Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters: engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | German English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich ; Vienna ; New York
Hanser
1996
Cincinnati Hanser/Gardner |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Teilausg. - Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3446174737 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 084 | |a CHE 755f |2 stub | ||
| 130 | 0 | |a Technische Thermoplaste | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters |b engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables |c ed. by Ludwig Bottenbruch. With contributions from S. Anders ... |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Engineering thermoplastics |
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich ; Vienna ; New York |b Hanser |c 1996 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cincinnati |b Hanser/Gardner | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 497 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Teilausg. - Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Polyacetale |0 (DE-588)4360123-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Polyester |0 (DE-588)4175168-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Celluloseester |0 (DE-588)4431018-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Polycarbonate |0 (DE-588)4175128-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |a Polyacetate |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polycarbonate |0 (DE-588)4175128-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Polyacetale |0 (DE-588)4360123-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Polyester |0 (DE-588)4175168-1 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 3 | 0 | |a Celluloseester |0 (DE-588)4431018-3 |D s |
| 689 | 3 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 4 | 0 | |a Polycarbonate |0 (DE-588)4175128-0 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | 1 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 5 | 0 | |a Polyacetate |A f |
| 689 | 5 | 1 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |D s |
| 689 | 5 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 6 | 0 | |a Polyester |0 (DE-588)4175168-1 |D s |
| 689 | 6 | 1 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |D s |
| 689 | 6 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 7 | 0 | |a Celluloseester |0 (DE-588)4431018-3 |D s |
| 689 | 7 | 1 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |D s |
| 689 | 7 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 8 | 0 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |D s |
| 689 | 8 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bottenbruch, Ludwig |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Anders, Siegfried |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007301957 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1807323689427927040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
(L.
BOTTENBRUCH)
.
1
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
1
.
5
2
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYESTERS
(R.
BINSACK)
.
6
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
6
2.1.1
DEFINITION
AND
NOMENCLATURE
.
6
2.1.2
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
.
6
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.1
.
7
2.2
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
POLYESTERS
.
7
2.2.1
HOMOPOLYESTERS
.
8
2.2.2
COPOLYESTERS
.
8
2.2.2.1
AMORPHOUS
COPOLYESTERS
.
8
2.2.2.2
BLOCK
COPOLYETHER
ESTERS
.
9
2.2.2.3
LOW
MELTING
COPOLYESTERS
.
10
2.2.2.4
OTHER
COPOLYESTERS
.
10
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.2
.
10
2.3
PREPARATION
OF
POLYESTERS
.
11
2.3.1
RAW
MATERIALS
.
11
2.3.1.1
TEREPHTHALIC
ACID
AND
TEREPHTHALIC
ACID
DIMETHYLESTER
.
11
2.3.1.2
1,4-BUTANEDIOL
.
13
2.3.1.3
ETHYLENE
GLYCOL
.
13
2.3.1.4
POLY(TETRAMETHYLENE
ETHER)
GLYCOL
.
14
2.3.2
CHEMICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
POLYESTER
PRODUCTION
.
14
2.3.2.1
TRANSESTERIFICATION
PROCESSES
.
14
2.3.2.2
ESTERIFICATION
PROCESSES
.
15
2.3.2.3
POLYCONDENSATION
IN
MELTS
.
16
2.3.2.4
POLYCONDENSATION
IN
THE
SOLID
PHASE
.
16
2.3.2.5
REACTION
KINETICS
.
17
2.3.2.6
OLIGOMERS
.
18
2.3.2.7
SIDE
REACTIONS
.
18
2.3.3
TECHNOLOGIES
OF
POLYESTER
PRODUCTION
.
20
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.3
.
21
2.4
MODIFICATION
OF
POLYESTER
.
22
2.4.1
STABILIZATION
.
22
2.4.1.1
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
THERMAL
DEGRADATION
.
22
2.4.1.2
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
THERMOOXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
.
23
2.4.1.3
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
HYDROLYSIS
.
23
2.4.1.4
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
PHOTOOXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
.
25
2.4.2
NUCLEATION
.
25
2.4.3
LUBRICANTS
AND
RELEASE
AGENTS
.
25
2.4.4
REINFORCING
.
26
2.4.5
FLAME
RETARDANCE
.
29
2.4.6
MODIFICATION
OF
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
TO
IMPROVE
PROCESSIBILITY
.
32
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.4
.
33
CONTENTS
IX
2.5
BLENDS
WITH
OTHER
POLYMERS
.
35
2.5.1
BINARY
MIXTURES
WITH
ELASTOMERS
.
35
2.5.1.1
BLENDS
WITH
BUTADIENE
COPOLYMERS
AND
ACRYLATE
COPOLYMERS
.
35
2.5.1.1.1
UNREINFORCED
PRODUCTS
.
35
2.5.1.1.2
REINFORCED
PRODUCTS
.
37
2.5.1.2
BLENDS
WITH
OLEFINIC
ELASTOMERS
(EPM,
EPDM)
.
39
2.5.2
BINARY
BLENDS
WITH
OTHER
THERMOPLASTICS
.
40
2.5.2.1
BLENDS
OF
POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
WITH
POLYETHYLEN
TEREPH
THALATE
.
40
2.5.2.2
BLENDS
OF
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
OR
POLYBUTELENE
TEREPH
THALATE
WITH
OTHER
POLYESTERS
.
40
2.5.2.3
BLENDS
WITH
AMORPHOUS
HEAT-STABLE
THERMOPLASTICS
.
40
2.5.2.4
BLENDS
WITH
POLYOLEFINS
.
41
2.5.2.5
OTHER
BLENDS
.
41
2.5.3
TERNARY
BLENDS
.
41
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.5
.
41
2.6
PRODUCTION
OF
COMPOUNDS
.
42
2.6.1
PREPARATION
OF
RAW
MATERIALS
.
42
2.6.2
COMPOUNDING
.
43
2.6.3
COMPOUNDING
MACHINES
.
44
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.6
.
46
2.7
PROPERTIES
.
46
2.7.1
MORPHOLOGY
AND
CRYSTALLINITY
.
46
2.7.1.1
POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
.
47
2.7.1.2
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
.
49
2.7.2
MECHANICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
.
51
2.7.2.1
SHORT-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
51
2.7.2.2
LONG-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
56
2.7.3
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
.
60
2.7.3.1
SHORT-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
60
2.7.3.2
LONG-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
60
2.7.4
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
68
2.7.5
COMBUSTIBILITY
.
