Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment: distribution, persistence, and toxicity
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Lewis
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 438 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0873715977 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Neilson, Alasdair H. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1045795852 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment |b distribution, persistence, and toxicity |c Alasdair H. Neilson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b Lewis |c 1994 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aquatic organisms |x Effect of water pollution on | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Organic water pollutants |x Environmental aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Orientation 1
1.2 Literature Cited 2
1.3 Personal Bias 3
1.4 Scope of the Work: Tangential Areas Not Included 4
References 9
2. Analysis
Synopsis 11
Introduction 11
2.1 Sampling 14
2.2 Extraction and Cleanup 16
2.2.1 Solvents 16
2.2.2 Cleanup Procedures 17
2.2.3 Toxicity Directed Fractionation 19
2.2.4 Specific Matrices: Water Samples 20
2.2.5 Specific Matrices: Sediments and Soils 21
2.2.6 Specific Matrices: Biota 23
2.2.7 Specific Matrices: Atmospheric Deposition 24
2.3 Procedures Involving Chemical Reactions: Derivatization 24
2.4 Identification and Quantification: Basic Definitions 28
2.4.1 Experimental Techniques: Identification 28
2.4.2 Experimental Techniques: Quantification 33
2.4.3 Application of Immunological Assays 36
2.5 General Comments: Organization and Precautions 36
2.6 Conclusions 41
References 41
3. Partition: Distribution, Transport, and Mobility
Synopsis 53
Introduction 53
3.1 Partitioning Into Biota: Uptake of Xenobiotics From the
Aqueous Phase 56
3.1.1 Direct Measurements of Bioconcentration Potential 56
3.1.2 Surrogate Procedures for Evaluating Bioconcentration
Potential 62
3.1.3 Interdependence of Bioconcentration and Metabolism 64
3.1.4 Cautionary Comments 66
3.2 Partitioning Between The Aquatic and Sediment Phases 66
3.2.1 Outline of Experimental Procedures 67
3.2.2 Reversibility: Sorption and Desorption 69
3.2.3 Mechanisms of Interaction Between Xenobiotics and
Components of Solid Matrices 71
3.3 Phase Heterogeneity: Dissolved Organic Carbon, Interstitial Water,
and Paniculate Matter 75
3.3.1 The Inhomogeneity of the Water Column 75
3.3.2 The Role of Interstitial Water 76
3.3.3 The Role of Sediment and Paniculate Matter in the
Aquatic Phase 77
3.4 Partitioning Between the Aquatic Phase and the Atmosphere 78
3.5 Dissemination of Xenobiotics 80
3.5.1 Transport Within Aquatic Systems: the Role of Water
and Sediment 81
3.5.2 Transport Within Aquatic Systems: the Role of Biota 82
3.5.3 The Role of Atmospheric Transport 83
3.5.4 Biomagnification 86
3.5.5 The Role of Models in Evaluating the Distribution
of Xenobiotics 89
3.5.6 Leaching and Recovery From Other Solid Phases 90
3.6 Monitoring 91
3.7 Conclusions 96
References 96
4. Persistence: Introduction
Synopsis 109
Introduction 109
4.1 Abiotic Reactions Ill
4.1.1 Photochemical Reactions Ill
4.1.2 Chemically Mediated Reactions 115
4.2 Biotic Reactions 122
4.3 The Spectrum of Organisms 125
4.3.1 Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria 126
4.3.2 Organisms Using Electron Acceptors Other Than Oxygen 130
4.3.3 Anaerobic Bacteria 133
4.3.4 Phototrophic Organisms 135
4.3.5 Eukaryotic Organisms: Fungi and Yeasts 136
4.3.6 Other Organisms 137
4.4 Interactions 138
4.4.1 Single Substrates: Several Organisms 138
4.4.2 Cometabolism and Related Phenomena 141
4.5 Determinative Parameters 145
4.5.1 Physical Parameters 145
4.5.2 The Influence of Substrate Concentration 147
