Verfügbarkeit: Technology of thermoforming

Technology of thermoforming:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Throne, James L. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Munich [u.a.] Hanser [u.a.] 1996
Ausgabe:	[Rev. ed.]
Schlagworte:	Plastics > Molding Thermoformen Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	1. Ausg. u.d.T.: Throne, James L.: Thermoforming
Beschreibung:	XVI, 882 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3446178120 1569901988

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

DE-BY-863_location	1911
DE-BY-FWS_call_number	1911/2019:0010
DE-BY-FWS_katkey	150245
DE-BY-FWS_media_number	083100517378
_version_	1824555869056008193
adam_text	CONTENTS 1 THERMOFORMING - DEFINITIONS, HISTORY, METHODS AND EQUIPMENT . 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION . 2 1.2 HISTORY . 3 1.3 MARKETS . 4 1.4 SOME DEFINITIONS . 11 GAGE . 12 CLAMPING OF THIN-GAGE SHEET . 12 CLAMPING OF HEAVY-GAGE SHEET . 13 HEATING OF THIN-GAGE SHEET . 13 HEATING HEAVY-GAGE SHEET . 14 SHAPING THIN-GAGE SHEET . 14 SHAPING HEAVY-GAGE SHEET . 14 TRIMMING THE THIN-GAGE SHEET . 15 TRIMMING THE HEAVY-GAGE SHEET . 15 DEPTH-OF-DRAW . 15 1.5 METHODS OF FORMING . 16 ONE-STEP FORMING . 17 TWO-STEP FORMING WITH PRESTRETCHING . 19 MULTI-STEP FORMING . 22 OTHER VARIATIONS . 25 1.6 THERMOFORMING MACHINERY . 29 HEATING SOURCE . 29 FORMING PLATFORM . 31 VACUUM SYSTEM . 32 PRESSURE SYSTEM . 36 PROCESS CONTROL . 36 TRIMMING AND CUT PARTS HANDLING . 38 1.7 HEAVY-GAGE THERMOFORMING MACHINERY SPECIFICS . 38 1.8 THIN-GAGE THERMOFORMING MACHINERY SPECIFICS . 46 1.9 REFERENCES . 52 2 POLYMERIC MATERIALS . 54 2.1 INTRODUCTION . 55 2.2 NETWORK NATURE OF POLYMERS . 55 2.3 ADDITION AND CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION . 57 2.4 AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC POLYMERS . 58 2.5 MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION . 58 2.6 MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND PROPERTIES . 61 2.7 MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTIES . 63 2.8 MOLECULAR ORIENTATION . 70 2.9 CHAIN MOBILITY AND POLYMER STIFFNESS . 70 2.10 STRESS-CRACK RESISTANCE . 72 2.11 GAS PERMEATION . 72 2.12 COPOLYMERIZATION . 73 2.13 BLENDS . 74 2.14 ADDUCTS . 74 PLASTICIZERS . 74 X CONTENTS OTHER ADDITIVES . 76 FILLERS AND REINFORCING FIBERS . 77 2.15 LAMINATES . 78 2.16 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF PLASTICS . 78 2.17 THERMAL PROPERTIES . 82 HEAT CAPACITY . 82 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY . 84 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY . 84 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT . 87 2.18 INFRARED SPECTRA . 87 2.19 SUMMARY . 96 2.20 REFERENCES . 103 3 HEATING THE SHEET . 106 3.1 INTRODUCTION . 106 3.2 ENERGY ABSORPTION BY SHEET . 106 3.3 HEAT TRANSFER MODES . 110 3.4 INCORPORATING FORMABILITY AND TIME-DEPENDENT HEATING . 115 3.5 CONDUCTION . 121 3.6 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT . 124 THE BIOT NUMBER . 