68
2.7.6
RESISTANCE
TO
HYDROLISIS
AND
CHEMICALS
.
68
2.7.7
RESISTANCE
TO
WEATHERING
AND
IRRADIATION
.
70
2.7.8
TRIBOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR
.
70
2.7.9
ABRASION
RESISTANCE
.
72
2.7.10
WATER
ABSORPTION
.
73
2.7.11
PERMEATION
BEHAVIOR
.
.'
.
73
2.7.12
FLOW
BEHAVIOR
.
74
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.7
.
74
2.8
ANALYSIS
.
74
2.8.1
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
.
75
2.8.1.1
DIOLS
AND
DICARBONIC
ACIDS
.
75
2.8.1.2
OLIGOMERS
.
75
2.8.1.3
END
GROUPS
.
76
2.8.1.4
OTHER
ANALYSES
.
77
2.8.2
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
77
2.8.3
ADDITIVES
.
79
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.8
.
79
2.9
TOXICOLOGY
.
81
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.9
.
81
X
CONTENTS
2.10
PROCESSING
.
81
2.10.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
PROCESSING
.
82
2.10.1.1
RAW
MATERIAL
PREPARATION
.
82
2.10.1.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINES
.
82
2.10.1.2.1
SCREW
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINES
.
82
2.10.1.2.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINES
WITH
VENTILATION
UNITS
.
84
2.10.1.2.3
PISTON
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINES
.
84
2.10.1.2.4
MOLD
TEMPERATURE
.
84
2.10.1.2.5
INTERRUPTIONS
DURING
PROCESSING
AND
RESIN
CHANGE
.
85
2.10.1.3
MOLDS
.
85
2.10.1.3.1
RUNNERS
AND
GATES
.
85
2.10.1.3.2
MOLD
VENTILATION
.
85
2.10.1.3.3
MOLD
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLS
.
86
2.10.1.3.4
DEMOLDING
.
86
2.10.1.3.5
SHRINKAGE,
POSTMOLD
SHRINKAGE,
AND
DEFORMATION
.
86
2.10.1.3.6
PROCESSING
WITH
HOT
RUNNER
MOLDS
.
88
2.10.1.3.7
CYCLE
TIME
.
89
2.10.2
EXTRUSION
.
90
2.10.3
BLOW
MOLDING
.
90
2.10.4
PROCESSING
OF
RECYCLED
MATERIALS
.
90
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.10
.
91
2.11
SECONDARY
PROCESSING
.
91
2.11.1
MACHINING
.
91
2.11.2
WELDING
.
92
2.11.3
ADHESION
.
93
2.11.4
COATING
.
93
2.11.5
METALLIZING
.
93
2.11.6
PRINTING
.
93
2.11.7
THERMOFORMING
.
94
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.11
.
94
2.12
APPLICATIONS
.
94
2.12.1
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING,
ELECTRONICS
.
94
2.12.2
AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
.
96
2.12.3
LIGHTING
TECHNOLOGY
.
99
2.12.4
DATA
TECHNOLOGY
.
99
2.12.5
HOME
APPLIANCES
.
101
2.12.6
OTHER
APPLICATIONS
.
101
2.12.7
BOTTLES
AND
CONTAINERS
.
102
2.12.8
FILMS
.
104
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.12
.
105
2.13
RECYCLING
OF
POLYESTER
WASTES
.
106
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.13
.
106
2.14
MARKET
DEVELOPMENT
.
107
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
2.14
.
109
2.15
TRADING
PRODUCTS
.
109
3
POLYCARBONATES
(U.
GRIGO,
K.
KIRCHER,
P.
R.
MULLER)
.
112
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
112
3.1.1
DEFINITION
.
112
3.1.2
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
.
112
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.1
.
113
CONTENTS
XI
3.2
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
.
113
3.2.1
ALIPHATIC
POLYCARBONATES
.
113
3.2.1.1
PREPARATION
.
113
3.2.1.2
PROPERTIES
AND
USES
.
114
3.2.2
AROMATIC
POLYCARBONATES
.
114
3.2.2.1
HOMOPOLYCARBONATES
.
114
3.2.2.1.1
END
GROUPS
.
122
3.2.2.1.2
BRANCHED
POLYCARBONATES
.
122
3.2.2.2
BISPHENOL
A
COPOLYCARBONATES
.
123
3.2.2.2.1
BISPHENOL
A
COPOLYCARBONATES
WITH
MODIFIED
BISPHENOLS
.
124
3.2.2.2.2
BISPHENOL
A
POLYCARBONATES
WITH
MODIFIED
ACID
UNITS
.
124
3.2.2.2.3
BLOCK
COPOLYCARBONATES
.
125
3.2.3
DEVELOPMENT
TRENDS
FOR
POLYCARBONATES
.
127
3.2.3.1
POLYCARBONATES
FOR
LASER
OPTICAL
DATA
STORAGE
.
127
3.2.3.2
POLYCARBONATE-BASED
OPTICAL
FIBERS
.
128
3.2.3.3
POLYCARBONATES
MADE
FOR
MEMBRANES
.
129
3.2.3.4
POLYCARBONATES
WITH
HIGHER
HEAT
DISTORTION
TEMPERATURE
.
129
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.2
.
132
3.3
PREPARATION
OF
AROMATIC
POLYCARBONATES
.
134
3.3.1
STARTING
MATERIALS
.
134
3.3.1.1
CARBONIC
ACID
COMPONENTS
.
134
3.3.1.2
BISPHENOL
COMPONENTS
.
135
3.3.1.2.1
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
BISPHENOLS
.
135
3.3.1.2.2
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
BISPHENOLS
.
136
3.3.1.2.3
SYNTHESIS
OF
ALKYLIDENE
BISPHENOLS
.
136
3.3.1.2.4
TOXICOLOGY
.
136
3.3.2
PRODUCTION
.
136
3.3.2.1
TRANSESTERIFICATION
.
137
3.3.2.2
HOMOGENEOUS
POLYCONDENSATION
.
138
3.3.2.3
INTERFACIAL
POLYCONDENSATION
.
138
3.3.2.4
PREPARATION
OF
COPOLYCARBONATES
.
140
3.3.3
WORK-UP
OF
THE
POLYCARBONATE
SOLUTION
.
140
3.3.4
SYNTHESIS
OF
AROMATIC
POLYCARBONATES
STARTING
WITH
BISPHENOLS
AND
CARBON
MONOXIDE
.
