The Holocaust in Latvia: 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Riga
Historical Inst. of Latvia [u.a.]
1996
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 465 S. Kt., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9984905438 |
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| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
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Titel: The Holocaust in Latvia
Autor: Ezergailis, Andrew
Jahr: 1996
Contents
GLOSSARY xiii
PREFACE xv
INTRODUCTION 1
Changing Interpretations: The Abwehr. The Wehrmacht. The
School of the 1970s. The Three "Truths" of Jeckeln.
Historiography: Jewish Survivors. German Works. Latvians in
Emigration. Soviet Writings. Witnesses. Who Killed the Jews
of Latvia? Spontaneity Versus Orders. The Causes of
Latvian Participation: Propaganda. Higher Orders. Numbers of
Latvian Participants. The Latvian Guilt: Criminal Guilt.
Political Guilt. Moral and Metaphysical Guilt.
I. THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT 35
Historical Background. Latvia in July 1941: The Partisans
and Self-Defense Forces. Military and Paramilitary Units:
The Latvian Voluntary SS Legion. Schutzmannschaften. Social
Elites and Sub-groups: Ulmaniesi. Kalpakiesi. Valdmaniesi.
Aizsargi. Officers. Pêrkonkrustiesi. Korporeli. Intellectuals.
Relatives of the Deported. Repatrianti. German Jewish Policy:
Himmler-Heydrich Plans. Latvian Role in the Killings.
Names and Uniforms.
II. The Jews of Latvia 58
The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Population. Latvian-
Jewish Relations to 1914: Latvian Notice of the Jewish
Presence before 1914. The 1905 Revolution. The Jews in
Independent Latvia. The Ulmanis Regime. Jews Under
the First Soviet Occupation.
III. ANTI-SEMITISM 79
Përkonkrusts. Nazi Anti-Semitism: General Anti-Semitism.
Anti-Semitism and the State of Latvia. Anti-Semitism in Latvian
Culture. The Ultimate Anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism and the
Killing of the Jews. Anti-Semitism and the Latvian
Participation in the Killings. The Jewish-Bolshevik Nexus. June
17, 1940. Deportations of June 14, 1941. Causes of
Collaboration.
Tv\ NAZI GOALS AND POLICIES ììfT
Nazi Imperatives. Racial Attitudes. The Search for Latvian
Collaborators: The Abwehr Episode. The Security Police and the
SD. The Ministry of the East. Latvians and Weapons in
1941. The Civilian Government—Ostland: Land Self-
Administration. Economic Exploitation.
_Contents
V. THE SD IN LATVIA 145
Einsatzgruppe A. Latvian SD Auxiliaries: The Vagulñns
Commando in Jelgava. The Teidemanis SD Group in Valmiera. The
Latvian SD, 1941-45. The SD School Fürstenberg. The SD
Press and Propaganda.
VI. THE ARÄJS COMMANDO 173
Biographical Sketch. The Establishment of the
Sonderkommando. The Structure of the Commando: The
Size of the Commando. Militarization of the Commando. The SD
School Fürstenberg. The Activities of the Commando:
Night Actions. Synagogue Burning. Bikernieki. Blue-Bus Actions.
Rumbula. Partisan Actions. Salaspils. The Career of an Arajs
_Man. The End of the Commando._
VII. THE KILLING OF THE LATVIAN JEWS 203
Sources of Evidence. The Führerbefehl in Latvia: Martin
Sandberger's Evidence. Stahlecker's Memorandum of August 6,
1941. General Jeckeln and the Rumbula Action. Anti-Jewish
Laws and Regulations: Ghettoization Law. Himmler's and
Heydrich's Orders. Einsatzgruppe A in Latvia: The Patterns of
Killing. The First Murders in Latvia: July 1 in Riga. July 2
and 3 in Riga. Night Actions. Burning of the Synagogues in Riga.
Stahlecker's Phase, July to October: The Mass Killings in
Riga—Bikernieki. The Massacres in the Provinces. The Provincial
Accomplices. Zemgale—Jelgava. Vidzeme.
