Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment
This text is divided into three parts. The first part describes basic toxicological concepts and methodologies used in aquatic toxicity testing, including the philosophies underlying testing strategies now required to meet and support regulatory standards. The second part of the book discusses vario...
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC [u.a.]
Taylor & Francis
1995
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | This text is divided into three parts. The first part describes basic toxicological concepts and methodologies used in aquatic toxicity testing, including the philosophies underlying testing strategies now required to meet and support regulatory standards. The second part of the book discusses various factors that affect transport, transformation, ultimate distribution, and accumulation of chemicals in the aquatic environment, along with the use of modelling to predict fate. The final section of the book reviews types of effects or endpoints evaluated in field studies and the use of structure-activity relationships in aquatic toxicology to predict biological activity and physio-chemical properties of a chemical. This section also contains an extensive background of environmental legilsation in the U.S. and within the European Community, and an introduction to hazard/risk assessment with case studies. |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 1125 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1560320907 1560320915 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a This text is divided into three parts. The first part describes basic toxicological concepts and methodologies used in aquatic toxicity testing, including the philosophies underlying testing strategies now required to meet and support regulatory standards. The second part of the book discusses various factors that affect transport, transformation, ultimate distribution, and accumulation of chemicals in the aquatic environment, along with the use of modelling to predict fate. The final section of the book reviews types of effects or endpoints evaluated in field studies and the use of structure-activity relationships in aquatic toxicology to predict biological activity and physio-chemical properties of a chemical. This section also contains an extensive background of environmental legilsation in the U.S. and within the European Community, and an introduction to hazard/risk assessment with case studies. | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Poluição da água |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 2 | |a Test toxicité | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Toxicologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Waterverontreiniging |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aquatic organisms |x Effect of water pollution on | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Toxicity testing | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804125482161012736 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | FUNDAMENTALS OF
AQUATIC
TOXICOLOGY
Second Edition
Effects, Environmental Fate,
and Risk Assessment
Edited by
Gary M Rand, Ph D
Ecological Services Inc
North Palm Beach, Florida
CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D C
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contributors xv
Preface xix
Preface to the First Edition xxi
Introduction 1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology 3
G M Rand, P G Wells, and L S McCarty
Aquatic Toxicology 3
A Short History of Aquatic Toxicology 4
The Aquatic Environment 8
Factors that Affect the Environmental Concentration of Chemicals 16
Basic Toxicological Concepts and Principles 18
Factors that Influence Toxicity 21
Toxic Agents and Their Effects 23
Examination of Concentration-Response Relationships 28
Toxicity Testing 34
Interpreting Toxicity Test Data 44
Biomonitoring 54
Toxicity Data and Environmental Regulations 56
Summary 57
Literature Cited 57
Supplemental Reading 66
PART I
EFFECTS—TOXICITY TESTING
CHAPTER 2
Freshwater Tests 71
J D Cooney
Introduction 71
Freshwater Toxicity Test Procedures 72
Methodology 74
General Procedures g2
Factors that Modify Toxicity 94
Variability of Test Results 97
Literature Cited 98
vi Table of Contents
CHAPTER 3
Saltwater Tests 103
G S Ward
Introduction 103
General Saltwater Toxicity Test Methodology/Procedures 103
Developing Community Tests 126
Literature Cited 131
CHAPTER 4
Algae and Vascular Plant Tests 135
M A Lewis
Introduction 135
Terminology 136
The Need for Phytotoxicity Data 137
Test Methods: Algae 137
Test Methods: Vascular Plants 148
Bioconcentration 152