141
3.3.5
CYCLIC
AROMATIC
POLYCARBONATES
.
141
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.3
.
142
3.4
MODIFICATION
OF
POLYCARBONATES
THROUGH
ADDITIVES
.
144
3.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
144
3.4.2
SYNTHESIS
OF
COMPOUNDS
.
144
3.4.2.1
PREPARATION
OF
RAW
MATERIALS
.
144
3.4.2.2
COMPOUNDING
PROCESS
.
144
3.4.2.3
COMPOUNDING
MACHINERY
.
145
3.4.3
STABILIZATION
.
145
3.4.3.1
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
THERMAL
AND
THERMOOXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
.
145
3.4.3.2
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
HYDROLYTIC
DEGRADATION
.
145
3.4.3.3
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
DEGRADATION
FROM
UV
AND
VISIBLE
LIGHT
.
145
3.4.4
LUBRICANTS
AND
RELEASE
AGENTS
.
146
3.4.5
REINFORCING
ADDITIVES
AND
FILLERS
.
146
3.4.6
FLAME
RETARDANTS
.
146
3.4.7
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
146
3.4.8
DYES
AND
PIGMENTS
.
147
XII
CONTENTS
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.4
.
147
3.5
POLYCARBONATE
BLENDS
.
148
3.5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
148
3.5.2
POLYCARBONATE-POLYOLEFM
BLENDS
.
148
3.5.3
BLENDS
OF
POLYCARBONATE,
POLYSTYRENE,
AND
POLYSTYRENE
COPOLYNER
.
149
3.5.4
BLENDS
OF
POLYCARBONATE
AND
ELASTOMERS
.
150
3.5.5
POLYCARBONATE-POLYAMIDE
BLENDS
.
151
3.5.6
POLYCARBONATE-THERMOPLASTIC
POLYURETHANE
(TPU)
BLENDS
.
152
3.5.7
OTHER
POLYCARBONATE
BLENDS
.
153
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.5
.
153
3.6
POLYCARBONATE
ANALYSIS
(H.
H.
MULLER,
A.
HORBACH)
.
154
3.6.1
SPECTROSCOPIC
IDENTIFICATION
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
154
3.6.2
POLYCARBONATE
COMPOSITIONAL
ANALYSIS
BY
SAPONIFICATION
.
155
3.6.3
END
GROUP
ANALYSIS
.
156
3.6.4
ANALYSIS
OF
NUMBER-AVERAGE
AND
WEIGHT-A
VERAGE
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
156
3.6.4.1
WEIGHT-A
VERAGE
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
156
3.6.4.2
NUMBER-AVERAGE
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
156
3.6.4.3
SOLUTION
VISCOSITY
.
157
3.6.4.4
SIZE
EXCLUSION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
.
157
3.6.5
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
BRANCHED
POLYCARBONATE
.
158
3.6.6
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
CYCLIC
POLYCARBONATE
.
159
3.6.7
OLIGOMER
ANALYSIS
.
159
3.6.8
ADDITIVE
ANALYSIS
.
159
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.6
.
159
3.7
PROPERTIES
OF
BISPHENOL
A
POLYCARBONATE
(/?.
MULLER)
.
160
3.7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
160
3.7.2
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYCARBONATES
ACCORDING
TO
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
.
161
3.7.2.1
STANDARD
GRADES
.
161
3.7.2.2
BRANCHED
POLYCARBONATE
TYPES
.
163
3.7.2.3
HIGH
FLOW
RATE
POLYCARBONATE
GRADES
.
163
3.7.3
PHYSICAL
ASPECTS
OF
BISPHENOL
A
POLYCARBONATE
POLYMERS
.
165
3.7.3.1
DYNAMIC
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
.
165
3.7.3.2
TOUGHNESS
BEHAVIOR
.
166
3.7.4
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
BISPHENOL
A
POLYCARBONATE
.
166
3.7.4.1
STRESS-STRAIN
BEHAVIOR
IN
THE
TENSILE
TEST
.
166
3.7.4.2
TENSILE-CREEP
TEST
.
170
3.7.4.3
SHORT-TERM
TENSILE
LOADING
(HYSTERESIS)
.
171
3.7.4.4
COMPRESSION
AND
FLEXURAL
TEST
.
172
3.7.4.5
IMPACT
FLEXURAL
TEST
.
173
3.7.4.5.1
IMPACT
STRENGTH
ACCORDING
TO
DIN
53453
(UNNOTCHED)
.
173
3.7.4.5.2
NOTCHED
IMPACT
STRENGTH
ACCORDING
TO
DIN
53453
(CHARPY
METHOD)
AND
ISO
180
.
173
3.7.4.5.3
IZOD
IMPACT
STRENGTH
AND
NOTCHED
IZOD
IMPACT
STRENGTH
ACCORDING
TO
ASTM
D
256
.
174
3.7.4.6
SHOT
STRENGTH
.
175
3.7.4.7
IMPACT
TENSILE
TEST
.
175
3.7.4.8
SHEAR
MODULUS
AND
MECHANICAL
DAMPING
.
175
3.7.4.9
MECHANICAL
STRENGTH
DURING
DYNAMIC
LOAD
.
176
3.7.4.10
SHEAR
TEST
.
177
3.7.4.11
SLIDING
AND
FRICTION
BEHAVIOR
.
177
3.7.5
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
OF
BISPHENOL
A
POLYCARBONATE
.
177
3.7.5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
177
CONTENTS
XIII
3.7.5.2
DIFFERENTIAL
THERMAL
ANALYSIS
.
178
3.7.5.3
HEAT
DISTORTION
TEMPERATURE
.
179
3.7.5.3.1
SHORT-TERM
TEMPERATURE
STABILITY
.
179
3.7.5.3.2
LONG-TERM
TEMPERATURE
STABILITY
ACCORDING
TO
IEC
216
179
3.7.5.3.3
LONG-TERM
TEMPERATURE
STABILITY
ACCORDING
TO
UL746B
.
180
3.7.5.4
THERMODYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
.
181
3.7.5.4.1
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
.
181
3.7.5.4.2
SPECIFIC
HEAT
CAPACITY
.
181
3.7.5.4.3
SPECIFIC
VOLUME
AND
PVT
DIAGRAMS
.
181
3.7.5.4.4
LINEAR
THERMAL
EXPANSION
.
182
3.7.5.5
SHRINKAGE
.
