The world's writing systems:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
1996
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLV, 922 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Notenbeisp. |
| ISBN: | 0195079930 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The world's writing systems |c ed. by Peter T. Daniels ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a XLV, 922 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Notenbeisp. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Contributors xxv
Preface xxxv
Abbreviations, Conventions, and Definitions xxxix
PartI Grammatology
Introduction—Peter T. Daniels
Section i The Study of Writing Systems—Peter T.Daniels 3
Grammatology 3
History of the study of writing 5
The typology of writing Systems 8
The study of writing 10
Related topics 12
Part nj^ndent Near Eastern Writing Systems
Introduction—Peter T.Daniels 19
Section 2 The First Civilizations—Peter T.Daniels 21
Forerunners of writing 21
The Vinca signs
Near Eastern tokens
Interconnections 23
The significance of the aiphabet 26
Undeciphered Scripts 28
Scripts from the Aegean and Cyprus
Proto Sinaitic
Pseudo hieroglyphs of Byblos
1 CONTENTS
Section 3 Mesopotamian Cuneiform 33
Origin—Piotr Michalowski 33
History of discovery
Structure
Distribution and Contents
Sumerian and Akkadian—Jerrold S. Cooper 37
Cuneiform writing
Cuneiform signs
Sumerian cuneiform
Akkadian cuneiform
Basic cuneiform syllabary 57
Other languages—Gene B. Gragg 58
Elamite cuneiform
Hurrian cuneiform
Urartian cuneiform
Hittite cuneiform
Section 4 Egyptian Writing—Robert K. Ritner 73
Hieroglyphic 73
Hieratic 81
Demotic 82
The Meroitic Script—n. b. Müiet 84
Section 5 Epigraphic Semitic Scripts—M. O Connor 88
v Scripts in the Bronze Age (2000 1200 b.c.e.) 90
Scripts in the Iron Age and later times (from 1200 b.c.e.) 94
Phoenician and related Scripts
Aramaic
Arabia
Salient features of various groups of texts 100
The Iberian Scripts—Pierre Swiggers 108
Description 109
Inventory and commentary 110
Problems 110
The Berber Scripts—m. O Connor 112
Ancient Berber 112
The Islamic period: Silence; modern use 115
CONTENTS 1A
Section 6 Anatolian Hieroglyphs—h. Craig Mekhert 120
Usage and history 120
General characteristics 120
., • Signs 123
f Section 7 Aegean Scripts—EmmettL. Bennett 125
c— Linear B 125
^/ The Greek mainland and Crete, ca. 1550 1200 b.c.e.
Scripts of Cyprus 130
Cyprus, ca. 800 200 b.c.e.
Cyprus, ca. 1500 1200 b.c.e.
Minoan Linear A 132
Crete and Aegean islands, ca. 1800 1450 b.c.e.
The pictographic or Cretan Hieroglyphic script 132
Crete, ca. 1750 1600 b.c.e.
The Phaistos Disk 133
Section 8 Old Persian Cuneiform—David D. Testen 134
V Part III Decipherment
Introduction—Peter T. Daniels 139
Section 9 Methods of Decipherment—Peter T. Daniels 141
Types of decipherment 141
Processes in decipherment 142
Accounts of decipherment 143
Palmyrene
Cuneiform
Egyptian
Himyaritic
Brahmi
Cypriote
Turkic runes
Meroitic
Luvian
Ugaritic,
Linear B
Maya
Section 10 The ProtO Elamite Script—Roben K. England 160
History of decipherment 160
Basic characteristics of Proto Elamite Script and texts 161
K CONTENTS
Sectionii The Indus Script—AskoParpola 165
Historical background and development 165
Obstacles to decipherment 165
Characteristics 166
Direction of writing
The means of distinguishing words
Type of the Script and orthography
Current State of decipherment 168
Section 12 Maya and Other Mesoamerican Scripts 172
—Martha J. Macri
Logographic/syllabic Scripts 174
Maya writing
Codified pictorial Systems 180
Section i 3 RongorongO of Easter Island—Martha J. Macri 183
Progress in decipherment 183
A linguistic approach to decipherment 185
Part IV East Asian Writing Systems
/ Introduction—William G. Boltz 189
Section 14 Eaity Chinese Writing—William G. Boltz 191
Unit characters 192
Compound characters 194
Section 15 Modern Chinese Writing—Victor H. Mair 200
Relationship to the Chinese languages 202
Reform 203
Section 16 Japanese Writing—Janet S. (Shibamoto) Smith 209
Kanji 209
Hiragana and katakana 210
Romaji 213
Other script elements 213