125 EFFECTIVE RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT . 126 CONSTANT HEAT FLUX . 127 3.7 RADIATION HEATING . 128 BLACK BODY RADIATION . 129 GRAY BODY - EMISSIVITY . 134 RADIANT HEATER EFFICIENCY - CONSTANT HEAT FLUX APPLICATION . 138 3.8 REAL HEATERS - EFFICIENCIES . 140 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT . 144 CONVECTION AND THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT . 145 ROD HEATERS . 150 3.9 LONG-TERM RADIANT HEATER EFFICIENCIES . 151 3.10 EDGE LOSSES - VIEW FACTOR . 152 LOCAL ENERGY INPUT . 155 PATTERN HEATING . 159 ZONE, ZONED OR ZONAL HEATING . 161 HEATER TO SHEET DISTANCE . 162 3.11 THIN-GAGE SHEET - APPROXIMATE HEATING RATES . 164 CONSTANT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE APPROXIMATION . 164 CONSTANT HEAT FLUX APPROXIMATION . 167 THIN-GAGE APPROXIMATIONS - COMMENTS . 167 3.12 HEAVY-GAGE SHEET - INTERNAL TEMPERATURE CONTROL . 168 CONSTANT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE . 168 THE CONSTANT HEAT FLUX CASE . 172 THE THICKNESS EFFECT . 174 SUMMARY . 175 3.13 EQUILIBRATION . 176 CONVECTION HEATING . 177 CONSTANT HEAT FLUX . 179 COMPUTED EQUILIBRATION TIMES . 180 THE W-L-F EQUATION . 181 CONTENTS XI THE ARRHENIUS EQUATION . 182 RELATING SHIFT FACTORS TO SHEET THICKNESS . 182 3.14 INFRARED-TRANSPARENT POLYMERS . 182 3.15 COMPUTER-AIDED PREDICTION OF SHEET TEMPERATURE . 188 THE RADIANT BOUNDARY CONDITION . 192 3.16 GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING HEATING CYCLES . 192 THE BIOT NUMBER . 193 THIN-GAGE GUIDELINES . 193 HEAVY-GAGE GUIDELINES . 193 INTERMEDIATE-GAGE GUIDELINES . 194 3.17 REFERENCES . 194 4 STRETCHING THE SHEET . 197 4.1 INTRODUCTION . 198 4.2 THE STRETCHING CONCEPT . 202 4.3 POLYMER HOT STRENGTH . 208 STANDARD TENSILE TESTS . 208 HOT TENSILE TESTS . 212 HOT CREEP TESTS . 213 OTHER STRETCHING TESTS . 215 TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY FOR AMORPHOUS POLYMERS . 217 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL TESTING . 222 4.4 STRESS-STRAIN-RATE OF STRAIN - THEORY . 225 ELASTICITY - A RATIONALIZATION . 233 STRAIN ENERGY FUNCTION . 235 THE RIVLIN FORM FOR THE STRAIN ENERGY FUNCTION . 236 THE OGDEN FORM FOR THE STRAIN ENERGY FUNCTION . 239 VISCOELASTIC MODELS . 240 4.5 AVAILABLE STRESS-STRAIN DATA . 242 SENSITIVITY OF MODELS . 247 4.6 THE IMPORTANCE OF POLYMER MATERIAL PROPERTIES . 248 4.7 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF STRETCHING . 257 FUNNEL TEST . 260 4.8 BURSTING CONDITIONS . 264 4.9 SHEET SAG . 266 INITIAL SAG . 267 TENSILE SAG . 268 THE CATENARY SAG . 269 PARABOLIC SAG . 270 RELATING SAG TO HOT SHEET STRENGTH . 271 SAG - A COMMENT . 276 4.10 REFERENCES . 277 APPENDIX 4.1 BIAXIAL STRETCHING OF AN ELASTIC MEMBRANE . 282 5 COOLING AND TRIMMING THE PART . 284 5.1 INTRODUCTION . 285 5.2 OVERALL COOLING HEAT BALANCE . 285 5.3 COOLING THE FORMED SHAPE . 287 5.4 STEADY STATE HEAT BALANCE . 288 INTERFACIAL RESISTANCE . 289 SHAPE FACTOR . 291 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT . 293 XII CONTENTS 5.5 CYCLIC HEAT BALANCE . 302 COOLING THE FREE SURFACE OF THE SHEET . 303 COOLING THIN SHEET IN AMBIENT AIR . 303 TRANSIENT HEAT REMOVAL FROM THE SHEET . 305 QUIESCENT AMBIENT AIR . 305 MOVING AMBIENT AIR . 307 COOLING ON NONMETALLIC MOLDS . 309 5.6 TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER DURING SHEET COOLING ON THE MOLD SURFACE - COMPUTER MODELS . 314 INTERFACIAL AIR . 318 5.7 SHRINKAGE . 320 UNCONSTRAINED SHRINKAGE . 321 CONSTRAINED SHRINKAGE . 325 5.8 TRIMMING . 329 TRIMMING HEAVY-GAGE PARTS . 331 TRIMMING THIN-GAGE PARTS . 333 5.9 MECHANICS OF CUTTING . 334 THE TRIM REGION . 336 REGISTERING THE TRIM SITE . 337 THE NATURE OF THE CUT . 338 FRACTURE MECHANICS . 340 MECHANICAL CHIPPING . 340 MULTIPLE-EDGED TOOL OR TOOTHED SAW PERFORMANCE . 342 ABRASIVE CUT-OFF WHEEL . 344 TOOTHLESS OR SHEAR AND COMPRESSION CUTTING . 347 FRACTURE MECHANICS IN TRIMMING . 347 NIBBLING . 355 BRITTLENESS, ORIENTATION AND TRIM TEMPERATURE . 358 5.10 STEEL RULE DIE . 359 RESHARPENING . 362 TABBING AND NOTCHING . 363 5.11 PUNCH AND DIE TRIMMING . 364 FORGED AND MACHINED DIES . 367 5.12 DRILLING . 367 5.13 OTHER CUTTING TECHNIQUES . 372 THERMAL CUTTING . 372 WATER JET CUTTING . 374 5.14 TRIMMING - A SUMMARY . 376 5.15 REFERENCES . 379 6 THERMOFORMING MOLDS . 382 6.1 INTRODUCTION . 383 6.2 PROTOTYPE MOLDS . 384 WOOD . 385 FIBERBOARD . 386 PLASTER . 387 PLASTIC . 389 WHITE METAL . 397 NICKEL . 400 6.3 PRODUCTION MOLDS . 400 ALUMINUM . 401 CONTENTS XIII STEEL . 402 OTHER METALS . 403 6.4 MOLD COOLANT CHANNELS . 404 MOLD CHANNEL FLOW . 405 EXPANSION . 406 CONTRACTION . 406 SHARP-EDGED ORIFICE . 406 6.5 VENT HOLES . 411 SIZING VACUUM SYSTEMS - STEADY STATE . 413 SIZING VACUUM SYSTEMS - DYNAMIC . 414 SOLENOID VALVE FLOW RESISTANCE . 416 VENT HOLE RESISTANCE TO FLOW . 417 VENT HOLE DIAMETER . 423 OTHER TYPES OF VENTS . 427 VENT HOLE PLACEMENT . 430 6.6 SURFACE TREATMENTS . 433 SURFACE TEXTURE . 436 6.7 PLUG DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . 439 PLUG MATERIALS . 439 WOOD PLUGS . 441 PLASTIC PLUGS . 441 METAL PLUGS . 441 PLUG DESIGN CONCEPTS . 445 6.8 SHEET CLAMPING . 448 6.9 SAG BANDS AND SHEET SUPPORTS . 451 6.10 OTHER ASPECTS OF MOLD DESIGN . 451 UNDERCUTS . 452 ENCAPSULATION . 453 MOVING ELEMENTS . 454 STRIPPER PLATES/BARS . 455 MOLD RELEASES . 456 WEB BREAKERS, CATCHERS AND CHASERS . 457 MOATS, DAMS AND DOUBLE STEPS . 458 CHAMFERS AND RADII . 459 PRESTRETCHING RESTRAINTS . 461 6.11 EFFICIENT USE OF SHEET . 461 HEAVY-GAGE SHEET . 461 THIN-GAGE SHEET . 463 6.12 REFERENCES . 467 7 PARTS DESIGN . 470 7.1 INTRODUCTION . 471 7.2 ELEMENTS OF PARTS DESIGN . 471 MATERIAL TESTING AND ITS RELEVANCE TO PART PERFORMANCE . 473 PHILOSOPHY OF PARTS DESIGN . 476 MINIMIZING THE AMOUNT OF SHEET TO BE REGROUND . 478 RULES FOR PART LAYOUT ON HEAVY-GAGE . 479 RULES FOR MULTIPLE PART LAYOUT ON THIN-GAGE . 481 ECONOMICS OF BUYING SHEET OF SPECIFIC SIZE . 483 7.3 PROTOTYPING AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR THERMOFORMING . 