183
3.7.5.6
HEAT
AGING
.
183
3.7.5.7
HEAT
AGING
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
WATER
.
184
3.7.6
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
184
3.7.6.1
DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT
AND
DIELECTRIC
DISSIPATION
FACTOR
.
185
3.7.6.2
SPECIFIC
VOLUME
RESISTIVITY
AND
SURFACE
RESISTIVITY
.
186
3.7.6.3
DIELECTRIC
STRENGTH
.
187
3.7.6.4
TRACKING
AND
ELECTROLYTIC
CORROSIVE
EFFECT
.
187
3.7.6.5
ELECTRICAL
INDEX
VALUES
ACCORDING
TO
UNDERWRITERS'
LABORATORIES
.
187
3.7.7
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
.
188
3.7.8
COMBUSTION
BEHAVIOR
.
189
3.7.8.1
POLYCARBONATE
WITHOUT
FLAME
RETARDANT
.
189
3.7.8.2
POLYCARBONATE
WITH
FLAME
RETARDANT
.
190
3.7.8.2.1
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS
.
191
3.7.8.2.2
TRAFFIC
SECTOR
.
191
3.7.8.2.3
CONSTRUCTION
SECTOR
.
191
3.7.9
MOLD
RELEASE
BEHAVIOR
.
192
3.7.10
BEHAVIOR
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
EXTERNAL
CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSICAL
INFLUENCES
.
192
3.7.10.1
CHEMICAL
RESISTANCE
.
192
3.7.10.2
BEHAVIOR
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
AIR,
OXYGEN,
AND
OZONE
.
193
3.7.10.3
BEHAVIOR
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
WATER
AND
WATER
VAPOR
.
194
3.7.10.4
WEATHER
RESISTANCE
.
194
3.7.10.5
WATER
VAPOR
AND
GAS
PERMEABILITY
.
197
3.7.10.6
BEHAVIOR
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
HIGH
ENERGY
RADIATION
.
197
3.7.10.7
RESISTANCE
TO
TERMITE
ATTACK,
MICROORGANISMS,
AND
HUMIC
ACID
.
198
3.7.10.8
CLEANING,
DISINFECTION,
AND
STERILIZATION
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
198
3.7.10.8.1
GENERAL
.
198
3.7.10.8.2
CLEANING
.
198
3.7.10.8.3
DISINFECTION
.
199
3.7.10.8.4
STERILIZATION
.
199
3.7.10.9
DYEING
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
200
3.7.11
SUITABILITY
FOR
FOOD
CONTACT
.
200
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.7
.
200
3.8
PROCESSING
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
203
3.8.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
(S.
ANDERS,
A.
KAMINSKI,
R.
KAPPENSTEIN)
.
203
3.8.1.1
GENERAL
COMMENTS
.
203
3.8.1.2
PROCESSING
STEPS
.
203
3.8.1.2.1
STORAGE
AND
DRYING
.
203
3.8.1.2.2
MATERIAL
CHANGEOVER,
BREAK
IN
PRODUCTION,
CLEANING
.
204
3.8.1.3
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
205
3.8.1.3.1
MACHINE
COMPONENTS
.
205
XIV
CONTENTS
3.8.1.3.2
PROCESSING
PARAMETERS
.
207
3.8.1.3.3
SPECIAL
PROCESSES
.
211
3.8.1.3.4
INJECTION
MOLDING
FAULTS
.
216
3.8.1.4
PART
AND
TOOL
DESIGN:
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
.
218
3.8.1.4.1
PART
UND
MOLD
DESIGN
.
218
3.8.1.4.2
MOLD
DESIGN
.
224
3.8.2
EXTRUSION
PROCEDURE
FOR
POLYCARBONATE
(F.
J.
BRINKSCHRDDER)
.
227
3.8.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
227
3.8.2.2
PREPARATION
OF
THE
MATERIAL
.
228
3.8.2.3
SCRAP
.
228
3.8.2.4
EXTRUDER
REQUIREMENT
.
228
3.8.2.4.1
FEEDING
ZONE
.
228
3.8.2.4.2
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
.
229
3.8.2.4.3
DRIVING
POWER
.
229
3.8.2.4.4
POWER
REQUIREMENT
.
229
3.8.2.4.5
MATERIALS
FOR
BARRELS
AND
SCREWS
.
230
3.8.2.4.6
VENTING
HOLE
ON
VENTED
EXTRUSION
CYLINDER
.
230
3.8.2.5
SCREW
SELECTION
.
230
3.8.2.5.1
THREE-ZONE
SCREWS
.
230
3.8.2.5.2
VENTED
SCREWS
.
231
3.8.2.6 SCREEN
CHANGER,
MELT
PUMP,
STATIC
MIXER
.
232
3.8.2.7
CLEANING
OF
EXTRUDER
AND
TOOLS
.
232
3.8.2.8
TEMPERATURE
PROFILES
.
232
3.8.2.9
SLOT
DIES
FOR
SHEET
AND
FILM
EXTRUSION
.
233
3.8.2.10
MANUFACTURING
OF
SOLID
SHEET
.
234
3.8.2.10.1
CALENDER
.
234
3.8.2.10.2
ROLL
TEMPERATURE
SETTINGS
.
236
3.8.2.11
POLYCARBONATE
FILM
PRODUCTION
.
236
3.8.2.12
PRODUCTION
OF
TWIN-WALL
SHEETS
.
239
3.8.2.12.1
GEOMETRIES
.
239
3.8.2.12.2
DESIGN
OF
PLANTS
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
TWIN-WALL
SHEETS
.
241
3.8.2.13
PRODUCTION
OF
PROFILES
AND
TUBES
.
242
3.8.2.14
COEXTRUSION
.
245
3.8.2.14.1
MULTIMANIFOLDS
SHEET
DIE
PROCESS
.
246
3.8.2.14.2
ADAPTER
PROCESS
.
246
3.8.3
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
OF
HOLLOW
PROFILES
(F.
J.
BRINKSCHRDDER)
.
248
3.8.3.1
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
.
248
3.8.3.2
POLYCARBONATE
TYPES
FOR
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
248
3.8.3.3
EXTRUDER
LAYOUT
.
248
3.8.3.4
DESIGN
.
249
3.8.3.4.1
MOLDS
FOR
CONTINUOUS
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
249
3.8.3.4.2
MOLDS
FOR
DISCONTINUOUS
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
249
3.8.3.4.3
BLOW
MOLDING
DIES
.
