Environmental issues of tourism and recreation:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lanham [u.a.]
Univ. Press of America
1995
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 552 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 081919994X 0819199958 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental issues of tourism and recreation |c Zbigniew Mieczkowski |
| 264 | 1 | |a Lanham [u.a.] |b Univ. Press of America |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 552 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Loisirs de plein air - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tourisme - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Outdoor recreation |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tourism |x Environmental aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures ix
Preface xi
Introduction 1
The Nature of Impacts 1
The Three Categories of Impacts 3
Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts 5
Are the Impacts Symmetrical or Asymmetrical? 6
Environmental Impacts of Tourism 7
Chapter 1 Environmental Impacts on Tourism and Tourists 11
1.1 The Importance of Natural Environment for Tourism 11
1.2 Positive Impacts of Natural Environment on Human
Weil Being and Health 13
1.3 Negative Impacts of Natural Environment on Tourists
and Tourism Resources 16
1.4 Natural Disasters 17
1.4.1 Meteorological and Hydrological Disasters 18
1.4.2 Tectonic and Geomorphic Disasters 23
1.4.3 Other Natural Disasters 28
1.5 Natural Factors and Phenomena Hazardous to
the Health and Life of Tourists 30
1.5.1 Hypoxia and Mountain Sickness 30
1.5.2 Weather and Climate, Temperature Extremes 33
1.5.3 Jet Lag 35
1.5.4 Other Natural Hazards 36
1.6 Contact of Tourists with Fauna and Flora 37
1.7 Environmental Diseases 41
1.7.1 Infectious Environmental Diseases 42
1.7.2 Non Infectious Environmental Diseases 48
Chapter 2 External (Nontourist) Human Impacts on
Natural Environment as Part of the Tourism
Product 57
2.1 No Human Impact Scenario 57
2.2 Human Impact Scenario 59
iii
2.3 External Environmental Impacts in the First World 64
2.4 External Environmental Impacts in the Second World 70
2.5 External Environmental Impacts in the Third World 73
2.6 External Human Impacts on Marine Coastal
Ecosystems 77
2.7 Inland Ecosystems 85
2.8 Mountain Ecosystems 91
2.9 Protected Areas and Wilderness 94
2.10 Physical Environments of Large Cities 98
2.11 Conclusions 109
Chapter 3 The Positive Impacts of Tourism and
Recreation on Natural Environment 111
3.1 External Versus Internal Impacts 111
3.2 Tourism—A Theoretically Smokeless Industry 112
3.3 Positive Impacts in the DCs 116
3.4 Positive Impacts in the LDCs 120
3.5 Tourism and Wildlife Policy Issues 126
3.6 Zoos and Saving Wildlife 136
3.7 Display of Aquatic Wildlife 146
3.8 Conclusions 148
Chapter 4 The Negative Impacts of Tourism and
Recreation on Environment: Parameters,
Agents, and Factors of Overdevelopment 149
4.1 Introduction 149
4.2 Environmental Resiliency of Ecosystems 152
4.3 Spatial Requirements of Tourism 154
4.4 Spatial Intensity of Tourism Impacts 158
4.5 Temporal Intensity (Seasonality) of the Impacts 159
4.6 Agents of Impacts: Developers and Governments 160
4.7 The Tourism Industry and Tourists as Agents
of Impacts 163
4.8 Spatial Intensity: Tourism Overdevelopment in
Western Europe 167
4.9 Spatial Intensity: Tourism Overdevelopment in
North America 174
4.10 Spatial Intensity: Tourism Overdevelopment in
the LDCs 177
4.11 The Impact of Tourism on the Physical Aspects of
Cultural Monuments 178
iv
Chapter 5 The Negative Impact of Tourism and
Recreation on Elements of the Environmental
System 185
5.1 Introduction 185
5.2 Air Quality 186
5.3 Noise Pollution 189
5.4 Geology 195
5.5 Soils 196
5.6 Water 200
5.6.1 Quantity of Fresh Water 200
5.6.2 Water Quality 206
5.7 Vegetation 211
5.8 Wildlife 220
5.8.1 Introduction 220
5.8.2 Consumptive Use of Wildlife 221
5.8.2.1 Recreational Hunting 222
5.8.2.2 Harvesting Aquatic Species 232
5.8.2.3 Harvesting and Collecting Souvenirs 235
5.8.3 Nonconsumptive Use of Wildlife 237
5.8.3.1 Disturbance 239
5.8.3.2 Habitat Degradation and Loss 248
