Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA: proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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San Francisco, CA
Astronomical Soc. of the Pacific
1995
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| Schriftenreihe: | Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series
82 National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop 22 |
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| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 452 S. graph. Darst. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA |b proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 |c ed. by J. A. Zensus ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a San Francisco, CA |b Astronomical Soc. of the Pacific |c 1995 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series |v 82 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop |v 22 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Astronomie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Interferometrie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Interférométrie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Interférométrie à très grande base |2 obspm | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Interférométrie à très grandes bases |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Radio interferometers - Congresses | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Radio interféromètre |2 obspm | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Very Long Baseline Array - Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Very long baseline interferometry - Congresses | |
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| adam_text | ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES VOLUME 82 VERY
LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY AND THE VLBA PROCEEDINGS OF A SUMMER SCHOOL
HELD IN SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO 23-30 JUNE 1993 NRAO WORKSHOP NO. 22 EDITED
BY J. A. ZENSUS, P. J. DIAMOND, AND P. J. NAPIER VLL VERY LONG BASELINE
INTERFEROMETRY AND THE VLBA ASP CONFERENCE SERIES, VOL. 82, 1995 J. A.
ZENSUS, P. J. DIAMOND, AND P. J. NAPIER (EDS.) CONTENTS FIGURES XXI
TABLES XXV PREFACE XXVII DEDICATION XXIX CONTRIBUTORS XXXI I BASIC
THEORY 1 1 THEORY 3 B. G. CLARK 1.1 INTRODUCTION*BASIS AND TEXTBOOKS 3
1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 4 1.3 THE SPATIAL COHERENCE FUNCTION OF THE
FIELD 5 1.4 SYNTHESIS IMAGING 6 1.5 SPECTROSCOPY 8 1.6 POLARIZATION
IMAGING 9 1.7 DESIGN OF RADIO INTERFEROMETERS 10 1.8 ELEMENT GAIN 12 1.9
CALIBRATING ELEMENT GAINS 13 1.10 LIVING WITH UNCALIBRATED GAINS 14 1.11
CONCLUSION 16 2 THEORY OF CORRELATION 17 J. D. ROMNEY 2.1 INTRODUCTION
18 2.2 INTERFACES 18 2.3 BACKGROUND 19 2.3.1 CORRELATION AND COHERENCE
19 2.3.2 VLBI OBSERVATIONS 21 2.4 THE CORRELATOR FRONTEND 22 2.4.1 DELAY
COMPENSATION 23 2.4.2 PHASE COMPENSATION 23 2.5 THE LAG CORRELATOR 23
2.5.1 FRACTIONAL-SAMPLE DELAY 25 IX CONTENTS 2.5.2 PHASE ROTATOR
IMPLEMENTATION 26 2.5.3 SPECTRAL RESPONSE 27 2.6 THE FX CORRELATOR 27
