Inequality by design: cracking the bell curve myth
As debate rages over the widening and destructive gap between the rich and the rest of Americans, Claude Fischer and his colleagues present a comprehensive new treatment of inequality in America. They challenge arguments that expanding inequality is the natural, perhaps necessary, accompaniment of e...
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Princeton, NJ
Princeton Univ. Press
1996
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | As debate rages over the widening and destructive gap between the rich and the rest of Americans, Claude Fischer and his colleagues present a comprehensive new treatment of inequality in America. They challenge arguments that expanding inequality is the natural, perhaps necessary, accompaniment of economic growth. They refute the claims of the incendiary bestseller The Bell Curve (1994) through a clear, rigorous re-analysis of the very data its authors, Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, used to contend that inherited differences in intelligence explain inequality. Inequality by Design offers a powerful alternative explanation, stressing that economic fortune depends more on social circumstances than on IQ, which is itself a product of society. More critical yet, patterns of inequality must be explained by looking beyond the attributes of individuals to the structure of society. Social policies set the "rules of the game" within which individual abilities and efforts matter And recent policies have, on the whole, widened the gap between the rich and the rest of Americans since the 1970s Not only does the wealth of individuals' parents shape their chances for a good life, so do national policies ranging from labor laws to investments in education to tax deductions. The authors explore the ways that America - the most economically unequal society in the industrialized world - unevenly distributes rewards through regulation of the market, taxes, and government spending. It attacks the myth that inequality fosters economic growth, that reducing economic inequality requires enormous welfare expenditures, and that there is little we can do to alter the extent of inequality. It also attacks the injurious myth of innate racial inequality, presenting powerful evidence that racial differences in achievement are the consequences, not the causes, of social inequality |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 318 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0691028990 0691028982 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a As debate rages over the widening and destructive gap between the rich and the rest of Americans, Claude Fischer and his colleagues present a comprehensive new treatment of inequality in America. They challenge arguments that expanding inequality is the natural, perhaps necessary, accompaniment of economic growth. They refute the claims of the incendiary bestseller The Bell Curve (1994) through a clear, rigorous re-analysis of the very data its authors, Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, used to contend that inherited differences in intelligence explain inequality. Inequality by Design offers a powerful alternative explanation, stressing that economic fortune depends more on social circumstances than on IQ, which is itself a product of society. More critical yet, patterns of inequality must be explained by looking beyond the attributes of individuals to the structure of society. Social policies set the "rules of the game" within which individual abilities and efforts matter | |
| 520 | |a And recent policies have, on the whole, widened the gap between the rich and the rest of Americans since the 1970s | ||
| 520 | |a Not only does the wealth of individuals' parents shape their chances for a good life, so do national policies ranging from labor laws to investments in education to tax deductions. The authors explore the ways that America - the most economically unequal society in the industrialized world - unevenly distributes rewards through regulation of the market, taxes, and government spending. It attacks the myth that inequality fosters economic growth, that reducing economic inequality requires enormous welfare expenditures, and that there is little we can do to alter the extent of inequality. It also attacks the injurious myth of innate racial inequality, presenting powerful evidence that racial differences in achievement are the consequences, not the causes, of social inequality | ||
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Herrnstein, Richard J <1930-> / Bell curve |
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Herrnstein, Richard J. <1930-> / Bell curve |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | * Contents +
Figures and Tables ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1
Why Inequality? 3
Chapter 2
Understanding Intelligence 22
Chapter 3
But Is It Intelligence? 55
Chapter 4
Who Wins? Who Loses? 70
Chapter 5
The Rewards of the Game: Systems of Inequality 102
Chapter 6
How Unequal? America s Invisible Policy Choices 129
Chapter 7
Enriching Intelligence: More Policy Choices 158
Chapter 8
Race, Ethnicity, and Intelligence 171
Chapter 9
Confronting Inequality in America: The Power of Public
Investment 204
Appendix 1
Summary of The Bell Curve 217
Appendix 2
Statistical Analysis for Chapter 4 225
Notes 241
References 277
Index 303
* Figures and Tables *
Figures
1.1 Changes in Household Incomes, 1959 1989, by Income Class 5
1.2 Explained Variance in Household Income Accounted for by
Intelligence 15
2.1 Distribution of Original Scores on the AFQT and Distribution
of Scores as Transformed by Herrnstein and Murray 32
2.2 Different Interpretations of Predictive Validity 36
2.3 Interpreting Criterion Validity 38
4.1 Herrnstein and Murray s Model of the Causes of Inequality
and Social Problems 73
4.2 Our Model of the Causes of Inequality and Social Problems 74
4.3 Probability That an NLSY Respondent Was Poor in 1990 by
AFQT Score and Family Background 81
4.4 Probability That an NLSY Respondent was Poor in 1990 by
AFQT Score and Social Background 85
4.5 Probability That an NLSY Respondent Was Poor in 1990 by
AFQT Score, Social Environment, and Formal Education 87
4.6 Probability That an NLSY Respondent Was Poor in 1990 by
AFQT Score and Gender 89
4.7 Explained Variance in Household Income Accounted for by
(a) Intelligence Alone versus (b) Social Environment and
Gender Alone 100
5.1 Estimates of Inequality from 1800 to Today 107
5.2 Percentage of All Household Income Received by Highest
Income 5 Percent and Lowest Income 40 Percent of
Households, 1930 1994 110
5.3 Percentage of Full Time Workers Who Earned Enough to
Keep a Family of Four Out of Poverty, 1964 1994 112
5.4 Income Changes Over a Decade for Men in Their Thirties and
Forties, 1950 1993 114
5.5 Rates of Poverty by Age Group, 1966 1994 119
5.6 Ratios of Earnings for High , Median , and Low Earners in
Six Nations 122
5.7 Ratios of Incomes for High , Median , and Low Income
Households in Eight Nations 124
ix
!
