Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
1995
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity
23 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0471959111 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems |c prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Rick A. Linthurst ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 416 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE |v 53 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity |v 23 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: SGOMSEC |v 10 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environnement - Surveillance - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environnement - Évaluation du risque - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Polluants - Toxicologie - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écosystèmes - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biotic communities |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental monitoring |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental risk assessment |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental toxicology |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution |x Environmental aspects |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ökologische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4135167-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | xvi CONTENTS
15 Methods to Evaluate Whole Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems 337
H.E. Evans and P.J. Dillon
15.1 Introduction 337
15.2 Methods for Manipulating Lakes 339
15.3 Methods to Manipulate Streams 343
15.4 Methods for Manipulating Catchments and Forests 345
15.5 Methods to Add Neutralizing Agents to Whole Aquatic and
Terrestrial Systems 347
15.6 Summary 349
15.7 References 350
16 Statistical Methods to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Ecosystems 355
J.N.R. Jeffers
16.1 Introduction 355
16.2 Strategies 356
16.3 Hierarchy Theory 358
16.4 Statistical Concepts 360
16.5 Back to Basics 362
16.6 Selected Topical References 363
16.7 References 364
17 A Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment 367
L.W. Barnthouse
17.1 Introduction 367
17.2 Definition of Ecological Risk Assessment 367
17.3 Risk Assessment Frameworks 368
17.4 Examples of Ecological Risk Assessments 371
17.5 Ecological Risk Assessment and Environmental Sustainability 374
17.6 Implications for Chemical Effects Assessment 375
17.7 Conclusion 377
17.8 References 377
18 Estimation of Damage to Ecosystems 381
| F. Ramade
18.1 Introduction 381
18.2 Assessment of Effects on Community Structures and Dynamics 382
18.3 Predicting Risks in Populations 382
18.3.1 Reductions in Population Size and Density 382
18.3.2 Predicting Effects on Populations 383
18.3.2.1 Reduction in Diversity and Species Richness 385
18.3.2.2 Species Diversity for Use as an Ecological Index 385
18.3.2.3 Effects on Frequency Distribution of Species 388
18.4 Principles to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Ecosystems 388
18.4.1 Effects on Decomposers and Nutrients Cycling 391
CONTENTS xvii
18.5 Conclusions 391
18.6 References 391
19 Methods for Economic and Sociological Considerations in Ecological Risk
Assessment 395
R. Costanza and P.P. Principe
19.1 Introduction 395
19.2 A Definition of Ecosystem Health 395
19.3 Regional Scale Ecological Assessment 399
19.4 The Ecological Benefits Paradigm 401
19.5 References 404
Index 407
viii CONTENTS
2.3.2 Maintaining Quality Objectives 21
2.4 Studying the Effects of Chemicals 23
2.4.1 Ecological Risk Assessment as a Tool 23
2.4.2 Problem Formulation 23
2.4.2.1 Establishment of Goals 23
2.4.2.2 Identification and Characterization of Chemical Stressors 24
2.4.2.3 Characterization of the Ecosystem Potentially at Risk 25
2.4.2.4 Identification of Relevant Endpoints 25
2.4.3 Study Design 25
2.4.3.1 Types of Sampling Designs 25
2.4.3.2 Test Method Selection 26
2.4.3.3 Quality Assurance Procedures 26
2.4.4 Statistical Analysis and Modelling 28
2.5 Communicating Risk 30
2.5.1 Target Audiences 30
2.5.2 Content 31
2.5.3 Methods 31
2.5.4 Timing of Communications 33
2.6 References 33
3 Methods to Study Chemical Effects 35
3.1 Methods Selection 36
3.2 Overview of Methods 36
3.2.1 Chemical Analyses of Samples 36
3.2.2 Toxicity Tests 38
3.2.3 Field Assessments 39
3.2.4 Special Analyses 39
3.2.4.1 Bioaccumulation Studies 40
3.2.4.2 Biomarkers 40
3.2.4.3 Microcosm and Mesocosm Studies 41
3.3 Assessment of Chemical Impacts to Aquatic Ecosystems 42
3.3.1 Toxicity Tests 42
3.3.2 Field Assessments 44
3.3.3 Special Analyses 45