2.6.1 FRACTIONAL-SAMPLE DELAY 29 2.6.2 PHASE ROTATOR IMPLEMENTATION 29
2.6.3 SPECTRAL RESPONSE 30 2.6.4 SEGMENTATION 31 2.6.5 MISCELLANEOUS FX
TOPICS 33 2.7 FX AND LAG CORRELATOR INTERCOMPARISON 34 2.7.1 COST 35
2.7.2 SUMMARY OF OTHER ADVANTAGES 36 IMAGING CONCEPTS 39 T. CORNWELL 3.1
INTRODUCTION 39 3.2 FOURIER INVERSION: THEORY 40 3.3 THE PROBLEM WITH
/^-SIDELOBES 41 3.4 COMPUTATION 42 3.4.1 THE CONVOLUTION EQUATION 44
3.4.2 THE CLEAN ALGORITHM 45 3.4.3 THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY ALGORITHM 46 3.5
COMPARISON OF THE CLEAN AND MEM ALGORITHMS 47 3.5.1 NON-NEGATIVE
LEAST-SQUARES 49 3.6 ORIGIN OF PHASE ERRORS 50 3.7 PHASE CLOSURE 51 3.8
SELF-CALIBRATION 53 3.9 COMPARISON OF PHASE CLOSURE AND SELF-CALIBRATION
54 II THE VERY LONG BASELINE ARRAY 57 4 VLBA DESIGN 59 P. J. NAPIER 4.1
INTRODUCTION 59 4.2 VLBA DESIGN GOALS 60 4.2.1 IMAGING WITH HIGH
RESOLUTION AND HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE . 60 4.2.2 HIGH SENSITIVITY 62 4.2.3
SPECTRAL COVERAGE FROM 300 MHZ TO 45 GHZ 62 4.2.4 SPECTRAL LINE IMAGING
CAPABILITY 63 4.2.5 SUPPORT OF RESEARCH IN GEODESY AND ASTROMETRY 63
4.2.6 USER-FRIENDLY AND RELIABLE OPERATION 64 4.2.7 FULL-TIME OPERATION
WITH LOW DOWN TIME 64 4.2.8 COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER VLBI ANTENNAS 65
4.3 ANTENNAS, OPTICS, AND FEEDS 66 CONTENTS . XI 4.3.1 VLBA SITES 66
4.3.2 ANTENNAS 67 4.3.3 FEED SYSTEM 68 4.4 CONCLUSION 72 5 VLBA: ANTENNA
TO DATA FORMATTER 73 A. R. THOMPSON 5.1 INTRODUCTION 73 5.2 FEEDS AND
POLARIZERS 75 5.3 SIMULTANEOUS, MULTI-FREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS 76 5.4
FRONT ENDS FOR BANDS BELOW 1 GHZ 76 5.5 FRONT ENDS FOR BANDS ABOVE 1 GHZ
77 5.6 IF AND BASEBAND SIGNALS IN THE STATION BUILDING 80 5.7 DIGITAL
SAMPLING 82 5.8 LOCAL OSCILLATOR AND TIMING SYSTEM 83 5.9 CALIBRATION
SYSTEM 87 5.10 STABILITY AND ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS 88 5.11 OBSERVING
BANDS AND RADIO INTERFERENCE 90 6 VLBA: FORMATTER TO TAPE 93 A. E. E. R.
ROGERS 6.1 INTRODUCTION 94 6.1.1 WHY MAGNETIC TAPE? 94 6.1.2 VLBI
RECORDING SYSTEMS 94 6.2 THE VLBA DATA FORMAT 97 6.2.1 LONGITUDINAL
FORMAT 97 6.2.2 TRANSVERSE TRACK FORMAT 98 6.2.3 DATA AND NON-DATA
REPLACEMENT 98 6.2.4 TRACK WIDTH AND TRACK STRUCTURE 98 6.3 THE VLBA
FORMATTER 99 6.3.1 DIGITAL SWITCH BOARD 100 6.3.2 HEADER CONTROL BOARD
101 6.3.3 TRANSPORT DRIVER BOARD 101 6.3.4 TIMING AND CONTROL BOARD 102
6.3.5 DATA BUFFER BOARD 102 6.3.6 QUALITY ANALYSIS BOARD 102 6.4
MAGNETIC RECORDING FUNDAMENTALS 103 6.4.1 RECORDING LOSSES 103 6.4.2
WAVELENGTH RESPONSE 104 6.4.3 HEAD-TO-TAPE CONTACT AND TRIBOLOGY 104 6.5
THE VLBA RECORDER 105 6.5.1 THE TAPE TRANSPORT 105 6.5.2 THE HEADSTACK
105 6.5.3 THE HEADSTACK POSITIONER 106 XII CONTENTS 6.5.4 CONTROL
ELECTRONICS 106 6.5.5 SIGNAL ELECTRONICS AND EYE PATTERN 107 6.6
RECORDER CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITATIONS 108 6.6.1 ERROR RATE VERSUS BIT
DENSITY 108 6.6.2 TAPE THICKNESS-INTERCHANGE 108 6.6.3 HEAD FLYING 109
6.6.4 OVERWRITE 109 6.6.5 TRACKING ERRORS 109 6.6.6 HEADLIFE AND
HUMIDITY 110 6.6.7 THIN TAPE AND EDGE DAMAGE BY FRICTIONAL HEATING ...
