The tropical rain forest: an ecological study
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1996
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Richards, Paul W.: The tropical rain forest |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 575 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521420547 0521421942 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804125416320925696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | The tropical rain forest
an ecological study
Second edition
P W Richards
Emeritus Professor of Botany, University of Wales, Bangor
with contributions by
RPD Walsh-
Deportment of Geography, University of Wales, Swansea
I C Baillie
Environmental Consultant, Bedford
and P Greig-Smith
Emeritus Professor of Botany, University of Wales, Bangor
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Preface to the second edition page xvii
Preface to the first edition xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Note on geographical names xxii
1 Introduction
1 1 The biological spectrum of the rain forest 7
1 2 Recent distribution io
The American rain forest io
The African rain forest n
The Indo-Malayan and Australian rain forest 12
Potential and actual areas 12
1 3 The tropical rain forest during the Tertiary and Quaternary periods 13
Tertiary period 14
Quaternary period 15
1 4 The origin of the tropical rain forest and the evolution of angiosperms 18
I Structure find physiognomy
2 Structure of primary rain forest
2 1 The synusiae 23
2 2 The forest mosaic 25
2 3 Density and dispersion of trees 25
2 4 Stratification 26
241 Methods of studying stratification 27
242 Structure of mixed rain forests 30
Mixed forest at Moraballi Creek, Guyana 30
Mixed dipterocarp forest, Gunung Dulit, Sarawak 34
Mixed (evergreen seasonal) forest, Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria 36
Conclusions 37
243 Structure of single-dominant forests 38
244 Structure of mixed forests with tall emergents 43
245 Structure of forests on slopes and river banks 43
[ix]
X CONTENTS
2 5 Quantitative aspects of stratification 43
251 Vertical distribution of tree heights and crowns 45
252 Leaf-area profiles 45
2 6 Ecological significance of stratification 46
• 3 Regeneration
3 1 Life-span of individual trees 49
Determination of tree age 49
3 2 Developmental phases 51
Formation of natural gaps 52
Seeding and seedling establishment 53
The building phase 56
Turnover rates 58
3 3 Growth and development 60
Size-class representation 60
Growth rates 64
Mortality 67
3 4 Dynamic patterns 67
Aubreville s Mosaic theory 67
The role of chance in regeneration 68
4 Trees and shrubs: I Vegetative features
4 1 Tree architecture 70
Shape and dimensions 71
Branching 72
Tree models 72
Shrubs and treelets 74
4 2 Bark 75
4 3 Root systems 76
Types of root system 76
4 4 Buttresses 78
Structure and development 80
Buttressing and environment 80
4 5 Stilt-roots ~~ ~ - 84
4 6 Functional significance of buttresses and stilt-roots 85
4 7 Pneumorhizae 89
4 8 Leaves of trees and shrubs 90
Leaf buds 90
Young leaves and leaf development 91
Leaf age 92
Leaf size and shape 93
Leaves of rheophytes 96
Drip-tips 96
Leaf joints 98
Leaf characteristics in relation to the rain-forest environment 99
5 Trees and shrubs: II Reproductive biology
5 1 Vegetative reproduction 101
5 2 Reproduction by seed 101
521 Breeding systems 101
522 Pollination 103
Wind pollination 103
Animal pollination 104
CONTENTS xi
Pollination mechanisms 105
Foraging strategies of pollinators 106
Stratification of pollinators 108
5 3 Seed dispersal 109
Seed mass and dispersibility 111
Seed shadows 111
Dispersal and distribution patterns 114
5 4 Dormancy and germination 114
Seed banks 115
5 5 Cauliflory 116
6 Ground herbs and dependent synusiae
6 1 Ground herbs 121
6 2 Climbers 126
621 Morphology and floristic composition 127
622 Physiology 129
623 Reproduction and development 130
624 Role in the ecosystem 131
6 3 Hemiepiphytes and stranglers 133
6 4 Epiphytes , 135
641 Family representation 137
642 Origin of epiphytes 139
643 Epiphytic habitats 139
644 Morphology 140
645 Reproduction 142
646 Physiology 142
647 Epiphytes and ants 144
648 Effects of epiphytes on phorophytes 144
649 Abundance and biomass 146