4.5.3 Bioavailability: Free and Bound Substrates 149
4.5.4 Pre Exposure: Pristine and Contaminated Environments 151
4.6 Rates of Metabolic Reactions 153
4.6.1 Kinetic Aspects 153
4.6.2 Metabolic Aspects: Nutrients 155
4.7 Regulation and Toxic Metabolites 156
4.8 Catabolic Plasmids 157
4.9 Conclusions 159
References 160
5. Persistence: Experimental Aspects
Synopsis 183
Introduction 183
5.1 Determination of Ready Biodegradability 184
5.2 Isolation and Elective Enrichment 186
5.2.1 General Procedures 187
5.2.2 Basal Media 189
5.2.3 Organic Substrates 192
5.2.4 Procedures for Anaerobic Bacteria 194
5.3 Design of Experiments on Biodegradation and Biotransformation 195
5.3.1 Pure Cultures and Stable Consortia 196
5.3.2 Microcosm Experiments 201
5.3.3 Experiments in Models of Natural Systems 202
5.4 Experimental Problems: Water Solubility, Volatility, Sampling 203
5.5 Procedures for Elucidation of Metabolic Pathways 204
5.5.1 The Principle of Sequential Induction 205
5.5.2 Application of Mutants 206
5.5.3 Use of Metabolic Inhibitors 207
5.5.4 Use of Synthetic Isotopes 208
5.5.5 Application of NMR and EPR to Whole Cell Suspensions 209
5.6 Classification and Identification 211
References 213
6. Pathways of Biodegradation and Biotransformation
Synopsis 223
Introduction 223
6.1 Aerobic Degradation of Non Aromatic Hydrocarbons 227
6.1.1 Alkanes 227
6.1.2 Cycloalkanes 230
6.1.3 Alkenes 232
6.1.4 Alkynes 234
6.2 Aerobic Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
and Related Compounds 234
6.2.1 Bacterial Degradation of Monocyclic
Aromatic Compounds 236
6.2.2 Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
by Fungi and Yeasts 241
6.2.3 Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
by Bacteria 244
6.3 Aerobic Degradation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds 247
6.3.1 Reactions Mediated by Bacteria 247
6.3.2 Reactions Mediated by Fungi 253
6.4 Degradation of Halogenated Alkanes and Alkenes 254
6.4.1 Elimination Reactions 254
6.4.2 Hydrolytic Reactions 257
6.4.3 Monooxygenase Systems 257
6.4.4 Reductive Dehalogenation Reactions of Halogenated
Aliphatic and Alicyclic Compounds 259
6.5 Aerobic Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds 260
6.5.1 Bacterial Systems 260
6.5.2 Fungal Systems 267
6.6 Anaerobic Metabolism of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds 268
6.7 Reactions Carried Out by Anaerobic Bacteria Other
Than Dehalogenation 270
6.7.1 Aliphatic Compounds 271
6.7.2 Biotransformation of Alicyclic Compounds Containing
Several Rings 276
6.7.3 Aromatic Compounds 276
6.7.4 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds 281
6.8 Aerobic Degradation of Aromatic Compounds Containing
Nitro or Sulfonate Groups 285
6.8.1 Aromatic Sulfonates 285
6.8.2 Aromatic Nitro Compounds 286
6.8.3 Aromatic Azo Compounds 290
6.9 Aliphatic Compounds Containing Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
and Phosphorus 291
6.9.1 Ethers and Amines 291
6.9.2 Aliphatic Nitro Compounds 294
6.9.3 Sulfides, Disulfides, and Related Compounds 294
6.9.4 Phosphonates 295
6.10 Organofluorine Compounds 297
6.10.1 Aliphatic Fluoro Compounds 297
6.10.2 Aromatic Fluoro Compounds 297
6.10.3 Trifluoromethyl Compounds 299
6.11 Biotransformations 300
6.11.1 Hydrolysis of Esters, Amides, and Nitriles 300
6.11.2 Hydroxylations, Oxidations, Dehydrogenations,
and Reductions 303
6.11.3 The Formation of Dimeric Products from
Aromatic Amines 305
6.11.4 Methylation Reactions 306
6.11.5 Environmental Consequences of Biotransformation 306
6.12 Summary of Basic Microbial Reactions 309
References 310
7. Ecotoxicology
Synopsis 339
Introduction 339
7.1 Choice of Species in Laboratory Tests 342
7.2 Experimental Determinants 343
7.2.1 Exposure 344
7.2.2 End Points 345
7.2.3 Test Conditions 347