Direction, punctuation, and organization of texts 214
Conclusion 214
Section 17 Korean Writing—RossKing 218
Chinese writing in Korea 218
Hankul: General characteristics 219
1_U1N 1 EIN 1 3 ai
The symbols 221
The modern vowels
The modern consonants
Middle Korean pitch accent
Forming Orthographie syllables
Orthography and letter shapes 223 ,
The relationship of Hankul to other Scripts _225_J
Section 18 Siniform Scripts of Inner Asia 228
Tangut—E. I. Kychanov 228
Kitan and Jurchin—György Kam 230
The Kitan Scripts
Jurchin Script /
Section 19 The Yi Script—DingxuShi 239
~~ Classic Yi 239
Modern Yi 240 ,
Section 20 Asian Calligraphy—John Stevens 244
Comparative table of Sinitic characters 252
PartV European Writing Systems ~~ 7
IntroduCtion—Peter T. Daniels 259 v
Section 21 Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West 261
: —Pierre Swiggers
Geographical and chronological aspects 261
Linguistic aspects 264
Structural innovation
Local innovations
Problems 266
Agents
Date
Place
Observations 269
Section 22 The Greek Alphabet—Leslie Threatte 271 /
^— The symbols 273
Diacritical marks and punetuation 276
Numerais 278 I
Ü CONTENTS
The Anatolian Alphabets 281
—Pierre Swiggers and Wolfgang Jenniges
Phrygian 282
Pamphylian and Sidetic 282
Lycian 282
Lydian 284
Carian 285
Other languages 287
The Coptic Alphabet—Robert K. Ritner 287
The Gothic Alphabet—Ernst Ebbinghaus 290
Special features 291
Section 23 The Scripts of Italy—Larissa Bonfante 297
^ Etruscan 297
üther languages and Scripts of italy 301
I Latin
Etruscan influence in the north
I Central and southern Italy
Section 24 The Roman Alphabet—StanKnight 312
Ancient Roman Scripts 312
Old Roman Cursive
Rustic Capitals
Uncial Scripts
Half Uncial Scripts
Square Capitals
New Roman Cursive
Regional hands 315
Luxeuil Minuscule
Corbie ab
Visigothic Minuscule
Beneventan Minuscule
Insular Scripts 317
Insular Minuscule
Insular Half Uncial
Anglo Saxon Minuscules
Carolingian Minuscule 319
English Carolingian Minuscule
Italian Carolingian Minuscule
CONTENTS XU1
Gothic Scripts 320
Transitional Gothic
Gothic Prescissus
Gothic Quadrata
Gothic Rotunda
Gothic Bätarde
Humanist Scripts 323
Humanist Minuscule
Humanist Cursive
Humanist Italic
Cursive writing from the sixteenth Century 324
The pointed pen
Italic revival
The printed word 325
Mainz
Venice
Garamond
Caslon
Baskerville
Bodoni
The nineteenth Century
The twentieth Century
Section 25 The Runic Script—Ralph W. V. Elliott 333
Later developments 335
Scandinavia
The British Isles
Section 26 Ogham—Damian McManus 340
The Script 342
Stone inscriptions
Manuscript tradition
Names
Section 27 The Slavic Alphabets—Paul Cubberley 346
The historical background 346
Forms of letters and phonological fit in old alphabets 347
Glagolitic: Later history 349
Cyrillic: Later history 350
Orthography and phonotactics in Russian 352
XiV CONTENTS
Section 28 The Armenian Alphabet—Avedis k. Sanßan 356
The symbols 356
Symbol sound correspondences 359
Semivowels
Vowels
Orthographie change and script reform 360
Section 29 The Georgian Alphabet—Dee Ann Holisky 364
Sound symbol correspondance 365
The development of mxedruli 367
Part VI South Asian Writing Systems
IntroduCÜon—Richard G. Salomon 371
( Section 30 Brahmi and Kharoshthi—RichardG. Salomon 373
Systemic features 376
Linguistic features 377
Functions 377
Origins 378
Development 379
Section 31 The Devanagari Script—William Bright 384
The symbols 384
Specific features 387
Correspondences 388
l Relations to other Scripts 389
Section 32 Gujarati Writing—P.J.Mistry 391
The symbols 391
Specific features 392
Section 33 The Gurmukhi Script—HarjeetSingh GUI 395
The consonants 395
Vowels and accessory signs 396
Tones 396
Section 34 Bengali Writing—mtaBagchi 399
Differences in inventory of characters 399
Script to pronunciation correspondences 399
Clusters 402
CONTENTS XV
Section 35 OriyaWriting—B. P. Mahapatra 404
The Symbols 405
Conjunct consonants 406
Distinctive characteristics 407
Section 36 Sinhala Writing—James W.Gair 408
The Symbols 408
Correspondence of speech to writing 409