6 4 10 Vertical distribution 147
6 4 11 Distribution on individual trees 147
6 4 12 Succession 148
6 4 13 Synecology 149
6 4 14 Microepiphytes 149
Microepiphytes on trunks and branches 150
Epiphyllae 150
6 5 Saprophytes 153
6 6 Parasites 154
II The environment
7 Climate (R P D Walsh)
7 1 Tropical rain-forest climates and their distribution 159
A classification of tropical climates using climate diagrams and the perhumidity index 165
7 2 Temperature 171
Temperature and altitude and the Massenerhebung effect 173
7 3 Solar radiation, sunshine and cloudiness 174
7 4 Rainfall 179
Rain-producing weather systems 179
Annual rainfall totals and their variability 179
Rainfall regimes 180
Rainfall intensity and frequency 181
Diurnal distribution 182
7 5 Humidity and evaporation 185
xii CONTENTS
7 6 Droughts and dry periods 189
The Borneo drought of 1982-83 and its ecological impact 191
7 7 Lightning and fire 193
7 8 Wind and tropical cyclones 194
7 9 Climatic change 199
Long-term climatic change 199
Recent climatic change 200
7 10 Deforestation and climatic change 202
8 Microclimate and hydrology (R P D Walsh)
8 1 General features of rain-forest microclimates 206
8 2 Solar radiation and light 206
8 3 Temperature 209
8 4 Relative humidity and saturation deficits 212
8 5 Wind and air movement 213
8 6 Carbon dioxide 213
8 7 Microclimates of canopy gaps and secondary forest 215
8 8 General hydrological features of rain-forest regions 217
8 9 Rainfall interception, throughfall and stemflow , 217
Throughfall 218
Stemflow 218
Interception 219
8 10 Transpiration 219
8 11 Evapotranspiration 226
8 12 Soil hydrology 227
8 13 Hydrological influences on nutrient movements and soil erosion in primary and disturbed rain
forests 230
Nutrient fluxes in undisturbed rain-forest areas 230
Soil erosion in undisturbed rain-forest areas 233
Effect of rain-forest disturbance on nutrient losses and erosion 233
9 Phenology
9 1 Leaf-change — 238
911 Leaf-change in rain-forest communities 238
912 Leaf-change in individual species 241
913 Leaf-change and stem growth 242
914 Climate and leaf-change 243
915 Edaphic factors and leaf-change 244
916 Role of external and internal factors in leaf-change 244
917 Adaptive value and evolution of deciduous habit 246
9 2 Flowering and fruiting 247
921 Flowering and fruiting of rain-forest communities 247
922 Flowering of individual species 250
923 Mass flowering 251
924 Flowering of dipterocarps 252
925 Monocarpy 253
926 Flowering and vegetative growth 253
927 Fruiting 254
10 Soils of the humid tropics (I C Baillie)
10 1 General soil features and soil-forming processes 256
10 2 Soil classification and nomenclature 257
CONTENTS Xlll
10 3 Main soil groups of the humid tropics 257
10 3 1 Kaolisols 257
Modal kaolisols 258
Other kaolisols 262
10 3 2 Non-kaolisol mature terra firme soils 267
Podzols 2 6 7
White sands 268
Acid planosols 268
10 3 3 Immature terra firme soils 268
Andosols 268
Recent colluvial soils 269
Recent alluvial soils 269
Skeletal soils 279
Shallow calcareous clays 271
10 3 4 Poorly drained soils 271
Freshwater gleys 271
Ferruginous semi-gleys 271
Saline gleys and acid sulphate soils 271
Peat 272
10 3 5 Montane soils 272
10 4 Edaphic characteristics of rain-forest soils 272
10 4 1 Nutrient deficiencies 274
10 4 2 Acidity and toxicities 275
10 4 3 Rooting depth and moisture availability 2 75
10 4 4 Aeration and drainage 275
10 4 5 Mechanical support and site stability 2 75
10 5 Soil-forest interactions 276
10 5 1 Nutrient scarcity and nutrient cycling 2 76
Butt and stem rots 279
Root distribution 279
10 5 2 Adaptation to adverse soil moisture conditions 279
10 5 3 Soil effects of undisturbed forests 280
10 6 Soils and forest disturbance 280
10 6 1 Natural disturbances 280
10 6 2 Soils and anthropogenic disturbances 282
Logging 282
Shifting agriculture 283
Pastures I
O 0
0 N
Permanent cultivation 285
Ill Floristic composition of climax communities
11 Composition of primary rain forests: I
11 1 Species diversity 289
1111 Number of species 289
11 1 2 Species richness and species diversity 294
11 1 3 Theories of species richness and diversity 294
11 2 Phytosociological analysis 296
11 3 Primary rain-forest communities in Guyana 296