ILL 6.6.8 TAPE REEL AND SHIPPING CANISTER ILL 6.7 FUTURE VLBI RECORDING
SYSTEMS 112 6.7.1 EXPANSION PATHS FOR THE VLBA FORMATTER 112 6.7.2
RECORDER IMPROVEMENTS 112 6.7.2.1 THINNER TAPE 112 6.7.2.2 HIGHER DATA
RATES 113 6.7.2.3 NEXT GENERATION OF HEADS 113 6.7.3 MARK IV 113 6.8
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSFONS 113 7 THE VLBA CORRELATOR 117 J. M. BENSON 7.1
INTRODUCTION 117 7.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATION AND HISTORY 118 7.3 TECHNICAL
DESCRIPTION 119 7.3.1 THE PLAYBACK INTERFACE 121 7.3.1.1 THE TRACK
RECOVERY CARD 121 7.3.1.2 THE DEFORMATTER 121 7.3.2 THE CROSS-BAR SWITCH
122 7.3.3 THE FFT ENGINES 123 7.3.4 THE CROSS-MULTIPLIERS 126 7.3.5 THE
CORRELATOR BACKEND 126 7.4 THE CORRELATOR COMPUTERS AND SOFTWARE 127
7.4.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE 127 7.4.1.1 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 127
7.4.1.2 CORRELATOR JOB SCHEDULING 128 7.4.1.3 DATA ARCHIVING AND
DISTRIBUTION 128 7.5 THE CORRELATOR MODEL 128 7.5.1 MODEL CALCULATION
129 7.5.2 THE MODEL DISTRIBUTION 129 7.5.3 MODEL ACCOUNTABILITY 130
7.5.4 THE PULSAR GATE 130 CONTENTS XIII WHAT THE VLBA CAN DO FOR YOU 133
R. C. WALKER 8.1 BASIC CAPABILITIES OF THE VLBA 133 8.1.1 SPECIAL
CAPABILITIES FOR IMAGING 135 8.1.2 SPECIAL CAPABILITIES FOR GEODESY AND
ASTROMETRY 137 8.1.3 OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES OF THE VLBA 138 8.2
FREQUENCY COVERAGE 138 8.2.1 FREQUENCY RESOLUTION 140 8.3 (U, V)
COVERAGE AND RESOLUTION 140 8.4 SENSITIVITY 145 8.4.1 SYSTEM TEMPERATURE
AND ANTENNA TEMPERATURE 145 8.4.2 SENSITIVITY OF A SINGLE-BASELINE
INTERFEROMETER 147 8.4.3 INSTRUMENTAL LOSSES 149 8.4.4 IMAGE SENSITIVITY
152 8.5 IMAGE QUALITY AND DYNAMIC RANGE 154 8.5.1 SAMPLE VLBA IMAGES 156
III VLBI DATA ANALYSIS 159 9 CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES FOR VLBI 161 J. M.
MORAN AND V. DHAWAN 9.1 INTRODUCTION 161 9.2 DELAY CALIBRATION 165 9.3
FRINGE-RATE CALIBRATION 165 9.4 AMPLITUDE CALIBRATION 166 9.4.1 ANTENNA
CALIBRATION 166 9.4.2 ATMOSPHERIC OPACITY 168 9.5 PHASE CALIBRATION 173
9.6 COHERENT AND INCOHERENT AVERAGING 173 9.6.1 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON
PHASE AND DELAY 178 9.7 PHASED ARRAYS AS VLBI ELEMENTS 181 9.8 THE
IMPACT OF CALIBRATION ERRORS IN IMAGES 183 9.9 SUMMARY 186 10 FRINGE
FITTING 189 W. D. COTTON 10.1 FRINGE FITTING THEORY 190 10.1.1
CORRELATOR MODEL DELAY ERRORS 190 10.1.2 FRINGE FITTING TECHNIQUES 191
10.1.2.1 BASELINE 191 10.1.2.2 BASELINE WITH CLOSURE CONSTRAINTS 191
10.1.2.3 GLOBAL 192 10.1.3 SOLUTION INTERVAL 192 XIV CONTENTS 10.1.4
CALIBRATION SOURCES 193 10.1.5 SOURCE STRUCTURE 193 10.1.6 PHASE
REFERENCING 193 10.1.7 MULTI-BAND DATA 194 10.1.7.1 PHASE-CALS 194
10.1.7.2 MULTI- VS. SINGLE-BAND DELAY 194 10.1.7.3 SIDEBANDS 195 10.1.8
FILTERING 195 10.1.8.1 ESTABLISHING A COMMON REFERENCE ANTENNA . . . 195