486 7.4 DRAW RATIO . 488 AREAL DRAW RATIO . 489 XIV CONTENTS LINEAR DRAW RATIO . 494 H:D . 496 RIM AND LIP SHEET FOR FEMALE CAVITIES . 499 DRAW RATIO USAGE - A RATIONALE . 503 MECHANICAL ASSISTS - SOME DESIGN FEATURES . 503 PREBLOWING OR INFLATION - COMMENTS . 503 PLUG ASSIST - COMMENTS . 507 7.5 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN IN THERMOFORMING . 507 7.6 WALL THICKNESS PREDICTION - A JUSTIFICATION . 510 GEOMETRIC ELEMENT ANALYSIS OR GEA . 513 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS . 521 GENERAL COMMENTS ON PLUG DESIGN . 527 PLUG ASSIST ANALYSIS . 533 PLUG DESIGN - GEOMETRIC ELEMENT ANALYSIS . 536 PLUG DESIGN - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS . 539 7.7 REGRIND . 544 MATERIAL PROPERTY DETERIORATION ON REGRIND . 545 PROPERTY VALUE LOSS - EXPERIMENT AND PROTOCOL . 549 CASCADING 100% REGRIND . 553 7.8 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PART DESIGN . 555 GENERAL TIPS . 555 PROCESS TIPS . 556 MOLD TIPS . 557 PRESTRETCH TIPS . 559 PART DESIGN TIPS . 561 RIM AND EDGE DESIGNS . 569 DESIGN - A COMMENT . 573 7.9 REFERENCES . 574 APPENDIX 7.1 DRAW RATIOS FOR TRUNCATED CONE . 577 APPENDIX 7. II MECHANICAL PROPERTY LOSS IN REGRIND . 579 8 PRODUCING SHEET AND FILM . 582 8.1 INTRODUCTION . 583 8.2 FORMING THIN FILMS . 584 8.3 FORMING SHEET . 587 SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUSION . 588 FILTERING THE POLYMER . 591 FLOW IMPROVEMENT DEVICES . 594 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN AN EXTRUDER . 596 SHEET DIE CONCEPTS . 598 GAGE THICKNESS MONITORING AND CONTROL . 602 TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION . 604 8.4 ROLL STACKS . 607 8.5 SHEET TRIMMING . 610 8.6 TAKE-OFF AND TAKE-UP ROLLS . 611 8.7 RESIDENCE TIME AND RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION THROUGH EXTRUDER AND DIE . . 614 8.8 DRYING . 617 8.9 PRODUCING BIAXIALLY ORIENTED SHEET . 620 8.10 MULTILAYER SHEET FORMATION . 623 COEXTRUSION . 624 LAMINATION . 628 CONTENTS XV 8.11 SHEET QUALITY AND QUALITY CONTROL . 632 SHEET DIMENSIONS . 637 ORIENTATION . 637 SHEET SQUARENESS AND FLATNESS . 639 MOISTURE . 640 SHEET APPEARANCE . 641 ANNOYANCE FACTORS . 642 LAMINATION . 643 8.12 REFERENCES . 644 9 NEWER THERMOFORMING TECHNOLOGIES . 648 9.1 INTRODUCTION . 649 9.2 THERMOFORMING CRYSTALLIZING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE . 649 PET CRYSTALLINITY . 650 CPET PATENTS . 652 CHARACTERIZING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE . 652 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CRYSTALLIZATION DURING SHEET EXTRUSION . 659 COOLING CPET ON CHILL ROLLS . 662 HEATING CPET IN ROLL-FED THERMOFORMERS . 666 FORMING THE CPET SHEET . 666 COOLING THE CPET FORMED PART . 668 TRIMMING PARTS FROM WEB . 670 TROUBLESHOOTING CPET FORMING . 670 9.3 PRESSURE FORMING . 670 THIN GAGE . 675 HEAVY GAGE . 677 9.4 FORMING FILLED AND REINFORCED POLYMERS . 679 9.5 LAMINATED SHEET THERMOFORMING . 687 HEATING MULTILAYER SHEET . 687 FORMING MULTILAYER SHEET . 