Photosynthesis 152
Multispecies Test Methods 152
Representative Phytotoxicity Data 158
Summary 158
Literature Cited 160
Supplemental Reading 169
CHAPTERS
Sexual Reproduction Tests with Marine Seaweeds (Macroalgae) 171
G B Thursby and R L Steele
Introduction 171
Terminology 172
Champia Parvula 172
Laminaria Saccharina 180
Fucus 183
Summary 186
Literature Cited 187
CHAPTER 6
Sea Urchin Sperm Cell Test 189
G A Chapman
Introduction 189
Basic Studies of Sea Urchin Gametes 190
Sperm Cell Test Development 192
Discussion 201
Literature Cited 204
Supplemental Reading 205
CHAPTER 7
FETAX—A Developmental Toxicity Assay Using Frog Embryos 207
J A Bantle
Introduction 207
FETAX Literature Review 209
Terminology 210
FETAX Reference Sources 210
Test Organism 211
FETAX End Points and Exposure Regimens 212
FETAX Positive and Negative Controls 214
Table of Contents
FETAX Methodology 215
Data Analysis and Interpretation 224
Validation Study Results 228
Summary and Conclusions 228
Acknowledgments 228
literature Cited 228
CHAPTER 8
Sediment Tests 231
C G Ingersoll
Introduction 231
Terminology 231
Characteristics of Sediment 232
General Principles of Sediment Toxicity Tests 232
Sediment Quality Assessment 233
Sediment Quality Criteria and Bioavailability 234
Remediation of Contaminated Sediment 236
Methodology 237
Interpretation and Significance of Results 243
Case Studies 246
Summary 249
Literature Cited 251
Supplemental Reading 255
CHAPTER 9
Field Studies 257
R L Graney, J P Giesy, and J R Clark
Introduction 257
Terminology 259
Natural Field Studies 264
Simulated Field Studies 267
Conclusions 295
Literature Cited 296
Supplemental Reading 304
CHAPTER 10
Statistical Analysis 307
M R Ellersieck and T W La Point
Introduction 307
Considerations for Designing Experiments 308
Methods Commonly Used for Continuous Random Variables 315
Linear Statistical Model and the Analysis of Variance 319
Nonparametric Techniques 328
The Main Kinds of Experimental Designs 329
Linear and Multiple Regression 331
The Analysis of Covariance 333
Multivariate Techniques 333
Methods Commonly Used for the Discrete Random Variable 335
Summary 339
Acknowledgments 339
Literature Cited 339
Supplemental Reading 340
Appendices 341
viii Table of Contents
CHAPTER 11
Good Laboratory Practices 345
N DiGiulio and A V Malloy
Introduction 345
Background 345
Terminology 346
Scope and General Description of the GLP Regulations 347
QA/QC Program Designs 360
Future Focus 368
Literature Cited 369
Supplemental Reading 370
CHAPTER 12
Immunotoxicology in Fish 371
D P Anderson and Af G Zeeman
Introduction—Justifications and Investigational Procedures 371
Terminology 372
Fish Immunology—Defensive Responses 374
Assays and Applications—Immunological Methodologies 383
Immunotoxicology—Effects of Gasses of Toxicants 391
Summary, Conclusions, and Future Research 398
Acknowledgments 400
Literature Cited 400
Supplemental Reading 404
CHAPTER 13
Environmental Genotoxicology 405
L R Shugart
Introduction 405
Terminology 406
Basic Mechanisms of DNA Damage 406
Analytical Techniques 408
In Situ Environmental Genotoxicity Studies with Aquatic Species 412
Potential Value of Environmental Genotoxicology 416
Summary 417
Acknowledgments 417
Literature Cited 417
Supplemental Reading 419
CHAPTER 14
Carcinogenicity Tests Using Aquarium Fish 421
W E Hawkins, W W Walker, and R M Overstreet
Introduction 421
Fundamental Concepts in Carcinogenesis 422
Use of Small Fish to Detect Chemical Carcinogens 427
Considerations in the Design of Carcinogenicity Tests Using Small Fish 431
Analysis of Carcinogen-Induced Lesions in Small-Fish Carcinogenicity Studies 433
Methodology in Small-Fish Carcinogenicity Bioassays 438
Summary 441
Acknowledgments 441
Literature Cited 441
Supplemental Reading 446
Table of Contents ix
PART II
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
CHAPTER 15
Transport and Transformation Processes 449
W J Lyman
Introduction 449
Terminology 451
Organic Chemicals 453
Inorganic Chemicals 471
Organometallics 487
literature Cited 488
Supplemental Reading 492
CHAPTER 16
Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability in Multiphase Systems 493
A Spacie, L S McCarty, and G M Rand
Introduction 493
Terminology 494
Major Processes Affecting Uptake 496
Predictive Models and Experimental Approaches 507
Conclusions and Future Directions 515
Acknowledgments 516
Literature Cited 516
Supplemental Reading 521
CHAPTER 17
Biochemical Mechanisms: Metabolism, Adaptation, and Toxicity 523
R T Di Giulio, W H Benson, B M Sanders, and P A Van Veld
Introduction 523
Terminology 524
Biotransformation: Phase I and Phase II Reactions 524
Activated Oxygen Metabolism and Oxidative Stress 538
