Arguments from ignorance:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
University Park, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania State University Press
[1996]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 313 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 0271014741 027101475X |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Ignorance (Theory of knowledge) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804125221245943808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
Appeal to Ignorance as a Fallacy 2
Zero Tolerance 5
Recovered Memory as Evidence 7
The Problem Posed 11
The Value of Argument from Ignorance Defended 13
Negative Proof 15
Foundationalism and Scientific Reasoning 17
Recent Recognition of Argument from Ignorance 20
Rethinking the Argument from Ignorance 21
2 The Treatment in Logic 24
The Standard Treatment as a Fallacy 25
Is It Always a Fallacy? 28
Nonfallacious Cases 31
The Lockean Origin 36
Treatment in the Older Textbooks 38
Ghosts, the Paranormal, and ESP 42
Legal Presumption of Innocence 48
Burden of Proof 52
The McCarthy Hearings 56
Schematic Accounts of Logical Form 60
3 Uses Outside Logic 64
Negative Arguments Ex Silentio 65
Negative Evidence in Science and Medicine 68
Vlll
CONTENTS
Negative Reasoning from a Knowledge Base 72
Nonmonotonic Reasoning 76
Autoepistemic Reasoning 78
Balance of Consideration Arguments 81
Negative Reasoning from Normal Expectations 84
Practical Reasoning and Presumption 86
Explicit and Nonexplicit Presumptions 90
Knowledge, Ignorance, and Reasoning 93
4 Case Studies 97
Closure of the Knowledge Base 97
A Legal Case 101
The Salem Witchcraft Trials 104
Spy Cases 107
Stonewalling 110
Safety of Silicone Breast Implants 112
The Ad Ignorantiam Tlig-of-War 118
Combining Ad Ignorantiam and Ad Verecundiam
Arguments 122
Combining with Ad Hominem 125
Innuendo 129
5 Forms of the Argumentum ad Ignorantiam 133
Identifying the Argumentum ad Ignorantiam 134
Defining Ignorance 139
Three Types of Arguments from Ignorance 143
Knowledge-Based Forms 146
Profiles of Dialogue 150
Suspension of Commitment 154
Non acceptance and Suspension 156
Presumptions and Assertions 159
Evidence from the Context of Dialogue 161
Frameworks of Evidence 164
6 Normative Models of Dialogue 168
Pragmatic and Semantic Approaches 169
Dialogue Structures and Stages 171
Contents
IX
Argument Interpretation 175
Dialogue: What Is It? 179
Components of Dialogue 182
Types of Dialogue 186
Expert Consultation Dialogue 191
Eristic Dialogue 194
Goals, Commitments, and Presumptions in Dialogue 198
Dialectical Relevance 204
7 Presumption and Burden of Proof 208
The Practical Nature of Presumption 209
Received Views of Presumption 213
Practical Reasoning 215
Legal Burden of Proof 219
Internal and External Burden of Proof 222
Commitment and Burden Shifting 228
Speech Act Conditions Defining Presumption 232
Presumptions and Presuppositions 234
Implications for Argumentation and Fallacies 237
The Maieutic Function of Dialogue 241
8 Identification and Analysis of the Argument 245
Characteristics of the Argument from Ignorance 245
Defining Key Terms 248
Two Different Types of Arguments from Ignorance 250
The Argument Scheme 252
The Role of the Conditional Premise in Closure 254
When Is Closure of a Dialogue Appropriate? 255
The Role of the Conditional Premise in Shifting
Presumptions 258
Status of the Conditional Premise 260
Sources of Contextual Evidence 262
Different Stages of the Inquiry 267
9 Evaluating the Fallacious Cases 270
Weak Arguments, Sophistical Tactics, and Fallacies 271
Die Basic Fallacy 275
X
CONTENTS
Three Main Subtypes of the Fallacy 277
Innuendo as Another Basis of the Fallacy 279
Reversal of Polarity 281
Evidence on Balance of Considerations 285
The Function of Burden of Proof 287
Presumption as a Practical Device 289
Classification of Subtypes of the Fallacy 293
Criteria for Identification, Analysis, and Evaluation 295
Selected Bibliography 299
Index 307
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
Appeal to Ignorance as a Fallacy 2
Zero Tolerance 5
Recovered Memory as Evidence 7
The Problem Posed 11
The Value of Argument from Ignorance Defended 13
Negative Proof 15
Foundationalism and Scientific Reasoning 17
Recent Recognition of Argument from Ignorance 20
Rethinking the Argument from Ignorance 21
2 The Treatment in Logic 24
The Standard Treatment as a Fallacy 25
Is It Always a Fallacy? 28
Nonfallacious Cases 31
The Lockean Origin 36
Treatment in the Older Textbooks 38
Ghosts, the Paranormal, and ESP 42
Legal Presumption of Innocence 48
Burden of Proof 52
The McCarthy Hearings 56
Schematic Accounts of Logical Form 60
3 Uses Outside Logic 64
Negative Arguments Ex Silentio 65
Negative Evidence in Science and Medicine 68
Vlll
CONTENTS
Negative Reasoning from a Knowledge Base 72