7.2.4 Evaluation of Variability in the Sensitivity
of Test Organism 348
7.3 Test Systems: Single Organisms 349
7.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 349 I
7.3.2 Organisms for Evaluating the Toxicity of Sediments 357
7.3.3 Assays for Genotoxic Effects 358
7.4 Test Systems: Several Organisms 360
7.4.1 Introduction 360
7.4.2 Microcosms 361
7.4.3 Mesocosms 362
7.5 Metabolism of Xenobiotics by Higher Organisms 366
7.5.1 Metabolism by Fish 367
7.5.2 Metabolism by Other Higher Aquatic Organisms 371
7.5.3 Metabolism and Disposition in Birds 372
7.6 Biomarkers: Biochemical and Physiological End Points 373
7.6.1 Biochemical Parameters 373
7.6.2 Physiological Parameters 374
7.6.3 Chromosomal Alterations 375
7.7 The Structure of the Toxicant and Its Biological Effect 375
7.8 A Hierarchical System for Evaluating the Biological Effects
of Toxicants 376
7.9 Conclusions 377
References 378
8. Environmental Hazard Assessment
Synopsis 389
Introduction 389
8.1 Hazard Evaluation as a Predictive Exercise 390
8.1.1 Persistence 391
8.1.2 Partition 392
8.1.3 Toxicity 394
8.1.4 Coordinating the Results 396
8.2 Retroactive Analysis: Ecoepidemiology 397
8.3 Additional Procedures 402
8.3.1 Toxicity Equivalent Factors 402
8.3.2 Critical Loading 403
8.4 A Philosophical Interlude 404
8.4.1 Polarization of Viewpoints 404
8.4.2 Anthropogenic and Natural Compounds 405
8.4.3 Decision Making: Procedures and Ambiguities 405
8.5 Exemplification of Hazard Assessment Evaluations 407
8.5.1 The ESTHER Project 407
8.5.2 The Loch Eil Project 408
8.5.3 The Baffin Island Oil Spill Project (BIOS) 409
8.5.4 The Fox River Green Bay Project 410
8.5.5 The Hazard From Release of Genetically Modified
Microorganisms 411
8.6 Concluding Remarks 412
References 414
Epilogue 419
Index 421
|
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| spelling | Neilson, Alasdair H. Verfasser (DE-588)1045795852 aut Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity Alasdair H. Neilson Boca Raton [u.a.] Lewis 1994 438 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Organic water pollutants Environmental aspects Organischer Stoff (DE-588)4203832-7 gnd rswk-swf Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd rswk-swf Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 s Organischer Stoff (DE-588)4203832-7 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007022187&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Neilson, Alasdair H. Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Organic water pollutants Environmental aspects Organischer Stoff (DE-588)4203832-7 gnd Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4203832-7 (DE-588)4189299-9 |
| title | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity |
| title_auth | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity |
| title_exact_search | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity |
| title_full | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity Alasdair H. Neilson |
| title_fullStr | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity Alasdair H. Neilson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution, persistence, and toxicity Alasdair H. Neilson |
| title_short | Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment |
| title_sort | organic chemicals in the aquatic environment distribution persistence and toxicity |
| title_sub | distribution, persistence, and toxicity |
| topic | Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Organic water pollutants Environmental aspects Organischer Stoff (DE-588)4203832-7 gnd Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Organic water pollutants Environmental aspects Organischer Stoff Wasserverschmutzung |
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