3.3.3.1 Bioaccumulation Studies 45
3.3.3.2 Biomarkers 47
3.3.3.3 Controlled Ecosystem Studies 50
3.4 Methods to Assess Chemical Impacts on Terrestrial Environments 51
Ik 3.4.1 Toxicity Tests 52
¦ 3.4.1.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Tests 52
W 3.4.1.2 Vertebrate Toxicity Tests 55
f 3.4.1.3 Vegetation Toxicity Tests 55
3.4.1.4 In Situ Toxicity Tests 56
3.4.2 Field Assessments 56
CONTENTS ix
3.4.2.1 Remote Sensing Methods 56
3.4.2.2 Direct Observation or Ground Truthing of Remotely
Sensed Data 57
3.4.2.3 Long Term Monitoring of Permanent Assessment Plots 57
3.4.2.4 Population Surveys 57
3.4.3 Special Analyses 59
3.4.3.1 Biomarkers 59
3.4.3.2 Soil Microcosm Studies 59
3.5 Diagnosis of Environmental Problems and Establishment of Causation 60
3.6 Recommendations 61
3.6.1 Recommendations for Enhancing Assessments of Aquatic
and Terrestrial Ecosystems 61
3.7 References 62
4 Large Geographic Scale Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 71
4.1 Importance of Large Geographic Scale Monitoring and Assessment 71
4.2 Defining a Region 73
4.2.1 The Landscape Mosaic Paradigm 74
4.2.2 The Watershed Paradigm 75
4.2.3 The Airshed Paradigm 76
4.3 Selecting a Time Scale for Regional Monitoring 76
4.4 Regional Risk Assessments 78
4.4.1 Ascribing Values on Regional Scales 80
4.4.1.1 Values Inherent in Local Systems Within a Region 80
4.4.1.2 Values Unique to Regions 80
4.4.2 Regional Scale Assessment Endpoints 82
4.5 Design and Sampling Considerations 82
4.5.1 Statistical Inference 83
4.5.2 Number of Samples 83
4.5.3 Stratification 84
4.5.4 Measurement of Change 84
4.5.5 Importance of Preliminary Sampling 85
4.6 Methods to Monitor and Assess Regional Environments 85
4.6.1 Remote Sensing Techniques 86
4.6.2 Geographic Information Systems 87
4.7 Characterizing Risk at the Regional Scale 87
4.7.1 Statistical Methods 87
4.7.2 Modelling 88
4.7.3 Sources of Uncertainty 90
4.8 Recommendations to Enhance Regional Environmental Monitoring
and Assessments 90
4.9 References 91
x CONTENTS
PART 2 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
5 Biodiversity in the Assessment of Freshwater Quality 97
J. Verneaux
5.1 Background 97
5.1.1 Pollution and Other Degradation Factors 97
5.1.2 Manifestations of Pollution Damage 97
5.1.3 Specialized and Practical Methods 98
5.1.4 Procedures for Data Analysis 100
5.2 Analysis of Benthic Communities and the Quality of Waterways 101
5.3 Biological General Quality Index 102
5.3.1 Sampling 104
5.3.2 Sampling Protocol 104
5.3.3 Biological Analysis 105
5.3.3.1 ListofTaxons 105
5.3.3.2 Determination of the Global Biological Index (EBGN) 105
5.3.3.3 Test Report 106
5.3.4 Example 106
5.4 Determination of the General Biological Quality of Lakes 107
5.4.1 Basis 107
5.4.1.1 The Nature of the Organisms 107
5.4.1.2 Interpretation Ambiguities 107
5.4.1.3 IBL: A Method to Evaluate the Biogenic Quality of Lakes 108
5.5 References 110
6 Methods to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Fresh Waters 113
P. Calow
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 What to Measure 114
6.3 Predictive Tests 115
6.3.1 Single Species Tests 115
6.3.2 Multi Species Tests 116
6.4 Application of Toxicants 117
6.5 Retrospective Assessment 118
6.6 The Measurement Problem Revisited 119
6.7 Cause or Only Correlation? 120
6.7.1 Planted Systems 121
6.8 References 121
7 Methods to Assess Effects on Brackish, Estuarine, and Near Coastal
Water Organisms 125
M.H. Depledge and S.P. Hopkin
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Pollutants, Contaminants, and Effects 125
CONTENTS xi
7.3 General Strategies 126
7.4 Monitoring at Different Levels of Biological Organisation 127
7.5 Marine, Brackish Water, and Estuarine Pollution 127
7.6 Bioindicators of Marine, Brackish Water, and Estuarine Pollution 128
7.7 Assessing Pollutant Effects at the Ecosystem Level 131
7.8 Community Level Effects 132
7.9 Population Level Effects of Pollutants 134
7.10 Transplant Techniques and Mesocosm Testing 136
7.11 Biomarkers for the Detection of Pollutant Toxicity 137
7.12 Biochemical Markers 138
7.13 The Special Case for Morphological Biomarkers 139
7.14 Physiological Monitoring of Pollutant Effects 140
7.15 Pathology and Disease as Indicators of Pollution 140
7.16 Summary and Conclusions 141
7.17 References 141
8 Assessment of Effects of Chemicals on Wetlands 151
W.H. Queen and D. W. Stanley
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 Methods for Studying Plants and Animals 153
8.2.1 Bioaccumulation Determinations 153
8.2.2 Experimental Studies 154
8.3 Methods to Study the Effects of Chemicals on the System Itself 155
8.3.1 Inventories 155