Section 37 Kannada and Telugu Writing—WilliamBright 413
The Symbols 413
Characteristic features 416
Correspondences 417
Section 38 Malayalam Writing—K.P.Mohanan 420
Section 39 Tamil Writing—SanfordB. Steever 426
Historical background 426
Description 426
Adequacy in representing Tamil phonology 427
Trends 428
Section 40 The Tibetan Script and Derivatives 431
—Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp
Symbols and specific features 432
Subscript Symbols
Prescript Symbols
Superscript Symbols
PostScript symbols
Post postscript symbols
Additional features 435
The Lepcha Script 436
The Phags pa Script 437
Historical background
General characteristics
Geographie distribution
XVI CONTENTS
Part VII Southeast Asian Writing Systems
.1 Introduction—Christopher Court 443
i Section 41 The Spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia 445
—Christopher Court
The beginnings of writing 445
Indigenization of Indian Scripts 446
~^ Section 42 Burmese Writing—Julian K. Wheatley 450
History 450
Symbols 450
General characteristics 451
Pronunciation 454
Miscellaneous signs and modifications 455
Section 43 Thai and Lao Writing—Anthony Diller 457
Development 458
Consonant symbols 461
Vowel symbols 462
Tone rules 464
Numerais and other symbols 465
Section 44 Khmer Writing—Eric Schiller 467
The symbols 467
Consonants
Vowels
Clusters
Special cases
Correspondences 470
Punctuation and numerals 472
Section 45 Insular Southeast Asian Scripts 474
—Joel C. Kuipers and Ray McDermott
Structure and historical continuity: The Holle Charts 474
Cultural uses of the writing Systems of Insular
Southeast Asia 477
Sumatra: Batak
Sumatra: Rejang
Java and Bali
South Sulawesi: Buginese and Makasarese
An arresting case: The Hanunöo of Mindoro, Philippines 481
r
CONTENTS XVÜ
I , Part VIII Middle Eastern Writing Systems
Introduction—Peter T. Daniels 485
Section 46 The Jewish Scripts—RichardL Goerwitz 487
From Phoenician to Aramaic to Jewish Script 487
From consonants to vowels 489
u ^ Codification of the medieval script 494
Section 47 Aramaic Scripts for Aramaic Languages 499
—Peter T. Daniels
Classical Syriac 499
Three kinds of consonants
Diacritical points
Modern Aramaic—Robert D. Hoberman 504
Letters and obligatory diacritics
Optional diacritics
Other Scripts
Mandaic—Peter T. Daniels 511
Section 48 Aramaic Scripts for Iranian Languages 515
—P. Oktor Skjcerv0
Orthographie principles 515
Transliteration
Use of Aramaic letters
Developments from Imperial Aramaic 516
Heterograms (ideograms)
Phonetic complements
Archaizing or pseudo historical orthography
Book Pahlavi Script
The Avestan aiphabet
Sogdian script
¦ Developments from Estrangelo Syriac 530
^_i___^ Developments from Nestorian Syriac 533
Section 49 Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages—GyörgyKam 536
The runiform aiphabet of the ancient furks ~ 536
The Uyghur aiphabet 539
The Manichean script of the Uyghurs 542
The Mongolian script 545
The Clear script 548
The Manchu aiphabet 550
The Buryat aiphabet 554
Cyrillic script 556
Ãœi CONTENTS
r
Section 50 I ArabicWriting—Thomas Bauer 559
Basic characters 561
Morphophonemic representation 561
/ Optional signs 562
f The effects of defectiveness 563
Dhivehi Writing—James W. Gair and Bruce D. Cain 564
The symbols 565
Section 51 [ Ethiopic Writing—Getatchew Haue 569
~~~~ ~~ Consonants 569
, / Characters
Vowels 571
Vowel signs
Characters or diagrams 574
Numerais 574
, Writing Ethiopic 575
Part IX Scripts Invented in Modern Times
IntroduCtion—Peter T. Daniels 577
Section 52 The Invention of Writing—Peter T. Daniels 579
Sophisticated grammatogenies 579
The Pollard Script
The Fräser Script
Fictional Scripts
Unsophisticated grammatogenies 583
The Bamum Script
The Alaska Script
The Ndjuka Script
The Caroline Islands Script
rv The origin of writing 585
Cherokee Writing—Janine Scancarelli 587
The characters of the Cherokee syllabary
and their arrangement 587
The appearance of written Cherokee 589
The sound and spelling of Cherokee 590
Uses of the syllabary 591
CONTENTS Xix
Section 54 Scripts Of West AMca—John Victor Singler 593
The N ko aiphabet 593
Vai script 593