250
3.8.3.5
WALL
THICKNESS
PROGRAMMING
.
250
3.8.3.6
BLOW
MOLDING
TOOLS
.
251
3.8.3.6.1
PINCH-OFF
SEAM
.
251
3.8.3.6.2
MOLD
SURFACE
AND
VENTILATION
.
252
3.8.3.6.3
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
.
252
3.8.3.7
PROCESSING
INSTRUCTIONS
.
252
3.8.3.8
ANNEALING
OF
EXTRUSION
BLOW-MOLDED
REUSABLE
CONTAINERS
.
253
3.8.3.9
COEXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
OF
HOLLOW
PROFILES
.
253
CONTENTS
XV
3.8.4
REGRINDING
AND
RECYCLING
.
254
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.8
.
254
3.9
PROCESSING
.
255
3.9.1
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
.
255
3.9.2
ANNEALING
.
256
3.9.3
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.
256
3.9.3.1
CLEANING
.
256
3.9.3.2
COATINGS
.
257
3.9.3.2.1
UV-PROTECTIVE
COATING
.
258
3.9.3.2.2
SCRATCH-RESISTANT
COATING
.
258
3.9.3.3
PRINTING
.
259
3.9.3.4
COLORING
.
259
3.9.3.5
METALLIZATION
.
259
3.9.3.6
SANDING
.
260
3.9.3.7
POLISHING
.
260
3.9.4
JOINING
.
260
3.9.4.1
MECHANICAL
CONNECTIONS
.
260
3.9.4.2
BONDING
.
261
3.9.4.2.1
BONDING
WITH
ADHESIVE
SOLVENT
AND
ADHESIVE
COATING.
261
3.9.4.2.2
BONDING
WITH
REACTIVE
ADHESIVES
.
262
3.9.4.3
WELDING
.
262
3.9.4.3.1
HOT
PLATE
WELDING
(MIRROR
WELDING)
.
263
3.9.4.3.2
ULTRASONIC
WELDING
.
263
3.9.4.3.3
FRICTION
WELDING
.
263
3.9.4.3.4
HOT
GAS
AND/OR
HOT
AIR
WELDING
.
263
3.9.4.3.5
FILAMENT
AND/OR
RESISTANCE
WELDING
.
263
3.9.4.3.6
WELDING
OF
POLYCARBONATE
FILM
.
264
3.9.5
SHAPING
WITHOUT
CUTTING
.
264
3.9.5.1
GENERAL
.
264
3.9.5.2
HEAT
FORMING
OF
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
264
3.9.5.3
BENDING
.
264
3.9.5.4
STAMPING,
PRESSING
.
265
3.9.6
CUTTING
AND
MACHINING
.
265
3.9.6.1
GENERAL
.
265
3.9.6.2
TURNING,
MILLING
.
265
3.9.6.3
DRILLING
.
265
3.9.6.4
SAWING
.
266
3.9.6.5
SCREW
CUTTING
.
266
3.9.6.6
STAMPING
AND
CUTTING
.
266
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.9
.
266
3.10
APPLICATION
AREAS
FOR
POLYCARBONATE
.
267
3.10.1
ELECTROTECHNOLOGY
.
267
3.10.2
POLYCARBONATE
SHEET,
GLAZING
.
270
3.10.3
TRANSPORTATION
.
271
3.10.4
FILM
.
272
3.10.5
STRUCTURAL
FOAM
.
274
3.10.6
MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
.
276
3.10.7
PACKAGING
.
278
3.10.8
HOUSEHOLD
AND
CONSUMER
ARTICLES
.
279
3.10.9
FILM,
PHOTO,
AND
OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
.
280
3.10.10
SPORT
AND
LEISURE
.
281
3.10.11
SAFETY
.
282
XVI
CONTENTS
3.10.12
GLASSES,
HEADLIGHT
LENSES
.
282
3.10.13
BUILDING
SECTOR
.
282
3.10.14
OFFICE
TECHNOLOGY
.
283
3.10.15
LASER-OPTICAL
DATA
STORAGE
SYSTEMS
.
283
3.10.16
APPLICATION
OF
GLASS
FIBER
REINFORCED
POLYCARBONATE
.
284
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
3.10
.
286
3.11
ECONOMIC
SIGNIFICANCE
.
286
3.12
COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS
.
287
4
POLYACETALS
(H.-D.
SABEL,
H.
SCHLAF,
P.
UNGER,
U.
ZIEGLER)
.
290
4.1
INTRODUCTION
(H.
SCHLAF)
.
290
4.1.1
DEFINITION
.
290
4.1.2
HISTORY
OF
POLYACETALS
.
290
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.1.2
.
291
4.2
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
POLYACETALS
(H.
SCHLAF)
.
291
4.2.1
HOMOPOLYMERS
.
292
4.2.2
COPOLYMERS
.
293
4.2.3
TERPOLYMERS
.
293
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.2
.
293
4.3
PREPARATION
OF
POLYACETALS
(H.
SCHLAF)
.
294
4.3.1
MONOMERS
.
294
4.3.1.1
FORMALDEHYDE
.
294
4.3.1.1.1
PROPERTIES
.
294
4.3.1.1.2
PREPARATION
.
294
4.3.1.2
TRIOXANE
.
297
4.3.1.2.1
PROPERTIES
.
297
4.3.1.2.2
PREPARATION
.
297
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.3.1
.
298
4.3.2
COMONOMERS
.
299
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.3.2
.
300
4.3.3
PURIFICATION
OF
MONOMERS
.
301
4.3.3.1
FORMALDEHYDE
.
301
4.3.3.2
TRIOXANE
.
301
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.3.3
.
302
4.3.4
POLYMERIZATION
AND
END
GROUP
STABILIZATION
.
302
4.3.4.1
FORMALDEHYDE
.
302
4.3.4.1.1
POLYMERIZATION
.
302
4.3.4.1.2
END
GROUP
STABILIZATION
.
303
4.3.4.2
TRIOXANE
.
304
4.3.4.2.1
POLYMERIZATION
.
304
4.3.4.2.2
END
GROUP
STABILIZATION
.
305
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.3.4
.
307
4.3.5
POLYMERS
OF
1,3-DIOXOLANE
AND
1,3-DIOXEPANE
.
308
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.3.5
.
308
4.3.6
POLYMERS
OF
HIGHER
ALDEHYDES
.
309
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.3.6
.