8.3.2 Chemical Loadings and Mass Balance Determinations 157
8.3.3 Modelling 157
8.4 Monitoring 158
8.4.1 Abiotic Monitoring 158
8.4.2 Biomonitoring 169
8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 161
8.6 References 161
9 Methods to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Forests 167
M. Bonneau, S. Fink, and H. Rennenberg
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Methods Used to Study Trees 167
9.2.1 Chemical Studies 167
9.2.1.1 Stress Reactions at the Metabolic Level 167
9.2.1.2 Metabolic Effects of Photochemical Oxidants 168
9.2.1.3 Metabolic Effects of Sulphur Compounds 169
9.2.1.4 Metabolic Effects of Nitrogen Compounds 171
9.2.1.5 Metabolic Effects of Airborne Xenobiotics 173
9.2.1.6 Conclusions 73
9.2.2 Anatomical Studies 174
xii CONTENTS
9.2.2.1 Microscopic Diagnosis of Damage to Needles and Leaves 174
9.2.2.2 Results from Controlled Experiments 175
9.2.2.3 Patterns from Damaged Foliage in the Field 177
9.2.2.4 Conclusions 182
9.3 Methods to Identify Effects on Forest Ecosystems 182
9.3.1 Introduction 182
9.3.2 Soils Solid Phase Studies 182
9.3.2.1 Total Soil Chemical Composition 182
9.3.2.2 Available Forms of Elements 183
9.3.3 Soil Solution Studies 184
9.3.4 Element Cycling Studies 186
9.3.4.1 Protons 186
9.3.4.2 Nitrogen 187
9.3.4.3 Heavy Metals 188
9.3.5 Flora, Fauna, Microflora Species and their Composition 189
9.3.5.1 Species Composition 189
9.3.5.2 Chemical Composition 189
9.3.6 Conclusion 189
9.4 Monitoring Ecosystem Conditions 190
9.4.1 Introduction 190
9.4.2 The Lowest Intensity 190
9.4.3 Intermediate Intensity Observation Plots 190
9.4.4 High Intensity Observation Plots 191
9.5 Chemical Stresses in Forests Today and in the Future 192
9.6 References 193
10 Methods to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Arid and
Semi Arid Ecosystems 207
D. Mouat, A. Banin, and B. Jones
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Methods to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Soils 209
10.2.1 Analytical Procedures for Soil Solutions and Waters 210
10.2.1.1 Soil Solution Extraction 210
10.2.1.2 Total Salinity 210
10.2.1.3 Electrical Conductivity of the Solution 210
10.2.1.4 Analysis of Ionic Constituents 210
10.2.1.5 Soluble Major Cations 211
10.2.1.6 Analytical Procedures to Assess Solid Phase Composition 211
10.2.1.7 Exchangeable Cation Composition of Soils 211
10.2.1.8 Extractable ( Available ) Trace Elements by DTPA 212
10.3 Remote Sensing Techniques 212
10.4 Basic Remote Sensing Concepts and Principles 212
10.4.1 Sensors and Capabilities 213
10.4.1.1 Aerial Photography 213
CONTENTS xiii
10.4.1.2 Multispectral Imagery (Less than 2.4 urn) 213
10.4.1.3 Hyperspectral Sensors 214
10.4.1.4 Thermal Infrared Sensors 214
10.4.1.5 Microwave Systems 214
10.4.1.6 Lasers 214
10.4.1.7 Vegetation Spectral Response 215
10.5 Desertification/Land Degradation 215
10.6 Indicators of Desertification 216
10.6.1 Physical Indicators 217
10.6.1.1 Biological Indicators 217
10.6.1.2 Social Indicators 218
10.7 Measurement of Desertification 218
10.8 References 220
11 Methods to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on Soils 223
H.A. Verhoefand CAM. van Gestel
11.1 Introduction 223
11.2 Quantification of Input of Chemicals in the Soil 224
11.2.1 Major Elements 224
11.2.1.1 Wet Deposition 224
11.2.1.2 Dry Deposition 225
11.2.1.3 Nitrogen Fixation 225
11.2.1.4 Mineral Weathering 225
11.2.2 Organic Chemicals and Metals 226
11.3 Methods to Quantify Effects of Chemical Input on Abiotic
Soil Characteristics 226
11.3.1 Nitrogen 226
11.3.2 Sulphur 227
11.3.3 Phosphorus 229
11.3.4 Carbon 230
11.3.5 Organic Chemicals and Metals 231
11.4 Methods to Assess the Potential Risk of Chemicals for Soil
Organisms (Prognosis) 231
11.4.1 Single Species Laboratory Toxicity Tests 231
11.4.1.1 Higher Plants 232
11.4.1.2 Protozoans and Nematodes 232
11.4.1.3 Isopods and Millipedes 232
11.4.1.4 Oribatid Mites 233
11.4.1.5 Collembola 233
11.4.1.6 Enchytraeids 234
11.4.1.7 Lumbricids 235
11.4.1.8 Molluscs 236
11.4.1.9 Beneficial Arthropods 237
11.4.2 Microcosm Tests Including Those on Soil Microflora 238
Contents
Foreword Michel J. Mercier xix
Preface Philippe Bourdeau and Bernard D. Goldstein xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of
Chemicals xxv
Participants of the Workshop xxvii
PART 1 JOINT REPORT
1 Introduction, General Conclusions, and Recommendations 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Ecological Risk Assessment: A Tool for Decision Making 4
1.2.1 Hazard Identification 5
1.2.2 Exposure Assessment 6
1.2.3 Exposure Response Assessment 6
1.2.4 Risk Characterization 6
1.2.5 Risk Management 6