10.1.8.2 SMOOTHING AND INTERPOLATING SOLUTIONS 195 10.1.9 BANDWIDTH
SYNTHESIS 196 LO.L.LOWEIGHTS 196 10.1.11 POLARIZATION 197 10.2 FRINGE
FITTING PRACTICE 197 10.2.1 PHASE SLOPES IN TIME AND FREQUENCY 197
10.2.2 PHASE-CALS 198 10.2.3 SIDEBANDS 199 10.2.4 DELAY AND RATE FITS
199 10.2.4.1 SIGNAL-TG-NOISE RATIOS 199 10.2.4.2 DELAY AND RATE WINDOWS
200 10.2.4.3 DETAILS OF GLOBAL FRINGE FITTING 200 10.2.4.4 MULTI- AND
SINGLE-BAND DELAYS 202 10.2.4.5 PHASE-CAL ERRORS 203 10.2.5 CALIBRATOR
SOURCES 203 10.2.6 SOLUTION INTERVAL 204 10.2.7 WEIGHTS 204 10.2.8
SOURCE MODEL 205 10.2.9 SUGGESTED PROCEDURE 205 10.3 BANDWIDTH SYNTHESIS
207 11 SPECTRAL-LINE VLBI 209 MARK J. REID 11.1 SPECTRAL LINE VLBI
SOURCES 209 11.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 210 11.3 SPECTRAL-LINE CALIBRATION 214
11.3.1 INSTRUMENTAL PARAMETERS 214 11.3.2 DOPPLER TRACKING 215 11.3.3
TRANSFORMING FROM DELAYS TO FREQUENCIES 216 11.3.4 SPECTRAL LINE
AMPLITUDE CALIBRATION 217 11.3.5 CLOCK AND COORDINATE CORRECTIONS 219
11.3.6 ELECTRONIC PHASE SHIFTS 220 11.3.7 PHASE REFERENCING 221 11.4
FRINGE-RATE MAPPING 223 CONTENTS XV 12 VLBI DATA REDUCTION IN PRACTICE
227 P. J. DIAMOND 12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 227 12.2 CALIBRATION
PHILOSOPHY 228 12.3 AIPS CALIBRATION TABLES AND DATA STRUCTURE 228 12.4
THE DATA PROCESSING PATH 230 12.4.1 READING THE DATA 230 12.4.2 DATA
EXAMINATION 231 12.4.3 LINING UP THE PHASES 234 12.4.4 BANDPASS
CALIBRATION 235 12.4.5 AMPLITUDE CALIBRATION 236 12.4.6 FRINGE FITTING
239 12.4.7 THE FINAL PRODUCT 245 12.5 CONCLUSION 245 13 PRACTICAL VLBI
IMAGING 247 R. C. WALKER 13.1 INTRODUCTION 247 13.2 EDITING AND
CALIBRATION 249 13.3 CONTROLLING THE HYBRID MAPPING 251 13.3.1
SELF-CALIBRATION SOLUTION MODE 253 13.3.2 WINDOWING 253 13.3.3 WEIGHTS
254 13.3.4 (U,V) RANGES AND TAPERS 255 13.3.5 NATURAL VS. UNIFORM
WEIGHTING 256 13.3.6 CELL SIZE AND IMAGE SIZE 256 13.3.7 CLEAN
COMPONENTS 257 13.3.8 SELF-CALIBRATION PARAMETERS 258 13.3.9 IMAGING
PARAMETERS 259 13.3.10ANTENNA SUBSETS 260 13.4 AN EXAMPLE 260 13.5
DIFFERENCE MAPPING 264 13.6 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES 265 14 NON-IMAGING DATA
ANALYSIS 267 T. J. PEARSON 14.1 INTRODUCTION 268 14.2 VISIBILITY DATA
268 14.2.1 SAMPLING 268 14.2.2 CLOSURE QUANTITIES 269 14.2.3 NON-FOURIER
IMAGING 270 14.2.4 NOISE 270 14.3 MODEL FITTING 270 14.3.1 IMAGING AS AN
INVERSE PROCESS 270 XVI CONTENTS 14.3.2 USES OF MODEL FITTING 271 14.4
PRACTICAL MODEL FITTING 272 14.4.1 SIMPLE MODELS 272 14.4.2 INSPECTING
VISIBILITY DATA 275 14.4.3 PROGRAMS FOR MODEL FITTING 275 14.5
LEAST-SQUARES FITTING ALGORITHMS 277 14.5.1 NON-LINEAR LEAST SQUARES
ALGORITHMS 280 14.5.2 ERROR ESTIMATION 281 14.6 COMPARISON OF
OBSERVATIONS 282 A PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 284 A.I ADDITION