309
4.4
FINISHING
OF
ACETAL
RESINS
(H.-D.
SABEL)
.
310
4.4.1
STABILIZATION
.
310
4.4.1.1
DEGRADATION
MECHANISMS
.
310
4.4.1.2
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
THERMALOXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
.
311
4.4.1.3
STABILIZATION
AGAINST
PHOTOOXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
.
312
CONTENTS
XVN
4.4.2
NUCLEATION
.
313
4.4.3
LUBRICANTS
AND
RELEASE
AGENTS
.
313
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.4
.
313
4.5
STANDARD
PRODUCTS
(H.-D.
SABEL)
.
314
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.5
.
315
4.6
MODIFIED
PRODUCTS
(U.
ZIEGLER)
.
315
4.6.1
FILLED
AND
REINFORCED
PRODUCTS
.
316
4.6.1.1
REINFORCED
PRODUCTS
.
316
4.6.1.2
PRODUCTS
WITH
IMPROVED
FRICTION
AND
WEAR
BEHAVIOR
.
316
4.6.1.3
MISCELLANEOUS
FILLERS
.
316
4.6.2
MIXTURES
WITH
ELASTOMERS
.
317
4.6.2.1
MIXTURES
WITH
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMERS
.
317
4.6.2.2
MIXTURES
WITH
BUTADIENE
COPOLYMERS
AND
ACRYLATE
COPOLYMERS
.
318
4.6.2.3
MIXTURES
WITH
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
ELASTOMERS
(EPM,
EPDM)
.
319
4.6.3
MIXTURES
WITH
OTHER
POLYMERS
.
319
4.6.3.1
MIXTURES
WITH
POLYOLEFINS
.
319
4.6.3.2
MIXTURES
WITH
FLUOROPOLYMERS
.
319
4.6.3.3
MIXTURES
WITH
FURTHER
POLYMERS
.
319
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.6
.
320
4.7
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYACETALS
{H.-D.
SABEL,
U.
ZIEGLER)
.
321
4.7.1
MORPHOLOGY
AND
CRYSTALLINITY
.
321
4.7.2
MECHANICAL
AND
TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES
.
323
4.7.2.1
SHORT-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
323
4.7.2.2
LONG-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
326
4.7.3
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
.
330
4.7.3.1
SHORT-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
330
4.7.3.2
LONG-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
332
4.7.4
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
333
4.7.5
FIRE
BEHAVIOR
.
335
4.7.6
CHEMICAL
RESISTANCE
.
335
4.7.7
HYDROLYSIS
RESISTANCE
.
336
4.7.8
WEATHERING
AND
RADIATION
RESISTANCE
.
338
4.7.9
PERMEABILITY
.
341
4.7.10
PHYSIOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR
.
342
4.7.11
ANALYTICAL
(H.
SCHLAF)
.
343
4.7.11.1
MONOMERS
.
343
4.7.11.1.1
FORMALDEHYDE
.
343
4.7.11.1.2
TRIOXANE
.
343
4.7.11.2
POLYMER
.
344
4.7.11.2.1
RESIDUAL
MONOMER
CONTENT
.
344
4.7.11.2.2
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
344
4.7.11.2.3
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
.
345
4.7.11.2.4
END
GROUPS
.
345
4.7.11.3
ADDITIVES
.
345
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.7
.
346
4.8
PROCESSING
OF
POLYACETALS
(P.
UNGER)
.
347
4.8.1
GENERAL
.
347
4.8.2
GENERAL
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
FOR
PROCESSING
.
350
4.8.3
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
351
4.8.3.1
MACHINE
REQUIREMENTS
.
351
4.8.3.2
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
MOLDS
.
351
4.8.3.3
FLOWABILITY
.
352
XVNI
CONTENTS
4.8.3.4
SHRINKAGE,
POST-SHRINKAGE,
TOLERANCES
.
353
4.8.3.5
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
.
355
4.8.4
EXTRUSION
.
356
4.8.4.1
MACHINE
REQUIREMENTS
.
356
4.8.4.2
MATERIAL
TYPES
.
356
4.8.4.3
MANUFACTURE
FO
SEMI-FINISHED
GOODS
.
356
4.8.4.4
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
SEMI-FINISHED
GOODS
.
358
4.8.5
BLOW
MOLDING
.
358
4.8.5.1
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
358
4.8.5.2
INJECTION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
359
4.9
WORKING
AND
SECONDARY
OPERATIONS
(P.
UNGER)
.
360
4.9.1
MACHINING
AND
POST-TREATMENT
.
360
4.9.2
JOINING
OF
MOLDED
PARTS
AND
SEMI-FINISHED
GOODS
.
361
4.9.2.1
GENERAL
.
361
4.9.2.2
SNAP
CONNECTIONS
.
361
4.9.2.3
JOINING
WITH
METAL
SCREWS
.
362
4.9.2.4
PRESS
CONNECTIONS
.
362
4.9.2.5
ULTRASONIC
WELDING
.
362
4.9.2.6
WELDING
WITH
HOT
ELEMENTS
.
363
4.9.2.7
ADHESIVE
BONDING
.
363
4.9.3
SURFACE
DECORATION
.
364
4.9.3.1
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
PART
SURFACES
.
364
4.9.3.2
MECHANICAL
PRETREATMENTS
.
364
4.9.3.3
ACID
ETCHING
.
364
4.9.3.4
ADHESIVE
LACQUERS
.
364
4.9.3.5
PRINTING
AND
SCREENING
.
364
4.9.3.6
THERMAL
DIFFUSION
PRINTING
.
365
4.9.3.7
PAINTING
.
365
4.9.3.8
METALLIZATION
.
365
4.9.3.8.1
METALLIZATION
IN
VACUUM
.
365
4.9.3.8.2
GALVANIZATION
.
365
4.9.3.9
HOT
(FOIL)
STAMPING
.
366
4.10
APPLICATIONS
(P.
UNGER)
.
366
4.10.1
GENERAL
.
366
4.10.2
USES
IN
THE
AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
.
367
4.10.3
ELECTRICAL
AND
ELECTRONIC
INDUSTRY
.
370
4.10.4
MANUFACTURE
OF
MACHINERY
.
375
4.10.5
SANITARY
AND
WATER
INSTALLATIONS
.
377
4.10.6
GENERAL
APPLICATIONS
.
379
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.8
TO
4.10
.
382
4.11
COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS
(H.
SCHLAF)
.