Orthographie principles
The characters
Section 55 The Cree Syllabary—JohnD. Nichols 599
Algonquian syllabaries 599
Characteristic features
A Scripts for Inuit (Eskimo) languages 607
l Syllabics for Sub Arctic Athabaskan languages 610
Section 56 Scripts for Munda Languages—Norman Zide 612
Sorang Sompeng 612
OICemet 614
Ho 616
Section 57 The Pahawh Hmong Script—Martha Ratüff 619
Features of the System 619
The Symbols 621
Use 623
Part X Use and Adaptation of Scripts
IntrodllCtion—Peter T. Daniels 625
Section 58 A Functional Classification—John Mountford 627
V——. Functional kinds of writing System 627
General purpose versus special purpose writing Systems 629
Terminology 629
The composition of writing Systems in relation 630
to funetion
Multiplicity of writing Systems 630
More functional kinds? 631
Conclusion 631
XX CONTENTS
Section 59 Adaptations of the Roman Alphabet 633
Romance languages—Edward Tuttle 633
Transition from Latin to early Romance
Lineal descent and internal realignment
Treatment of empty vestiges
Graphemes from external sources
Abbreviations as diacritics
Collateral extension of the foregoing sources
Orthographie reforms
Rumanian
Contemporary orthography
Germanic languages—Wayne M. Senner 642
German
Dutch and Afrikaans
Scandinavian languages
English—Peter T. Daniels
Celtic languages—Damian McManus 655
Irish
Welsh—Eric P Hamp
Languages of Eastern and Southern Europe 663
—Bernard Comrie
Baltic and Slavic
Albanian
Uralic languages
Turkish
Basque
Maltese
African languages—John Bendor Samuel 689
Problems in adapting consonants
p^ Problems in adapting vowels
Vietnamese—Nguyin Dinh Hoä 691
Letters of the aiphabet
Section 6o Adaptations of the Cyrillic Alphabet—Bernard Comrie 700
Slavic languages 700
Non Slavic languages 707
Representation of vowels
Representation of palatalization
Representation of consonants
Representation of prosodic phenomena
Letter names and alphabetical order
r CONTENTS XXi
Section 61 Adaptations Of Hebrew Script—Benjamin Hary 727
Jewish languages or ethnolects 727
Judeo Arabic 728
Arabicized orthography
Phonetic orthography
Hebraized orthography
V^ Judeo Spanish (Ladino) 734
Yiddish—Howard I. Aronson 735
Standard orthographies
Variant orthographies
Vowel representation
Consonant representation
L Special spellings
Section 62 Adaptations of Arabic Script—Alan s. Kaye 743
Spread of Arabic Script 743
Minor adaptations of the Arabic Script 744
The Malagasy Script
The Yezidi cryptic Script
General characteristics of Arabic based writing Systems 745
Scripts of Islamic literary languages 746
Persian
Kurdish
Pashto
Kashmiri
Urdu
Sindhi
Ottoman Turkish
Uyghur
Malay
Part XI Sociolinguistics and Scripts
Introduction—William Bright 763
Section 63 Germany: Script and Politics—Gerhard Äugst 765
Section 64 Serbo Croatian: A Biscriptal Language 769
—Laurie Beth Feldman and Dragana Barac Cikoja
Section 65 South Asia: Coexistence of Scripts—Colin p. Maska 113
Section 66 Christian Missionary Activities—Allan Gieason 111
:XÜ CONTENTS
Section 67 Script Reform in and after the Soviet Union 781
—Bernard Comrie
Script replacement 781
Intra script reform 783
Post Soviet developments 783
Part XII Secondary Notation Systems
Introduction—Peter T. Daniels 785
Section 68 The Alphabet as a Technology—M. O Connor 787
How do people learn how to write? 787
The order of the aiphabet 788
Letter names 790
Elements of writing Systems used for various purposes 791
Section 69 Numerical Notation—John Sören Pettersson 795
Forerunners of numerical notation 795
Ancient Near East 798
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Linear A and B
Northwest Semitic
South and East Asia 801
Indus Script
China
Classical Greece and Rome 803
Greece
Rome
0 9 804
Further reading 805
Section 70 Shorthand—Peter T.Daniels 807
Historical survey 807
Classical era
Renaissance
Modern
Typology 815
Logographic
Alphabetic
Phonotypic
CONTENTS XXÃœi
Section 71 PhoneÜC Notation—Michael K. C. MacMahon 821
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 821
The structure of the International Phonetic Alphabet
Consonant and vowel sounds