1.3 Ecosystem Objectives 7
1.4 Methods for Studying Effects 8
1.5 Measuring Effects on Larger Geographic Scales 9
1.6 General Recommendations 10
1.7 References 12
2 A Conceptual Approach for Ecological Research, Monitoring,
and Assessment 13
2.1 The Ecological Benefits Paradigm 14
2.2 Characterizing the Condition of Ecosystems 16
2.2.1 Describing the Condition of Ecosystems 16
2.2.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics to Evaluate the Condition of
Ecosystems 17
2.3 Setting and Maintaining Quality Objectives for Ecosystems 19
2.3.1 Setting Quality Objectives 21
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV010986556 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:02:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471959111 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007352887 |
| oclc_num | 33243589 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XXX, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity |
| series2 | International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: SGOMSEC |
| spelling | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Rick A. Linthurst ... Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 1995 XXX, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE 53 International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity 23 International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: SGOMSEC 10 Environnement - Surveillance - Congrès Environnement - Évaluation du risque - Congrès Polluants - Toxicologie - Congrès Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement - Congrès Écosystèmes - Congrès Umwelt Biotic communities Congresses Environmental monitoring Congresses Environmental risk assessment Congresses Environmental toxicology Congresses Pollution Environmental aspects Congresses Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-604 Linthurst, Rick A. Sonstige oth Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE International Council of Scientific Unions 53 (DE-604)BV000007237 53 Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: SGOMSEC International Council of Scientific Unions 10 (DE-604)BV000014780 10 International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity 23 (DE-604)BV009813756 23 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007352887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint activity Environnement - Surveillance - Congrès Environnement - Évaluation du risque - Congrès Polluants - Toxicologie - Congrès Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement - Congrès Écosystèmes - Congrès Umwelt Biotic communities Congresses Environmental monitoring Congresses Environmental risk assessment Congresses Environmental toxicology Congresses Pollution Environmental aspects Congresses Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135167-8 (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems |
| title_auth | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems |
| title_exact_search | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems |
| title_full | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Rick A. Linthurst ... |
| title_fullStr | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Rick A. Linthurst ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Rick A. Linthurst ... |
| title_short | Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems |
| title_sort | methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems |
| topic | Environnement - Surveillance - Congrès Environnement - Évaluation du risque - Congrès Polluants - Toxicologie - Congrès Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement - Congrès Écosystèmes - Congrès Umwelt Biotic communities Congresses Environmental monitoring Congresses Environmental risk assessment Congresses Environmental toxicology Congresses Pollution Environmental aspects Congresses Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Environnement - Surveillance - Congrès Environnement - Évaluation du risque - Congrès Polluants - Toxicologie - Congrès Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement - Congrès Écosystèmes - Congrès Umwelt Biotic communities Congresses Environmental monitoring Congresses Environmental risk assessment Congresses Environmental toxicology Congresses Pollution Environmental aspects Congresses Ökologische Chemie Methode Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007352887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007237 (DE-604)BV000014780 (DE-604)BV009813756 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT linthurstricka methodstoassesstheeffectsofchemicalsonecosystems |