382
4.12
MARKET
DEVELOPMENT
(H.
SCHLAF)
.
383
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
4.12
.
384
5
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
/
THERMOPLASTIC
MOLDING
COMPOUNDS
(F.
MULLER,
CH.
LEUSCHKE)
.
385
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
385
5.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
.
385
5.2
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
386
5.2.1
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
IN
GENERAL
.
386
5.2.2
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
OF
TECHNICAL
IMPORTANCE
.
387
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTIONS
5.1
AND
5.2
.
388
CONTENTS
XIX
5.3
PRODUCTION
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
388
5.3.1
GENERAL
CHEMICAL
BASICS
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTER
PRODUCTION
.
388
5.3.2
CHEMICAL
BASICS
OF
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
390
5.3.2.1
ACTIVATION
OF
CELLULOSE
.
390
5.3.3
RAW
MATERIALS
FOR
TECHNICAL
PRODUCTION
.
391
5.3.3.1
CELLULOSE
.
391
5.3.3.2
ALIPHATIC
MONOCARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
.
392
5.3.3.3
CARBOXYLIC
ACID
ANHYDRIDES
.
392
5.3.4
TECHNOLOGY
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTER
PRODUCTION
.
393
5.3.4.1
PROCESS
STEPS
.
393
5.3.4.2
CELLULOSE
PRETREATMENT
.
393
5.3.4.3
ESTERIFICATION
PROCESSES
IN
GENERAL
.
393
5.3.4.3.1
ACETIC
ACID
PROCESS
.
393
5.3.4.3.2
METHYLENE
CHLORIDE
PROCESS
.
394
5.3.4.3.3
FIBER
ACETATE
PROCESS
.
394
5.3.4.4
PARTIAL
HYDROLISIS
.
394
5.3.4.5
PRECIPITATION
AND
PROCESSING
.
395
5.3.4.6
BLEACH
AND
STABILIZATION
.
395
5.3.4.7
RECOVERY
OF
ACIDS
AND
SOLVENTS
.
395
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
5.3
.
396
5.4
PROPERTIES
OF
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
397
5.4.1
GENERAL
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
.
397
5.4.1.1
MELT
TEMPERATURE
.
397
5.4.1.2
TENSILE
STRENGTH
.
397
5.4.1.3
WATER
ABSORPTION
.
397
5.4.2
CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
398
5.4.2.1
SOLUBILITY
.
398
5.4.2.1.1
CELLULOSE
ACETATES
.
398
5.4.2.1.2
CELLULOSE
ACETOPROPIONATES
AND
CELLULOSE
ACETOBUTYRATES
.
398
5.4.2.2
THERMAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
399
5.4.2.3
CELLULOSE
ESTER
-
PLASTICIZER
SYSTEMS
.
399
5.4.2.3.1
CELLULOSE
ACETATES
.
400
5.4.2.3.2
CELLULOSE
ACETOPROPIONATE
AND
CELLULOSE
ACETOBUTYRATE
.
400
5.4.2.4
BASIC
INVESTIGATIONS
ON
ELASTICIZATION
WITH
POLYMERS
.
401
5.4.3
LIQUID
CRYSTALLINE
PROPERTIES
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTER
SOLUTIONS
.
402
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
5.4
.
402
5.5
MODIFICATION
OF
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
403
5.5.1
PLASTICIZER
.
403
5.5.2
POLYMER
MODIFICATIONS
.
404
5.5.3
THERMAL
STABILIZERS,
BUFFERS,
AND
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
404
5.5.4
STABILIZERS
TO
IMPROVE
WEATHERABILITY
.
405
5.5.5
PROCESSING
AIDS
.
405
5.5.5.1
MOLD
RELEASE
AGENTS
.
405
5.5.5.2
RESIN
FEEDING
AIDS
.
405
5.5.6
FLAME
RETARDANTS
.
405
5.5.7
GLASS
FIBER
REINFORCEMENT
.
405
5.5.8
UV/IR
ABSORBERS
.
406
5.5.9
DYES
AND
PIGMENTS
.
406
5.6
BLENDS
WITH
OTHER
POLYMERS
.
406
5.7
PRODUCTION
OF
COMPOUNDS
.
406
5.7.1
PREPARATION
OF
RAW
MATERIALS
.
406
XX
CONTENTS
5.7.2
ADDITION
OF
ADDITIVES
.
406
5.7.3
COMPOUNDING
.
407
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTIONS
5.5
TO
5.7
.
407
5.8
PROPERTIES
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTER
MOLDING
COMPOUNDS
.
408
5.8.1
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
408
5.8.2
SPECIAL
PROPERTIES
OF
CA,
CAP,
AND
CAB
MOLDING
COMPOUNDS
.
408
5.8.3
MECHANICAL,
THERMAL
AND
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
.
408
5.8.3.1
SHORT-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
409
5.8.3.2
LONG-TERM
PROPERTIES
.
411
5.8.4
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
411
5.8.5
WEATHERING
PERFORMANCE
.
415
5.8.6
RESISTANCE
TO
CHEMICALS
.
415
5.8.7
COMBUSTION
BEHAVIOR
.
415
5.8.8
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
.
416
5.8.9
RAW
DENSITY
.
417
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTION
5.8
.
417
5.9
ANALYSIS
AND
STANDARDS
FOR
ORGANIC
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
(H.
H.
MULLER,
A.
HORBACH)
.
418
5.9.1
ANALYSIS
OF
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
.
418
5.9.1.1
ANALYSIS
OF
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
419
5.9.1.2
ANALYSIS
OF
ADDITIVES
.
419
5.9.2
STANDARDS
FOR
CELLULOSE
ESTER
MOLDING
COMPOUNDS
.
419
5.9.2.1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS
.
419
5.9.2.2
GERMAN
STANDARDS
.
420
5.10
HEALTH
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS
.
420
5.10.1
HEALTH
SPECIFICATIONS
.
420
5.10.2
BIODEGRADATION
OF
CELLULOSE
ESTERS
.
420
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTIONS
5.9
AND
5.10
.
421
5.11
PROCESSING
OF
THERMOPLASTIC
CELLULOSE
ESTER
COMPOUNDS
.
422
5.11.1
PREPARATION
.
422
5.11.1.1
CLEANLINESS
.
422
5.11.1.2
PROCESSING
OF
REGRIND
.
422
5.11.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
423
5.11.2.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINES
.
423
5.11.2.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
DIE
.