Nonmonotonic Reasoning 76
Autoepistemic Reasoning 78
Balance of Consideration Arguments 81
Negative Reasoning from Normal Expectations 84
Practical Reasoning and Presumption 86
Explicit and Nonexplicit Presumptions 90
Knowledge, Ignorance, and Reasoning 93
4 Case Studies 97
Closure of the Knowledge Base 97
A Legal Case 101
The Salem Witchcraft Trials 104
Spy Cases 107
Stonewalling 110
Safety of Silicone Breast Implants 112
The Ad Ignorantiam Tlig-of-War 118
Combining Ad Ignorantiam and Ad Verecundiam
Arguments 122
Combining with Ad Hominem 125
Innuendo 129
5 Forms of the Argumentum ad Ignorantiam 133
Identifying the Argumentum ad Ignorantiam 134
Defining Ignorance 139
Three Types of Arguments from Ignorance 143
Knowledge-Based Forms 146
Profiles of Dialogue 150
Suspension of Commitment 154
Non acceptance and Suspension 156
Presumptions and Assertions 159
Evidence from the Context of Dialogue 161
Frameworks of Evidence 164
6 Normative Models of Dialogue 168
Pragmatic and Semantic Approaches 169
Dialogue Structures and Stages 171
Contents
IX
Argument Interpretation 175
Dialogue: What Is It? 179
Components of Dialogue 182
Types of Dialogue 186
Expert Consultation Dialogue 191
Eristic Dialogue 194
Goals, Commitments, and Presumptions in Dialogue 198
Dialectical Relevance 204
7 Presumption and Burden of Proof 208
The Practical Nature of Presumption 209
Received Views of Presumption 213
Practical Reasoning 215
Legal Burden of Proof 219
Internal and External Burden of Proof 222
Commitment and Burden Shifting 228
Speech Act Conditions Defining Presumption 232
Presumptions and Presuppositions 234
Implications for Argumentation and Fallacies 237
The Maieutic Function of Dialogue 241
8 Identification and Analysis of the Argument 245
Characteristics of the Argument from Ignorance 245
Defining Key Terms 248
Two Different Types of Arguments from Ignorance 250
The Argument Scheme 252
The Role of the Conditional Premise in Closure 254
When Is Closure of a Dialogue Appropriate? 255
The Role of the Conditional Premise in Shifting
Presumptions 258
Status of the Conditional Premise 260
Sources of Contextual Evidence 262
Different Stages of the Inquiry 267
9 Evaluating the Fallacious Cases 270
Weak Arguments, Sophistical Tactics, and Fallacies 271
Die Basic Fallacy 275
X
CONTENTS
Three Main Subtypes of the Fallacy 277
Innuendo as Another Basis of the Fallacy 279
Reversal of Polarity 281
Evidence on Balance of Considerations 285
The Function of Burden of Proof 287
Presumption as a Practical Device 289
Classification of Subtypes of the Fallacy 293
Criteria for Identification, Analysis, and Evaluation 295
Selected Bibliography 299
Index 307
|
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| spelling | Walton, Douglas N. 1942-2020 Verfasser (DE-588)177903198 aut Arguments from ignorance Douglas Walton University Park, Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania State University Press [1996] xii, 313 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Argumentatie gtt Bewijs (wetenschap) gtt Onwetendheid gtt Burden of proof Ignorance (Theory of knowledge) Reasoning Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd rswk-swf Unwissenheit (DE-588)4205468-0 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 s Unwissenheit (DE-588)4205468-0 s DE-604 Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 s Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007173139&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007173139&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Walton, Douglas N. 1942-2020 Arguments from ignorance Argumentatie gtt Bewijs (wetenschap) gtt Onwetendheid gtt Burden of proof Ignorance (Theory of knowledge) Reasoning Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd Unwissenheit (DE-588)4205468-0 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd |
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| title | Arguments from ignorance |
| title_auth | Arguments from ignorance |
| title_exact_search | Arguments from ignorance |
| title_full | Arguments from ignorance Douglas Walton |
| title_fullStr | Arguments from ignorance Douglas Walton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arguments from ignorance Douglas Walton |
| title_short | Arguments from ignorance |
| title_sort | arguments from ignorance |
| topic | Argumentatie gtt Bewijs (wetenschap) gtt Onwetendheid gtt Burden of proof Ignorance (Theory of knowledge) Reasoning Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd Unwissenheit (DE-588)4205468-0 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Argumentatie Bewijs (wetenschap) Onwetendheid Burden of proof Ignorance (Theory of knowledge) Reasoning Erkenntnistheorie Unwissenheit Argumentation |
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