Chapter 6 The Negative Impact of Tourism and
Recreation on Ecosystems 253
6.1 Introduction 253
6.2 Coastal Marine Land Ecosystems 255
6.2.1 Introduction 255
6.2.2 Marine Ecosystems 256
6.2.3 Coastal Land Ecosystems 260
6.2.3.1 The Beach and Shoreland 260
6.2.3.2 Coastal Wetlands 266
6.2.3.3 Small Islands 271
6.3 The Freshwater Inland Ecosystems 274
6.3.1 Rivers 274
6.3.2 Lakes and Reservoirs 275
6.3.3 Freshwater Wetlands 279
6.4 Mountain Ecosystems 285
6.4.1 Introduction 285
6.4.2 Development of a Tourism Accommodation
Infrastructure 286
v
6.4.3 Road Transportation Infrastructure 289
6.4.4 Off Road Traffic 291
6.4.5 Hikers, Trekkers, and Mountaineers 292
6.4.6 Winter Recreation 295
6.4.7 Littering 301
6.5 Polar Ecosystems 302
6.5.1 Introduction 302
6.5.2 The Arctic 303
6.5.3 The Antarctic 304
6.6 Deserts 307
Chapter 7 The Issue of Carrying Capacity 309
7.1 Introduction 309
7.2 The Concept of Carrying Capacity 310
7.3 The Ecological Carrying Capacity 314
7.4 The Social Carrying Capacity 320
7.4.1 Carrying Capacity: as Perceived by Recreationists 321
7.4.2 Carrying Capacity: as Perceived by Residents 326
7.5 Recreational Carrying Capacity 328
7.6 Managerial Carrying Capacity 330
7.7 Measuring Managerial Carrying Capacity 333
7.8 Management Strategies and Measures to Modify
Carrying Capacity 335
7.8.1 Modifying the Physical Carrying Capacity 335
7.8.2 Modifying the Ecological and Social Carrying
Capacity 336
7.9 Establishment and Enforcement of Use Limits 338
Chapter 8 The Search for Environmentally Sustainable
Tourism 345
8.1 Introduction 345
8.2 Human Attitudes to Environmental Issues 348
8.3 Education and Promotion of Environmental Ethics 351
8.4 The Role of Research 356
8.5 Environment and Economic Issues: Environmental
Economics 360
8.6 The Role of Governments 367
8.7 International Cooperation 378
8.8 TheRoleofNGOs 383
8.9 The Role of the Private Sector and Consumers (Tourists) 386
8.10 Measures Against External Impacts 390
vi
Chapter 9 Environmental Planning and Management of
Tourism and Recreation 395
9.1 Introduction 395
9.2 Planning Levels 399
9.3 The Planning Process (Stages) 401
9.4 National and Regional Planning 404
9.4.1 Introduction 404
9.4.2 Concentration or Dispersal? 406
9.4.3 Small Islands 410
9.5 Planning on the Local Level 415
9.5.1 Introduction 415
9.5.2 Nodal Development 416
9.5.2.1 Introduction 416
9.5.2.2 Cities 416
9.5.2.3 Resorts 418
9.5.2.4 Historic Sites 429
9.5.3 Planning for Dispersed Tourism 430
9.6 Planning and Management of Protected Areas 437
9.6.1 International Level 438
9.6.2 North America 439
9.6.3 The LDCs 449
Chapter 10 Ecotourism as a Form of Alternative Tourism 457
10.1 Alternative Tourism 457
10.2 Ecotourism 464
10.3 The Positive Record of Ecotourism 469
10.4 The Potential to Increase the Benefits 473
10.5 The Negative Aspects of Ecotourism 476
10.6 Measures to Minimize the Adverse Effects of Tourism 478
10.7 Ecoenterprises 480
10.8 Regional Distribution 485
Conclusions 491
References 497
Index 537
vii
Chapter 6
Fig. 6.1: The Beach 260
Fig. 6.2: Cross Section of Coastal Dunes 262
Fig. 6.3: Natural Marine Coastal Ecosystem 264
Fig. 6.4: Destruction of the Marine Coastal Ecosystem by
Tourism 264
Chapter 7
Fig. 7.1: Categories of Carrying Capacity 311
Fig. 7.2: Ecological Carrying Capacity 318
Fig. 7.3: Abrupt Shift in the Relationship between Environ¬
mental Change and Use 319
Fig. 7.4: Social Carrying Capacity for User Oriented
Recreation 321
Fig. 7.5: Social Carrying Capacity for Resource Based
Recreation 322
Fig. 7.6: Type of Party Encountered (1) 323
Fig. 7.7: Type of Party Encountered (2) 324
Fig. 7.8: Psychological Classification of Potential Tourists 435
Fig. 7.9: Model of Acceptable Ecological Variation in the
Wilderness 339
Fig. 7.10: Model of Acceptable Variation in the Wilderness
Experience 340
Fig. 7.11: Use of Research Models for Management Decisions 341
Chapter 8
Fig. 8.1: Solving the Environmental Issues of Major
Development Projects 357
Fig. 8.2: Organization of the Alberta Conservation
Strategy Project 371
Chapter 9
Fig. 9.1: The Planning Process 402
Fig. 9.2: Decentralized Concentration in a Tourist Region 410
Fig. 9.3: European Shoreland Development 421