423
5.11.2.3
PROCESSING
TEMPERATURES
.
423
5.11.2.4
INJECTION
SPEED
.
425
5.11.2.5
INJECTION,
BACK
AND
HOLDING
PRESSURE
.
425
5.11.2.6
SHRINKAGE
DURING
PROCESSING
AND
WARPAGE
.
425
5.11.2.7
METAL
EMBEDDING
.
425
5.11.2.8
WELD
STRENGTH
.
425
5.11.3
INJECTION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
425
5.11.4
EXTRUSION
.
426
5.11.4.1
EXTRUDERS
.
426
5.11.4.2
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
.
427
5.11.4.3
SPECIAL
RHEOLOGICAL
FEATURES
.
427
5.11.4.4
FILM
AND
SHEET
EXTRUSION
.
428
5.11.4.5
PIPE
EXTRUSION
.
428
5.11.4.6
PROFILE
EXTRUSION
.
428
5.11.5
ROTATION
MOLDING
.
429
5.11.6
COATING
BY
USING
A
FLUIDIZED
BED
.
429
5.12
SECONDARY
OPERATIONS
.
430
5.12.1
THERMOFORMING
OF
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
430
CONTENTS
XXI
5.12.2
COLD
FORMING
.
430
5.12.3
IMPRINTING
.
430
5.12.4
BENDING
AND
CRIMPING
.
430
5.12.5
MACHINING
AND
POLISHING
.
430
5.12.6
WELDING
.
431
5.12.7
BONDING
.
431
5.12.8
SECONDARY
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.
431
5.12.8.1
COATING/PRINTING
.
431
5.12.8.2
HIGH-VACUUM
METALLIZATION
.
432
5.12.8.3
SURFACE
TINTING
.
432
5.12.8.4
SCRATCH
RESISTANT
COATING
.
432
5.12.8.5
ANTI-FOGGING
(ANTI-CONDENSATION)
TREATMENT
.
432
5.12.8.6
ELECTROSTATIC
SURFACE
CHARGE
.
432
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTIONS
5.11
AND
5.12
.
433
5.13
APPLICATIONS
.
434
5.13.1
TRADITIONAL
AREAS
OF
APPLICATIONS
.
434
5.13.2
MATCHING
OF
APPLICATIONS
TO
PROPERTIES
.
435
5.13.2.1
AUTOMOTIVE
EQUIPMENT
(CAB,
CAP)
.
435
5.13.2.2
OPTICAL
APPLICATIONS
(CA,
CAP)
.
436
5.13.2.3
TOOL
INDUSTRY/MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION
(CA,
CAP,
CAB)
.
436
5.13.2.4
HOUSEHOLD/FUMITURE
/
TOILETRY
ARTICLES
(CA,
CAP,
CAB)
.
437
5.13.2.5
OFFICE
EQUIPMENT
(CA,
CAP,
CAB)
.
437
5.13.2.6
ADVERTISING/PACKAGING
(CAB,
CA,
CAP)
.
437
5.13.2.7
SPORT/LEISURE
(CAB,
CAP)
.
437
5.13.2.8
MEDICAL
ARTICLES
(CAP)
.
437
5.13.2.9
TOYS
.
438
5.14
OTHER
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CELLULOSE
ESTER
.
438
5.14.1
FIBERS
.
439
5.14.2 FILMS
AND
FOILS
.
439
5.14.3
COATINGS
.
439
5.14.4
SPECIAL
APPLICATIONS
.
440
5.15
MARKET
DEVELOPMENT
AND
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
.
440
REFERENCES
FOR
SECTIONS
5.14
AND
5.15
.
441
5.16
COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS
.
441
INDEX
.
443 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010914676 |
| classification_rvk | UV 9150 ZM 5300 |
| classification_tum | WER 560f CIT 700f CHE 755f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)312610866 (DE-599)BVBBV010914676 |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| format | Book |
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| genre | Polyacetate gnd |
| genre_facet | Polyacetate |
| id | DE-604.BV010914676 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-14T01:16:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446174737 |
| language | German English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007301957 |
| oclc_num | 312610866 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-1102 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-210 DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-1102 DE-703 |
| physical | XXI, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| publisher | Hanser Hanser/Gardner |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Technische Thermoplaste Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables ed. by Ludwig Bottenbruch. With contributions from S. Anders ... Engineering thermoplastics Munich ; Vienna ; New York Hanser 1996 Cincinnati Hanser/Gardner XXI, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Teilausg. - Literaturangaben Polyacetale (DE-588)4360123-6 gnd rswk-swf Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd rswk-swf Polyester (DE-588)4175168-1 gnd rswk-swf Celluloseester (DE-588)4431018-3 gnd rswk-swf Polycarbonate (DE-588)4175128-0 gnd rswk-swf Polyacetate gnd rswk-swf Polycarbonate (DE-588)4175128-0 s DE-604 Polyacetale (DE-588)4360123-6 s Polyester (DE-588)4175168-1 s Celluloseester (DE-588)4431018-3 s Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 s Polyacetate f Bottenbruch, Ludwig Sonstige oth Anders, Siegfried Sonstige oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007301957&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables Polyacetale (DE-588)4360123-6 gnd Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Polyester (DE-588)4175168-1 gnd Celluloseester (DE-588)4431018-3 gnd Polycarbonate (DE-588)4175128-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4360123-6 (DE-588)4059844-5 (DE-588)4175168-1 (DE-588)4431018-3 (DE-588)4175128-0 |
| title | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables |
| title_alt | Technische Thermoplaste Engineering thermoplastics |
| title_auth | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables |
| title_exact_search | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables |
| title_full | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables ed. by Ludwig Bottenbruch. With contributions from S. Anders ... |
| title_fullStr | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables ed. by Ludwig Bottenbruch. With contributions from S. Anders ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables ed. by Ludwig Bottenbruch. With contributions from S. Anders ... |
| title_short | Polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters, cellulose esters |
| title_sort | polycarbonates polyacetals polyesters cellulose esters engineering thermoplastics with 96 tables |
| title_sub | engineering thermoplastics ; with 96 tables |
| topic | Polyacetale (DE-588)4360123-6 gnd Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Polyester (DE-588)4175168-1 gnd Celluloseester (DE-588)4431018-3 gnd Polycarbonate (DE-588)4175128-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polyacetale Thermoplast Polyester Celluloseester Polycarbonate Polyacetate |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007301957&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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