691 9.6 TWIN-SHEET THERMOFORMING . 696 SIMULTANEOUS TWIN-SHEET FORMING . 701 SEQUENTIAL TWIN-SHEET FORMING . 702 SEAL AREA ADHESION . 704 SEAL AREA - COMPRESSIVE FORM . 706 SEAL AREA - DESIGN . 707 9.7 POLYPROPYLENE THERMOFORMING . 710 SAG TEST . 711 MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENES . 717 9.8 THERMOFORMING FOAM SHEET . 722 CELL ARCHITECTURE - ACTUAL V. IDEAL . 722 RADIANT ENERGY TRANSMISSION . 726 INTERNAL CELL GAS PRESSURE . 731 FORMING WINDOW FOR FOAM . 733 THE FORMING EQUIPMENT . 736 9.9 OTHER FORMING TECHNOLOGIES . 738 INTERDIGITATION . 738 SEALED AIR CUSHION/DUNNAGE . 740 9.10 REFERENCES . 741 XVI CONTENTS 10 SET-UP PROTOCOLS, TROUBLESHOOTING, AND THE ECONOMICS OF THERMOFORMING . 748 10.1 INTRODUCTION . 749 10.2 SETTING UP A THERMOFORMING MACHINE - PROTOCOLS . 753 A NEW POLYMER . 753 SETTING UP A NEW MOLD . 758 SETTING THE MOLD STOPS . 761 DRY-CYCLING THE MOLD . 761 CHECKING THE VACUUM . 762 ATTACHING COOLING TO THE MOLD . 763 THE SHEET DELIVERY SYSTEM . 764 SETTING THE OVEN CONDITIONS . 765 FORMING STEP - SIMPLE VACUUM FORMING . 766 CHANGING TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS . 767 ACTIVATING THE ASSISTS . 767 PRESSURE BOXES . 768 GENERAL OBJECTIVES . 768 10.3 TROUBLESHOOTING THE FORMING PROCESS . 769 10.4 ENERGY AND MATERIALS COST . 783 THE ENERGY AUDIT . 783 COST OF EXTRUSION . 791 COST OF REGRIND . 793 COMPETITIVE COSTS OF POLYMERS . 793 10.5 GENERAL PROCESSING ECONOMICS . 794 RULES OF THUMB . 796 GLOBAL PRODUCTION COSTS . 798 MANUFACTURING EFFICIENCIES . 801 THE LEARNING CURVE . 806 10.6 ISOLATED VENTURE COSTS . 808 10.7 NEW VENTURE ECONOMICS . 819 ENTREPRENEURIAL RISKS . 825 10.8 THE INCREMENTAL OPERATION . 831 10.9 COMPARATIVE PROCESS ECONOMICS . 833 10.10 REFERENCES . 843 APPENDIX A ABBREVIATIONS FOR THERMOFORMABLE POLYMERS REFERRED TO IN TEXT 844 APPENDIX B TYPICAL CONVERSION FACTORS USED IN THERMOFORMING (US CUSTOMARY TO METRIC, METRIC TO US CUSTOMARY) . 847 APPENDIX C GLOSSARY OF THERMOFORMING TERMS . 849 AUTHOR INDEX . 855 SUBJECT INDEX . 862
any_adam_object	1
author	Throne, James L.
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spellingShingle	Throne, James L. Technology of thermoforming Plastics Molding Thermoformen (DE-588)4185151-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4185151-1 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Technology of thermoforming
title_auth	Technology of thermoforming
title_exact_search	Technology of thermoforming
title_full	Technology of thermoforming James L. Throne
title_fullStr	Technology of thermoforming James L. Throne
title_full_unstemmed	Technology of thermoforming James L. Throne
title_short	Technology of thermoforming
title_sort	technology of thermoforming
topic	Plastics Molding Thermoformen (DE-588)4185151-1 gnd
topic_facet	Plastics Molding Thermoformen Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007217817&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT thronejamesl technologyofthermoforming

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