefinites 170
7.3.1. Bare interrogatives and strategies for disambiguation 170
7.3.2. Bare interrogatives in Indo European 171
7.3.3. Why are indefinites often identical to interrogatives? 174
7.3.4. The multiple partitive use of bare interrogatives 177
7.4. Indefinite Pronouns Derived by Reduplication 179
7.5. Some Further Diachronie Issues 182
7.5.1. Generic nouns turned pronouns 182
7.5.2. Indefinite pronouns from'one' 183
xii Indefinite Pronouns
7.5.3. Borrowing of indefiniteness markers 184
7.5.4. Semantic enrichment by implicature:
appreciative and depreciative meanings 186
8. Negative Indefinite Pronouns 193
8.1. The Main Syntactic Types of Negative Indefinite 193
8.1.1. The consensus: four types 193
8.1.2. Negative indefinites and elliptical contexts 194
8.1.3. 'Special indefinites' 199
8.2. Negative Indefinites and Verbal Negation 200
8.2.1. What counts as verbal negation 200
8.2.2. Main subtypes with respect to verbal negation 201
8.2.3. Type V NI: No co occurrence with verbal negation 203
8.2.4. Type (N)V NI: Variation in co occurrence with
verbal negation 210
8.2.5. Type NV NI: Obligatory co occurrence with
verbal negation 214
8.2.6. Co occurrence of several negative indefinites in one clause 218
8.3. Diachronie Sources of Negative Indefinites 221
8.3.1. Negative scalar focus particles 222
8.3.2. Minimal unit and maximal unit expressions 226
8.3.3. Summary of diachronic sources 229
8.3.4. From negative to non negative indefinite? 230
8.4. Concluding Remarks 233
9. Conclusions 235
9.1. Summary of the Results of This Work 235
9.1.1. Typological generalizations about indefinite pronouns 235
9.1.2. Explanations of the generalizations 237
9.1.3. Remaining puzzles 238
9.2. Wider Typological and Areal Connections 238
9.2.1. Looking for typological correlations 238
9.2.2. Indefinite pronoun type and word order
in the 100 language sample 239
9.2.3. Continent sized areas of indefinite pronoun type 241
Appendices
A. The Data of the 40 Language Sample 244
B. The Data of the 100 Language Sample 318
References 334
Index ofLanguages 355
Index ofAuthors 358 \
Index ofSubjects 362 |
\ |
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| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Literaturwissenschaft |
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| isbn | 0198235607 9780198235606 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XVI, 364 S. graph. Darst. |
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| title_short | Indefinite pronouns |
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