THEOREM 285 A.2 CONVOLUTION 285 A.3 SHIFT THEOREM 285 A.4 SIMILARITY
THEOREM 285 B SIMPLE MODELS 285 B.I DELTA FUNCTION (POINT SOURCE) 285
B.2 GAUSSIAN 286 B.3 UNIFORMLY BRIGHT DISK 286 B.4 OPTICALLY THIN SPHERE
286 B.5 RING . 286 IV ADVANCED VLBI TOPICS 287 15 POLARIMETRY 289 W. D.
COTTON 15.1 INTRODUCTION 290 15.2 INSTRUMENTAL RESPONSE 290 15.2.1
INTERACTION WITH TOTAL INTENSITY CALIBRATION 291 15.2.1.1 PHASE 292
15.2.1.2 DELAYS AND RATES 292 15.2.2 ELLIPTICITY-ORIENTATION MODEL 293
15.2.3 LEAKAGE-TERM MODEL 294 15.2.4 POLARIZATION ANGLE 295 15.3 PHASE
CALIBRATION 295 15.3.1 LINEARLY POLARIZED FEEDS 295 15.3.2 CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED FEEDS 295 15.3.3 PHASE REREFERENCING 296 15.3.4 PHASE-CALS 296
15.3.5 FRINGE FITTING 297 15.3.5.1 PARALLEL-HAND FRINGE FITS 297
15.3.5.2 RIGHT-LEFT DELAY CALIBRATION 297 15.3.6 RIGHT-LEFT COHERENCE
298 15.3.7 IONOSPHERIC FARADAY ROTATION 299 CONTENTS XVII 15.3.7.1
EXTERNAL FARADAY ROTATION CALIBRATION 299 15.3.7.2 FARADAY
SELF-CALIBRATION 299 15.4 INSTRUMENTAL POLARIZATION CALIBRATION 300
15.4.1 CALIBRATOR POLARIZATION MODEL 301 15.4.2 FITTING A FEED MODEL 302
15.4.3 ITERATIVE CALIBRATION 302 15.5 POLARIZATION ANGLE CALIBRATION 302
15.5.1 UNRESOLVED CALIBRATOR 303 15.5.2 RESOLVED CALIBRATOR 303 15.6
IMAGING 303 15.6.1 ASYMMETRIC (U, V) COVERAGE 304 15.6.2 COMPLEX
DECONVOLUTION 304 15.7 SPECTRO-POLARIMETRY 304 15.8 SUGGESTED PROCEDURE
306 16 MULTI-FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS 309 J. E. CONWAY AND R. J. SAULT 16.1
INTRODUCTION 310 16.2 IMAGE FIDELITY 310 16.3 MULTI-FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS
310 16.4 SPECTRAL EFFECTS 312 16.4.1 THE SPECTRAL EXPANSION 312 16.4.2
SPECTRAL DIRTY BEAMS 313 16.4.3 FIRST ORDER SPECTRAL ERRORS 313 16.4.4
SECOND ORDER SPECTRAL ERRORS 315 16.5 THE MFS DECONVOLUTION PROBLEM 317
16.5.1 NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 317 16.5.2 MAP AND STACK 318 16.5.3 DIRECT
ASSAULT 318 16.5.4 DATA WEIGHTING METHODS 318 16.5.5 DOUBLE
DECONVOLUTION 319 16.5.6 THE SAULT ALGORITHM 321 16.6 MULTI-FREQUENCY
SELF-CALIBRATION 322 16.7 PRACTICAL MFS 323 16.8 CONCLUSIONS 324 17 VLBI
PHASE-REFERENCING 327 A. J. BEASLEY AND J. E. CONWAY 17.1 VLBI PHASE
ERRORS 328 17.1.1 GEOMETRIC ERRORS 328 17.1.2 INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS 330
17.1.3 NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE EFFECTS 330 17.1.4 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 331
17.2 PHASE-REFERENCING 333 XVIII CONTENTS 17.3 IMAGING 336 17.3.1
RESIDUAL PHASE ERRORS 336 17.3.2 A PRIORI PHASE CALIBRATION 336 17.3.3
TEMPORAL PHASE VARIATIONS AND SWITCHING TIME 336 17.3.4 ANGULAR PHASE
VARIATIONS AND SWITCHING ANGLE 337 17.3.5 CALIBRATOR POSITION ERRORS 338
17.3.6 HYBRID SELF-CALIBRATION IMAGING 339 17.4 RELATIVE ASTROMETRY 340
17.5 PROSPECTS FOR PHASE-REFERENCING 340 17.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
341 18 GEODESY 345 D. B. SHAFFER 18.1 A BIT OF HISTORY 345 18.2 SIZE OF
GEODETIC AND ASTROMETRIC EFFECTS 346 18.3 PHASE AND GROUP DELAYS 347
18.4 OBSERVING TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS 351 18.5 ANALYSIS 355 18.6
RESULTS 360 18.7 LITERATURE 360 19 ASTROMETRY 363 E. FOMALONT 19.1
TYPES OF ASTROMETRY 364 19.1.1 ABSOLUTE ASTROMETRY 364 19.1.2 RELATIVE
ASTROMETRY 365 19.2 THE BASIC ARRAY MEASUREMENT 365 19.2.1 THE TOTAL
PHASE DELAY 365 19.2.2 THE MODEL PHASE DELAY 366 19.2.3 PHASE (LOBE)
AMBIGUITIES 367 19.3 ABSOLUTE ASTROMETRY 368 19.3.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL
ASTROMETRIC EQUATION 369 19.3.2 MULTI-ELEMENT ARRAYS 371 19.3.3 COMMON
NON-DISPERSIVE PHASE-DELAY TERMS 371 19.3.3.1 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION
372 19.3.3.2 CLOCK ERRORS 373 19.3.3.3 INSTRUMENTAL PATH LENGTHS 373
19.3.4 COMMON DISPERSIVE PHASE DELAY TERMS 373 19.3.4.1 IONOSPHERIC
PHASE DELAY 373 19.3.4.2 VISIBILITY PHASE 374 19.3.4.3 PHASE CHANGES 374
19.3.5 MULTI-FREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS 374 19.3.6 REFERENCE FRAMES AND THE
MOTION OF THE EARTH 375 19.3.6.1 CELESTIAL COORDINATE FRAME 375 CONTENTS
XIX 19.3.6.2 TERRESTRIAL COORDINATE FRAME 376 19.3.6.3 EARTH ORIENTATION
376 19.3.6.4 POLAR MOTION 376 19.3.6.5 TIME AND EARTH ROTATION 377
19.3.6.6 PLATE TECTONICS 377 19.3.6.7 EARTH ORBITAL PARAMETERS 377 19.4
VLBI OBSERVATIONS 378 19.4.1 PHASE DERIVATIVES WITH TIME AND FREQUENCY
378 19.4.2 SOLUTION USING THE PHASE RATE 379 19.4.3 SOLUTION USING THE
GROUP DELAY 380 19.4.4 MEASURING THE GROUP DELAY 380 19.4.5 MEASURING
THE IONOSPHERE DELAY 382 19.4.6 RELATIVE ACCURACIES OF PHASES AND DELAYS
383 19.4.7 ANALYZING VLBI DATA: SOLVE 384 19.5 RELATIVE ASTROMETRY 388
19.5.1 NODDING OBSERVATIONS 388 19.5.2 GROUPS OF CALIBRATORS 390 19.6
NODDING ERRORS AND SUPPORTIVE ASTROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS . . . . 391 19.7
SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS OF SOURCE AND CALIBRATORS 391 V OTHER NETWORKS
AND GLOBAL VLBI 395 20 EVN AND GLOBAL VLBI 397 R. T. SCHILIZZI 20.1
INTRODUCTION 397 20.2 THE WORLD OF VLBI 398 20.3 THE EUROPEAN VLBI
NETWORK 399 20.4 (U, V) COVERAGE FOR THE EVN ALONE 400 20.5 (U, V)
COVERAGE FOR THE EVN+VLBA 401 20.6 EVN SENSITIVITY 401 20.6.1 CURRENT
PERFORMANCE . 401 20.6.2 EXPECTED PERFORMANCE BY 1997 401 20.7 EVN
UPGRADE 404 20.7.1 DATA PROCESSOR 406 20.7.2 CORRELATOR 406 20.7.3 USER
AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT 407 20.8 THE ASIA-PACIFIC TELESCOPE 407 20.9 FINAL
REMARKS 408 XX CONTENTS VI PLANNING A VLBI OBSERVATION 409 21 VLBI
OBSERVING STRATEGIES 411 J. M. WROBEL 21.1 SELECT A TARGET 411 21.2
DESIRED ANGULAR RESOLUTION 412 21.3 DESIRED LARGEST ANGULAR SCALE 413
21.4 DESIRED OBSERVING FREQUENCY 413 21.5 DESIRED STOKES PARAMETERS 416
21.6 DESIRED RECORDED BANDWIDTH 416 21.7 SELECT AND EVALUATE A TRIAL
VLBI ARRAY 417 21.7.1 SPECIAL NEEDS EVALUATION 418 21.7.2 GEOMETRIC
EVALUATION 418 21.7.3 BASELINE SENSITIVITY EVALUATION 419 21.7 .4 IMAGE
SENSITIVITY EVALUATION 421 21.7.5 FIELD-OF-VIEW EVALUATION 422 21.8
OPTIMAL TIMES, SEASONS, OR YEARS TO OBSERVE? 424 21.9 SUBMIT AN
OBSERVING PROPOSAL 424 21.10MAKE ANTENNA AND TAPE CONTROL SCHEDULE FILES
424 21.11CORRELATOR TOLERANCE ON» TARGET POSITIONAL ERRORS 425
ABBREVIATIONS 429 BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 INDEX 442 COLOPHON 453
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| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1993 Socorro NM gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 1993 Socorro NM |
| id | DE-604.BV010556584 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:55:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007037306 |
| oclc_num | 33000515 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XXXII, 452 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Astronomical Soc. of the Pacific |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop |
| series2 | Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop |
| spelling | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 ed. by J. A. Zensus ... San Francisco, CA Astronomical Soc. of the Pacific 1995 XXXII, 452 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series 82 National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop 22 VLBA ram Astronomie Interferometrie gtt Interférométrie Interférométrie à très grande base obspm Interférométrie à très grandes bases ram Radio interferometers - Congresses Radio interféromètre obspm Very Long Baseline Array - Congresses Very long baseline interferometry - Congresses Radio interferometers Congresses Very Long Baseline Array (Telescopes) Congresses Very long baseline interferometry Congresses VLBI (DE-588)4276413-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1993 Socorro NM gnd-content VLBI (DE-588)4276413-0 s DE-604 Zensus, J. A. Sonstige oth Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series 82 (DE-604)BV002842474 82 National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop 22 (DE-604)BV004224185 22 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007037306&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series National Radio Astronomy Observatory <Green Bank, W Va.>: NRAO workshop VLBA ram Astronomie Interferometrie gtt Interférométrie Interférométrie à très grande base obspm Interférométrie à très grandes bases ram Radio interferometers - Congresses Radio interféromètre obspm Very Long Baseline Array - Congresses Very long baseline interferometry - Congresses Radio interferometers Congresses Very Long Baseline Array (Telescopes) Congresses Very long baseline interferometry Congresses VLBI (DE-588)4276413-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4276413-0 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 |
| title_auth | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 |
| title_exact_search | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 |
| title_full | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 ed. by J. A. Zensus ... |
| title_fullStr | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 ed. by J. A. Zensus ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 ed. by J. A. Zensus ... |
| title_short | Very long baseline interferometry and the VLBA |
| title_sort | very long baseline interferometry and the vlba proceedings of a summer school held in socorro new mexico 23 30 june 1993 |
| title_sub | proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23 - 30 June 1993 |
| topic | VLBA ram Astronomie Interferometrie gtt Interférométrie Interférométrie à très grande base obspm Interférométrie à très grandes bases ram Radio interferometers - Congresses Radio interféromètre obspm Very Long Baseline Array - Congresses Very long baseline interferometry - Congresses Radio interferometers Congresses Very Long Baseline Array (Telescopes) Congresses Very long baseline interferometry Congresses VLBI (DE-588)4276413-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | VLBA Astronomie Interferometrie Interférométrie Interférométrie à très grande base Interférométrie à très grandes bases Radio interferometers - Congresses Radio interféromètre Very Long Baseline Array - Congresses Very long baseline interferometry - Congresses Radio interferometers Congresses Very Long Baseline Array (Telescopes) Congresses Very long baseline interferometry Congresses VLBI Konferenzschrift 1993 Socorro NM |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007037306&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002842474 (DE-604)BV004224185 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zensusja verylongbaselineinterferometryandthevlbaproceedingsofasummerschoolheldinsocorronewmexico2330june1993 |