11 3 1 Moraballi Creek 296
Mora forest 299
Morabukea forest 299
Mixed forest 300
xiv CONTENTS
Greenheart forest 300
Wallaba forest 300
Comparison of communities 302
11 3 2 Twenty-four Mile Reserve 302
11 4 Primary rain-forest communities in Borneo 304
Mixed dipterocarp forest 304
Heath forest 305
12 Composition of primary rain forests: II
12 1 Mixed rain forests 308
12 1 1 Geographical distribution of taxa 309
Families and family dominance 309
Species distribution 311
12 1 2 Variations in composition of mixed forests 313
Large-scale variations 313
Small-scale variations 314
The Rio Guama Research Area 314
Dispersion patterns 314
Ordination studies 317
12 2 Heath forests 320
South American heath forests 321
Heath forests in the eastern tropics 324
Physiological ecology of heath forests 326
12 3 Single-dominant forests in the Neotropics and Malesia 328
12 4 Single-dominant forests in tropical Africa 331
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei association 331
Brachystegia laurentii association 332
Cynometra alexandri association 334
12 5 Forests on limestone 334
12 6 Forests on ultrabasic rocks 335
12 7 Relation of mixed and single-dominant communities 337
IV Primary successions
13 Primary xeroseres and-the recolonization of Krakatau
13 1 The recolonization of Krakatau* 341
History of the vegetation 1883-1932 341
History of the vegetation 1932-84 345
The plant successions 346
Species immigration and dispersal 348
Changes in the environment 349
13 2 Other xeroseres 349
14 Hydroseres and freshwater swamp forests
14 1 Hydroseres and swamp forests in tropical America 353
14 1 1 Central America, Guyana, etc 353
14 1 2 Swamp forests and successions in Amazonia 354
Estuarine region 354
Upper and lower Amazon 355
Fringing vegetation of the blackwater rivers 358
14 2 Hydroseres and swamp forests in tropical Africa 359
14 2 1 West Africa 360
14 2 2 The Zaire (Congo) Basin 361
CONTENTS xv
14 3 Hydroseres and swamp forests in the eastern tropics 364
New Guinea 364
14 4 Moor forests (peat swamps) of Malesia 365
15 Mangroves and other coastal vegetation
15 1 Mangrove vegetation (mangal) 372
15 1 1 Characteristics of mangroves 373
15 1 2 Mangrove communities 375
15 1 3 Zonation and succession of mangrove communities 376
Florida and tropical America 376
Mangal in West Africa 378
Mangal in Malesia and Australia 379
15 2 Vegetation of sandy shores 383
Pacific and Indian oceans 383
Atlantic ocean 385
V Tropical rain forest under limiting conditions
16 Rain forest, deciduous forest and savanna
16 1 Classification and definitions • 389
16 2 Rain forest, deciduous forest and savanna in tropical America 393
16 2 1 Forest types of Trinidad 393
Lower montane rain forest 394
Evergreen seasonal forest 394
Semi-evergreen seasonal forest 394
Deciduous seasonal forest 394
Thorn woodland 395
Cactus scrub 395
16 2 2 Savannas in Trinidad and northern South America 395
16 2 3 Forest and savanna in Amazonia 397
16 2 4 Ecological status of tropical American savannas 401
16 3 Rain forest, monsoon forest and savanna in the eastern tropics 403
16 3 1 Rain forest and monsoon forest 403
16 3 2 Savannas in the eastern tropics 404
16 4 Forest and~savanna in Africa 405
16 4 1 Climatic ecotone in West Africa 406
The closed forest zone 406
The Guinea zone 406
The Sudanian zone 408
The Sahel zone 408
Sahara zone 408
16 4 2 Gradients within the closed forest 408
16 4 3 Ordination studies 409
16 4 4 The closed forest - savanna boundary in West Africa 412
16 4 5 Changes in the forest - savanna boundary 414
1646 Forest and savanna in central Africa 414
16 4 7 Climax vegetation of African savanna areas 415
The role of fire 415
Fire protection experiments 416
16 5 Conclusions 417
17 The tropical rain forest at its altitudinal and latitudinal limits
17 1 Altitudinal zonation in the humid tropics 419
xvi CONTENTS
17 1 1 Zonation in the mountains of Malesia 422
Zonation in New Guinea 422
Zonation in western Malesia 426
17 1 2 Montane rain forests in tropical America 435
Zonation in the Andes 435
Lowland and montane rain forests in Costa Rica 438
Coastal cloud forests in northern South America 439
Montane rain forests in the Caribbean islands 439
17 1 3 Montane rain forests in tropical Africa 443
Zonation in East Africa 443