Prosodic features
Extensions to the IPA
Using IPA notations
Different IPA alphabets
Other alphabetic notations 831
Iconic notation 838
Linear and parametric notations 841
Analphabetic notation 842
Summary 844
Section 72 MuSlC Notation—James D. McCawley 847
Pitch 847
Duration 848
Dynamics and articulation 851
Structure 852
Modifications 853
Section 73 Movement Notation Systems—Brenda Fameü 855
Historical developments in Europe 855
The emergence of general movement Scripts 864
Problems in the transcription of human movement 868
Body
Space
Time
Additional dynamics
Relationships
Reading the action
Part XIII Imprinting and Printing
Introduction—Peter T. Daniels 881
Section 74 Analog and Digital Writing—Peter T. Daniels 883
Dichotomy 883
History 884
People 886
Machines 887
Consequences 890
T„,W 893
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130404349 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010715468 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | P211 |
| callnumber-raw | P211.W714 1996 |
| callnumber-search | P211.W714 1996 |
| callnumber-sort | P 3211 W714 41996 |
| callnumber-subject | P - Philology and Linguistics |
| classification_rvk | AM 12700 ER 745 ER 751 ER 975 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)832565390 (DE-599)BVBBV010715468 |
| dewey-full | 41120 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 411 - Writing systems |
| dewey-raw | 411 20 |
| dewey-search | 411 20 |
| dewey-sort | 3411 220 |
| dewey-tens | 410 - Linguistics |
| discipline | Allgemeines Sprachwissenschaft Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4066724-8 Wörterbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Wörterbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV010715468 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:57:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0195079930 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007155157 |
| oclc_num | 832565390 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-20 DE-824 DE-521 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-20 DE-824 DE-521 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XLV, 922 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Notenbeisp. |
| psigel | gbd_dub |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | The world's writing systems ed. by Peter T. Daniels ... New York [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 1996 XLV, 922 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Notenbeisp. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Writing Alphabet Graphemics Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Schrift (DE-588)4053297-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4066724-8 Wörterbuch gnd-content Schrift (DE-588)4053297-5 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 DE-188 Daniels, Peter T. 1951- Sonstige (DE-588)130404349 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007155157&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The world's writing systems Writing Alphabet Graphemics Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Schrift (DE-588)4053297-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4053297-5 (DE-588)4066724-8 |
| title | The world's writing systems |
| title_auth | The world's writing systems |
| title_exact_search | The world's writing systems |
| title_full | The world's writing systems ed. by Peter T. Daniels ... |
| title_fullStr | The world's writing systems ed. by Peter T. Daniels ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The world's writing systems ed. by Peter T. Daniels ... |
| title_short | The world's writing systems |
| title_sort | the world s writing systems |
| topic | Writing Alphabet Graphemics Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Schrift (DE-588)4053297-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Writing Alphabet Graphemics Geschichte Schrift Wörterbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007155157&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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