Metal Metabolism and Toxicity 545
The Cellular Stress Response 548
Summary 553
literature Cited 553
Supplemental Reading 560
CHAPTER 18
Fate Modeling 563
D Mackay, L A Burns, and G M Rand
Introduction 563
Fundamentals of Modeling 564
The Mass Balance Concept 571
Fate and Effect Models of Interest in Aquatic Toxicology 574
An Illustrative One-Compartment Case Study 580
Concluding Thoughts 584
Literature Cited 584
Supplemental Reading 586
X Table of Contents
PART III
ASSESSMENT
Exposure/Effects, Environmental Legislation, and Hazard/Risk
Exposure/Effects
CHAPTER 19
Ecosystem Effects: Functional End Points 589
J Cairns, Jr ,BR Niederlehner, and E P Smith
Introduction 589
Commonly Measured Functional Attributes 590
Observed Effects of Chemicals on Function of Ecosystems 592
Rationale for Selection of Functional End Points 593
Screening Functional End Points for Assessment and Monitoring 599
Statistical Issues in Ecosystem Studies 601
Incorporating Functional End Points into Management 603
Summary 604
Literature Cited 604
Supplemental Reading 607
CHAPTER 20
Structure-Activity Relationships 609
R L Lipnick
Introduction 609
Historical Background 613
Basic Concepts 616
Use of QSAR Models for Estimation of Physicochemical and Biological Properties (Exposure Assessment) 624
Use of QSAR Models for Ecotoxicity (Effects Assessment) 630
Summary of QSAR Models for Ecotoxicity 642
Literature Cited 643
Environmental Legislation
CHAPTER 21
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 657
L W Touart
Introduction 657
General Ecotoxicology and Environmental Testing Requirements under FIFRA 658
Risk Assessment under FIFRA 663
Literature Cited 668
CHAPTER 22
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Interagency Testing Committee:
Data Developed under Section 4 of TSCA 669
J D Walker
Introduction 669
Chemical Testing under the Toxic Substances Control Act 669
The TSCA Interagency Testing Committee 670
The EPA s Implementation of ITC s Testing Recommendations 671
The Chemical Industry s Development of Aquatic Toxicity, Bioconcentration, and Chemical
Fate Test Data under TSCA Section 4 680
Literature Cited 698
Table of Contents xi
CHAPTER 23
Ecotoxicity Testing and Estimation Methods Developed under Section 5 of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) 703
M G Zeeman
Introduction 703
The New Chemical Review Process 703
Hazard Assessment and Ecotoxicology 707
QSAR Development 709
Assessment Factors for Ecotoxicity 711
Conclusions 713
Acknowledgments 713
literature Cited 713
CHAPTER 24
The Clean Water Act 717
G W Hudiburgh, Jr
Introduction 717
Terminology 717
The Clean Water Act and Its Implementation 720
Emerging Activities 731
Summary and Conclusions 731
literature Cited 732
CHAPTER 25
FDA s Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act 735
P G Vincent
Introduction 735
Terminology 736
Pertinent NEPA Legal Issues 742
The Environmental Assessment 743
literature Cited 762
CHAPTER 26
Role of the OECD in Chemicals Control and International Harmonization of
Testing Methods
N J Graruty
Introduction—The OECD and Its Environment Programme
Chemical Safety and the OECD
Management of Chemicals
OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals
Other OECD Chemicals Programme Activities
Summary
Appendix: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals: List of Guidelines Currently
Available (December 1994)
Supplemental Reading
CHAPTER 27
Environmental Regulation in the European Community
J BlokandF Balk
Introduction—Environmental Awareness from a European Historical Perspective
The Story of the Soapers
xii Table of Contents
Structure of the European Community with Regard to Environmental Legislation 782
A Short Review of Environmental Directives in the European Community 785
Environmental Legislation in View of the Basic Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment 792
The Key to Classification 794
Lessons from Interlaboratory Ring Tests 796
Outlook 801
Literature Cited 801
Hazard/Risk
Introduction
CHAPTER 28
Introduction to Ecological Risk Assessment for Aquatic Toxic Effects 803
G W Suter II
Introduction 803
Terminology 804
Risk Assessment Paradigms 805
Quantitative Methods of Risk Characterization 813
Conclusions 814
Literature Cited 815
Supplemental Reading 816
CHAPTER 29
General Types of Aquatic Assessments 817
R K Markarian
Introduction—What Is Aquatic Assessment? 817
Types of Assessments 818
Planning the Assessment 823
Conclusions 824
Literature Cited 824
Supplemental Reading 825
Hazard Risk
Case Studies
CHAPTER 30
Predicting the Effects of Insecticides on Aquatic Systems
and the Waterfowl that Use Them 827
P J Sheehan, A Baril, P Mineau, and D J Paustenbach
Introduction 827
Problem Definition 827