Zonation in West Africa 446
17 2 Tropical rain forest at its latitudinal limits 449
Rain forests of Australia 449
17 3 Comparison of rain forest at its altitudinal and latitudinal limits 453
VI Human impacts and the tropical rain forest
18 Secondary and deflected successions , 457
18 1 General features of secondary rain forests , 460
18 2 Characteristics of secondary rain-forest trees 462
Geographical range and origin of the secondary forest flora 467
18 3 Observations on secondary successions 468
18 3 1 Secondary and deflected successions in Africa 468
Successions in Nigeria 468
Secondary successions in Ghana 470
Secondary successions elsewhere in West Africa 471
Deflected successions in West Africa 471
Secondary and deflected successions in Zaire 472
18 3 2 Secondary and deflected successions in tropical America 473
Successions in clearings in Surinam 473
Successions on kaolisols in Amazonia 474
Successions on Amazonian podzols 476
Deflected, successions in Amazonia 477
Secondary successions in Central America and the West Indies 477
18 3 3 Secondary and deflected successions in Malesia 478
Secondary successions in Malaya 478
Secondary successions in Borneo 480
Secondary successions in the Philippines 483
18 4 General features of secondary successions in lowland rain forest 485
19 Postscript: the future of the tropical rain forest 487
Appendix 1 Tree recognition in the field and the use of vernacular names 495
Appendix 2 Application of numerical methods in rain forest (P Greig-Smith) 497
Introduction 497
Characteristics of rain forest affecting the use of numerical methods 497
Data collection 498
Analysis of survey data 500
Vegetational change 501
Pattern 501
References 503
Index of plant names 541
General index 559
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| id | DE-604.BV010925364 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:01:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521420547 0521421942 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | The tropical rain forest an ecological study P. W. Richards ... 2. ed. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1996 XXIII, 575 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Richards, Paul W.: The tropical rain forest Ecologie gtt Florestas larpcal Forêts pluviales ram Nature - Conservation ram Regenwouden gtt Écologie des forêts pluviales Écologie des forêts pluviales ram Rain forest ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd rswk-swf Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 gnd rswk-swf Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 s 1\p DE-604 Richards, Paul W. Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007308435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | The tropical rain forest an ecological study Ecologie gtt Florestas larpcal Forêts pluviales ram Nature - Conservation ram Regenwouden gtt Écologie des forêts pluviales Écologie des forêts pluviales ram Rain forest ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4282537-4 (DE-588)4061016-0 |
| title | The tropical rain forest an ecological study |
| title_auth | The tropical rain forest an ecological study |
| title_exact_search | The tropical rain forest an ecological study |
| title_full | The tropical rain forest an ecological study P. W. Richards ... |
| title_fullStr | The tropical rain forest an ecological study P. W. Richards ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The tropical rain forest an ecological study P. W. Richards ... |
| title_short | The tropical rain forest |
| title_sort | the tropical rain forest an ecological study |
| title_sub | an ecological study |
| topic | Ecologie gtt Florestas larpcal Forêts pluviales ram Nature - Conservation ram Regenwouden gtt Écologie des forêts pluviales Écologie des forêts pluviales ram Rain forest ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologie Florestas Forêts pluviales Nature - Conservation Regenwouden Écologie des forêts pluviales Rain forest ecology Ökologie Waldökosystem Tropischer Regenwald |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007308435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT richardspaulw thetropicalrainforestanecologicalstudy |