FIGURES AND TABLES .!
6.1 Percentage of Children Who Are Poor, Before and After
Government Action, in Eight Nations 134
7.1 An S shaped Learning Curve 161
7.2 Probability that Students Were in College Track by Math Test
Score and Social Class 164
8.1 A Model of How Low Ethnic Position Causes Low Test r
Scores 174
8.2 Index of Black Residential Isolation, Eighteen Northern ¦
Cities, 1890 1990 184
Tables
4.1 Poverty Rates for Women, the Unmarried, and Parents 90
6.1 Change in Family Income, 1977 to 1990 147
8.1 Group Differences Around the World 192
A2.1 Descriptive Statistics of All Variables by Race 230 i
A2.2 Description of Variable Coding 231
A2.3 Logistic Regression of Likelihood of a Person Being in
Poverty in 1990 (Whites Only) 233
A2.4 Logistic Regression of Likelihood of a Person Being in
Poverty in 1990 (African Americans Only) 234
A2.5 Logistic Regression of Likelihood of a Man Being
Interviewed in Jail after AFQT (Whites Only) 236
A2.6 Logistic Regression of Likelihood of a Man Being
Interviewed in Jail after AFQT (African Americans Only) 237
A2.7 Logistic Regression of Likelihood of a Woman Having an
Illegitimate First Child after AFQT (Whites Only) 238
A2.8 Logistic Regression of Likelihood of a Woman Having an
Illegitimate Child after AFQT (African Americans Only) 239
t
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| spelling | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth Claude S. Fischer ... Princeton, NJ Princeton Univ. Press 1996 XII, 318 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier As debate rages over the widening and destructive gap between the rich and the rest of Americans, Claude Fischer and his colleagues present a comprehensive new treatment of inequality in America. They challenge arguments that expanding inequality is the natural, perhaps necessary, accompaniment of economic growth. They refute the claims of the incendiary bestseller The Bell Curve (1994) through a clear, rigorous re-analysis of the very data its authors, Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, used to contend that inherited differences in intelligence explain inequality. Inequality by Design offers a powerful alternative explanation, stressing that economic fortune depends more on social circumstances than on IQ, which is itself a product of society. More critical yet, patterns of inequality must be explained by looking beyond the attributes of individuals to the structure of society. Social policies set the "rules of the game" within which individual abilities and efforts matter And recent policies have, on the whole, widened the gap between the rich and the rest of Americans since the 1970s Not only does the wealth of individuals' parents shape their chances for a good life, so do national policies ranging from labor laws to investments in education to tax deductions. The authors explore the ways that America - the most economically unequal society in the industrialized world - unevenly distributes rewards through regulation of the market, taxes, and government spending. It attacks the myth that inequality fosters economic growth, that reducing economic inequality requires enormous welfare expenditures, and that there is little we can do to alter the extent of inequality. It also attacks the injurious myth of innate racial inequality, presenting powerful evidence that racial differences in achievement are the consequences, not the causes, of social inequality Herrnstein, Richard J <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J. <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J Bell curve Erfelijkheid en omgeving gtt Hérédité et milieu Intelligence Intelligentie gtt Niveau intellectuel - Aspect social - États-Unis Niveau intellectuel - États-Unis Onderwijs gtt Psychopédagogie Rassenongelijkheid gtt Gesellschaft Unterricht Educational psychology Intellect Intelligence levels Social aspects United States Intelligence levels United States Nature and nurture Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 gnd rswk-swf Intelligenzquotient (DE-588)4161955-9 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 s DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Intelligenzquotient (DE-588)4161955-9 s Fischer, Claude S. 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)133160882 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007410640&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth Herrnstein, Richard J <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J. <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J Bell curve Erfelijkheid en omgeving gtt Hérédité et milieu Intelligence Intelligentie gtt Niveau intellectuel - Aspect social - États-Unis Niveau intellectuel - États-Unis Onderwijs gtt Psychopédagogie Rassenongelijkheid gtt Gesellschaft Unterricht Educational psychology Intellect Intelligence levels Social aspects United States Intelligence levels United States Nature and nurture Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 gnd Intelligenzquotient (DE-588)4161955-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027251-5 (DE-588)4161955-9 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth |
| title_auth | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth |
| title_exact_search | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth |
| title_full | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth Claude S. Fischer ... |
| title_fullStr | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth Claude S. Fischer ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth Claude S. Fischer ... |
| title_short | Inequality by design |
| title_sort | inequality by design cracking the bell curve myth |
| title_sub | cracking the bell curve myth |
| topic | Herrnstein, Richard J <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J. <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J Bell curve Erfelijkheid en omgeving gtt Hérédité et milieu Intelligence Intelligentie gtt Niveau intellectuel - Aspect social - États-Unis Niveau intellectuel - États-Unis Onderwijs gtt Psychopédagogie Rassenongelijkheid gtt Gesellschaft Unterricht Educational psychology Intellect Intelligence levels Social aspects United States Intelligence levels United States Nature and nurture Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 gnd Intelligenzquotient (DE-588)4161955-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Herrnstein, Richard J <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J. <1930-> / Bell curve Herrnstein, Richard J Bell curve Erfelijkheid en omgeving Hérédité et milieu Intelligence Intelligentie Niveau intellectuel - Aspect social - États-Unis Niveau intellectuel - États-Unis Onderwijs Psychopédagogie Rassenongelijkheid Gesellschaft Unterricht Educational psychology Intellect Intelligence levels Social aspects United States Intelligence levels United States Nature and nurture Intelligenz Intelligenzquotient USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007410640&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fischerclaudes inequalitybydesigncrackingthebellcurvemyth |