VIII. RUMBULA 239
The Arrival of Jeckeln: The Jeckeln System. Organization of
the Action. Transport. SD Personnel. Ordnungspolizei. Final
Orders. The German Participants in the Action. Latvians
in the Rumbula Action. The Creation of the Small
Ghetto. Knowledge of the Intent. November 30, 1941.
December 8, 1941: Frida Michelson. Ella Medale. Matlss
Lutrins. Numbers at Rumbula. Reclaiming of Rumbula.
IX. THE KILLINGS IN THE CITIES 271
Daugavpils: Ehrlinger's Actions. Hamann's Actions. Tabbert's
Actions. Rëzekne: Jews and the Rëzekne Cheka. Liepäja: The
Jews of Liepäja. The Liepäja SD—Its Leadership and
Activities: Reichert. Grauel. Kiigler. The December Massacre.
Latvian Participants: The Latvian SD Wachzug. Vainode.
Aizpute. Grobina. The Liepäja Ghetto. Ventspils.
X. THE SCHUTZMANNSCHAFTEN 311
The Origins of the Schutzmannschaften: The Name. The
Riga City Police: Jews and the Riga Police. The Police and the
Atrocities. The Schutzmannschaften in the Provinces: The
Contents
Crimes of the Local Police. The Police Battalions: The 20th
Battalion and the Riga Ghetto. The 18th Battalion in Belorussia.
The Warsaw Ghetto Guards.
XI. GHETTOS AND CAMPS 336~
Lohse's Plan. The Establishment of the Riga Ghetto:
Jewish Property. Enclosing the Ghetto. The Ghetto after
Rumbula: Condition of the Ghetto. Civilians Against SD. The
Reich Jews in Latvia: 1941-1943, Chronology. Concentra-
tion Camps in Latvia: M e zaparks (Kaiserwald) Camp.
Salaspils. Jumpravmuiza (Jungfernhof). Strazdu Muiia. Dundaga.
Killings in 1944.
CONCLUSION 375
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 : Stahlecker's Answer to Lohse's Guidelines 378
Appendix 2: German and Latvian SD in Latvia 381
Appendix 3a: Jews in Independent Latvia—Statistics 395
3b-h: Jewish Residences in Latvia 402
Appendix 4: Schutzmannschaften and the Jews: 410
Jews in the 1941/42 Riga Police Archives 410
Vieslte Police Discusses Jewish Property 413
Organization Chart of Latvian Auxiliary Police:
Cities and Provinces 417
TABLES
Table 2.1 Jews in Latvia 58
Table 2.2 Jews of Latvia by Regions, 1935 61
Table 2.3 Jewish Residents in Major Cities, 1935 61
Table 2.4 Jews in Cities and Towns, 1935 62
Table 2.5 Jews and Other Ethnic Groups in Latvia, 1935 62
Table 5.1 The SD Network in Latvian Cities 1941-1944 151
Table 5.2 The Security Police and the SD of Latvia 152
Table 5.3 The SD Commando Under the KdS in Late 1942 154
Table 5.4 The Composition of the Latvian SD Forces 163
Table 7.1 The Number Executed to October 15, 1941 222
Table 9.1 Jews Killed by Liepäja SD 288
Table 9.2 German SD and Other Authorities in Liepäja 288
Table 9.3 The 1941 Killing Operations in Liepäja 292
Tabie 11.1 Ghetto Inhabitants by Age and Sex 348
Table 11.2 Ghetto Jews by Crafts 348
Table 11.3 Record of Transports to Latvia 355
Table 11.4 Ghetto Administration, 1941-1943 357
Table 11.5 Kasernierte (live-in) Ghetto Jews,
September 23, 1943 362
Table 2a 1 Einsatzgruppe A Members in Latvia 381
Table 2a 2 Members of the Latvian SD 384
x i i _Contents
Table 3a. 1 Occupational Distribution of Jews in 1935 395
Table 3a.2 Jewish Entrepreneurs in Latvia 395
Table 3a.3 Industrial Enterprises 396
Table 3a.4 Hospitals 396
Table 3a.5 Infant Mortality per 100 Children Born 397
Table 3a.6 Housing 397
Table 3a.7 Attendance at Yiddish and Hebrew Schools 397
Table 3a.8 Jewish Children in the Elementary Schools 397
Table 3a.9 High Schools 398
Table 3a. 10 Jewish High Schools in Latvia, 1936-1939 398
Table 3a. 11 Jewish Students by Types of High Schools 398
Table 3a.l2 Knowledge of Languages, 1930 399
Table 3b. Ethnic Composition of Riga 400
Table 3c. Jewish residences in Latvia 402