Risk Assessment Approach 837
Literature Cited 855
CHAPTER 31
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) 859
R J Larson and D M Woltering
Introduction 859
Terminology 864
Introduction to LAS 864
Level I Risk Assessment 867
Table of Contents xUi
Level II Risk Assessment 870
Summary 880
Literature Cited 881
CHAPTER 32
A Hazardous Waste Site at the Naval Weapons
Station, Concord, Ca 883
K D Jenkins, C R Lee, and J F Hobson
Introduction 883
The Conceptual Framework 884
Exposure Assessment 894
Effects Assessment 896
Risk Evaluation 900
Risk Management 901
Literature Cited 901
CHAPTER 33
Effluents 903
P B Dorn and R van Compernolle
Introduction 903
Terminology 904
The Toxicity Identification Evaluation Process 918
Sediments 931
Bioconcentration 932
Summary 933
literature Cited 936
Glossary
Appendix
Index
|
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| edition | 2. ed. |
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| publisher | Taylor & Francis |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment ed. by Gary M. Rand 2. ed. Washington, DC [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 1995 XXI, 1125 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This text is divided into three parts. The first part describes basic toxicological concepts and methodologies used in aquatic toxicity testing, including the philosophies underlying testing strategies now required to meet and support regulatory standards. The second part of the book discusses various factors that affect transport, transformation, ultimate distribution, and accumulation of chemicals in the aquatic environment, along with the use of modelling to predict fate. The final section of the book reviews types of effects or endpoints evaluated in field studies and the use of structure-activity relationships in aquatic toxicology to predict biological activity and physio-chemical properties of a chemical. This section also contains an extensive background of environmental legilsation in the U.S. and within the European Community, and an introduction to hazard/risk assessment with case studies. Eau - toxicité Ecossistemas de água doce larpcal Pollution de l'eau - analyse Poluição da água larpcal Test toxicité Toxicologia larpcal Waterverontreiniging gtt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Toxicity testing Water quality bioassay Water Pollution Toxicology Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd rswk-swf Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd rswk-swf Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd rswk-swf Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 s Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 s Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 s DE-604 Rand, Gary M. Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007357593&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment Eau - toxicité Ecossistemas de água doce larpcal Pollution de l'eau - analyse Poluição da água larpcal Test toxicité Toxicologia larpcal Waterverontreiniging gtt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Toxicity testing Water quality bioassay Water Pollution Toxicology Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189299-9 (DE-588)4060540-1 (DE-588)4117281-4 |
| title | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment |
| title_full | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment ed. by Gary M. Rand |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment ed. by Gary M. Rand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment ed. by Gary M. Rand |
| title_short | Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology |
| title_sort | fundamentals of aquatic toxicology effects environmental fate and risk assessment |
| title_sub | effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment |
| topic | Eau - toxicité Ecossistemas de água doce larpcal Pollution de l'eau - analyse Poluição da água larpcal Test toxicité Toxicologia larpcal Waterverontreiniging gtt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Toxicity testing Water quality bioassay Water Pollution Toxicology Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eau - toxicité Ecossistemas de água doce Pollution de l'eau - analyse Poluição da água Test toxicité Toxicologia Waterverontreiniging Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Toxicity testing Water quality bioassay Water Pollution Toxicology Wasserverschmutzung Toxizitätstest Umweltchemikalie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007357593&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT randgarym fundamentalsofaquatictoxicologyeffectsenvironmentalfateandriskassessment |