Fig. 9.4: Desirable Coastal Access Pattern 422
Fig. 9.5: Coastal Cluster Development 423
Fig. 9.6: The Relationship between Preservation and Use in
Canadian National Parks 444
Chapter 10
Fig. 10.1: The Alternative Tourism 459
Fig. 10.2: Key Ecotourism Areas in Developing Countries 486
x
Figures
Preface
Environmental Issues of Tourism and Recreation:
The Focus of Chapters 1 10 xii
Introduction
Fig. 1: The Interaction between Tourism Impacts 4
Fig. 2: The Interaction between the Tourism Industry
and Tourists with the Natural Environment 6
Chapter 1
Fig. 1.1: Causes of Negative Impacts of the Environment
on Tourists: A Continuum 16
Fig. 1.2: Typical Rainfall and Temperature Patterns
Associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation
(ENSO), Conditions for the Northern Hemis¬
phere Winter Season 20
Fig. 1.3: Geographical Distribution and Seasonal Incidence
of Reported Shark Attacks 40
Fig. 1.4: Epidemiological Assessment of the Status of
Malaria, 1988 44
Chapter 2
Fig. 2.1: Relationship between the Tourism Product and the
Environment 58
Fig. 2.2: Internal and External Impacts on the Natural
Environment 58
Fig. 2.3: Pollution of Moscow: View from Space (1993) 102
Chapter 4
Fig. 4.1: The Resiliency of Ecosystems at Serai Stages 153
Chapter 5
Fig. 5.1: Examination of the Environmental Impacts of
Tourism 186
Fig. 5.2: Ecological Effects of Trampling 197
Fig. 5.3: Impact of Soil Compaction on Moisture
Conditions and Diversity of Species 212
Fig. 5.4: Impact of Recreation on Wildlife _2]
ix
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| id | DE-604.BV010552957 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:54:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 081919994X 0819199958 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Mieczkowski, Zbigniew Verfasser (DE-588)170967107 aut Environmental issues of tourism and recreation Zbigniew Mieczkowski Lanham [u.a.] Univ. Press of America 1995 XIV, 552 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Loisirs de plein air - Aspect de l'environnement Tourisme - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Outdoor recreation Environmental aspects Tourism Environmental aspects Erholung (DE-588)4015261-3 gnd rswk-swf Freizeitverhalten (DE-588)4125082-5 gnd rswk-swf Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s DE-604 Freizeitverhalten (DE-588)4125082-5 s Erholung (DE-588)4015261-3 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007034906&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mieczkowski, Zbigniew Environmental issues of tourism and recreation Loisirs de plein air - Aspect de l'environnement Tourisme - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Outdoor recreation Environmental aspects Tourism Environmental aspects Erholung (DE-588)4015261-3 gnd Freizeitverhalten (DE-588)4125082-5 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015261-3 (DE-588)4125082-5 (DE-588)4018406-7 (DE-588)4061644-7 |
| title | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation |
| title_auth | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation |
| title_exact_search | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation |
| title_full | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation Zbigniew Mieczkowski |
| title_fullStr | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation Zbigniew Mieczkowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation Zbigniew Mieczkowski |
| title_short | Environmental issues of tourism and recreation |
| title_sort | environmental issues of tourism and recreation |
| topic | Loisirs de plein air - Aspect de l'environnement Tourisme - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Outdoor recreation Environmental aspects Tourism Environmental aspects Erholung (DE-588)4015261-3 gnd Freizeitverhalten (DE-588)4125082-5 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Loisirs de plein air - Aspect de l'environnement Tourisme - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Outdoor recreation Environmental aspects Tourism Environmental aspects Erholung Freizeitverhalten Tourismus Umweltschutz |
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