Table 3d. Jews in Latvian Cities 403
Table 3e. Adminstrative districts of Latvia 405
Table 3f. Jews in Kurzeme and Zemgale 406
Table 3g. Latgale 407
Table 3h. Vidzeme 408
Table 4.1 Command Structure of Precinct Police in Latvia 416
MAPS
Latvia vi
Riga Ghetto, Rumbula Action, 1941 252
Riga Ghetto, October 25 to November 30, 1941 342
Closing of the Riga Ghetto, January 1942 to November 1943 351
Riga Ghetto, 1942 to November 1943 358
Census Districts in Riga, February 1935 401
Jewish Residences in Latvia 402
_Administrative Districts of Latvia_405
ILLUSTRATIONS
Soviet Use of the Holocaust, 1945 8
General Director O. Dankers Calls for Volunteers, 1943 42
SS-Leader Issues Draft Notice, March 19, 1943 43
Soviet Anti-Zionist Cartoon 71
An Anti-Semitic Cartoon, 1941 85
Advertisements for Membership in the SD 164
Aräjs Commando in 1942 174
A Riga Ghetto Street Today 359
Graphics
Graph 2.1 Jews in Latvia, 1897-1989 59
Graph 2.2 The Jews of Riga, 1824-1993 60
_Einsatzgruppe A—Graphics_392
BIBLIOGRAHY 419
INDEX 441 |
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| spelling | Ezergailis, Andrew 1930-2022 Verfasser (DE-588)129402745 aut The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center by Andrew Ezergailis 1. ed. Riga Historical Inst. of Latvia [u.a.] 1996 XXI, 465 S. Kt., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Holocaust gtt Shoah - Lettonie ram Geschichte Juden Judenvernichtung Jews -- Persecutions -- Latvia Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Latvia Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Lettonie - 1941-1944 (Occupation allemande) ram Lettonie - Relations interethniques ram Latvia -- Ethnic relations Latvia -- History -- German occupation, 1941-1944 Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007340663&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ezergailis, Andrew 1930-2022 The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center Holocaust gtt Shoah - Lettonie ram Geschichte Juden Judenvernichtung Jews -- Persecutions -- Latvia Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Latvia Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4074187-4 |
| title | The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center |
| title_auth | The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center |
| title_exact_search | The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center |
| title_full | The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center by Andrew Ezergailis |
| title_fullStr | The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center by Andrew Ezergailis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Holocaust in Latvia 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center by Andrew Ezergailis |
| title_short | The Holocaust in Latvia |
| title_sort | the holocaust in latvia 1941 1944 the missing center |
| title_sub | 1941 - 1944 ; the missing center |
| topic | Holocaust gtt Shoah - Lettonie ram Geschichte Juden Judenvernichtung Jews -- Persecutions -- Latvia Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Latvia Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Holocaust Shoah - Lettonie Geschichte Juden Judenvernichtung Jews -- Persecutions -- Latvia Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Latvia Lettonie - 1941-1944 (Occupation allemande) Lettonie - Relations interethniques Latvia -- Ethnic relations Latvia -- History -- German occupation, 1941-1944 Lettland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007340663&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ezergailisandrew theholocaustinlatvia19411944themissingcenter |