Beginning research in psychology: a practical guide to research methods and statistics
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Blackwell
1995
|
Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XVIII, 482 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0631189289 0631189297 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV010520370 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 19960719 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 951212s1995 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 0631189289 |9 0-631-18928-9 | ||
020 | |a 0631189297 |9 0-631-18929-7 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)31010207 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV010520370 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-703 |a DE-20 |a DE-473 |a DE-11 |a DE-188 | ||
050 | 0 | |a BF76.5 | |
082 | 0 | |a 150/.72 |2 20 | |
084 | |a CM 2200 |0 (DE-625)18943: |2 rvk | ||
100 | 1 | |a Dyer, Colin |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Beginning research in psychology |b a practical guide to research methods and statistics |c Colin Dyer |
250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Blackwell |c 1995 | |
300 | |a XVIII, 482 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
650 | 7 | |a Onderzoeksmethoden |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Psychologie - Expériences | |
650 | 4 | |a Psychologie - Recherche | |
650 | 7 | |a Psychologie |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Psychométrie | |
650 | 4 | |a Psychology |x Research |x Methodology |v Textbooks | |
650 | 4 | |a Psychometrics |v Textbooks | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Forschungsmethode |0 (DE-588)4155046-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Psychologie |0 (DE-588)4047704-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Methodologie |0 (DE-588)4139716-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Psychologie |0 (DE-588)4047704-6 |D s |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Forschungsmethode |0 (DE-588)4155046-8 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-188 | |
689 | 1 | 0 | |a Psychologie |0 (DE-588)4047704-6 |D s |
689 | 1 | 1 | |a Methodologie |0 (DE-588)4139716-2 |D s |
689 | 1 | |5 DE-188 | |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007013263&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007013263 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804124988992651264 |
---|---|
adam_text | Titel: Beginning research in psychology
Autor: Dyer, Colin
Jahr: 1995
/ Contents
List of Figures x
List of Boxes xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Science and Psychology l
What is Science? 4
The Foundations of Science 8
Testing Theories: A View of the Process of Doing Research 22
Hypothesis Testing: A More Detailed View of the Process of
Data Gathering and Evaluation 37
2 Case Studies and Interviews 47
The Case Study 47
The Interview 55
Planning and Implementing an Interview 65
The Conduct of the Interview 75
Writing up a Case Study 79
Suggested Topics for a Case Study 84
3 The Survey Method 88
Doing Research by Survey 88
Designing a Survey 89
Survey Designs 91
The Sampling Process 97
Data Collection by Questionnaire and Attitude Scale 111
viii Contents
Questionnaire Construction 112
Constructing an Attitude Scale by the Likert Procedure 130
Planning and Carrying out a Survey 136
Two Examples of Surveys 142
Suggestions for Research Using the Survey Method 144
4 Observational Research 148
Types of Observational Research 152
Participant Observation 154
Two Examples of Participant Observation Research 157
Doing Participant Observation Research: Some Practical
Guidance 158
Suggestions for Participant Observation Research 168
Non-Participant Observation 169
Doing Non-Participant Observation Research 179
Suggestions for Non-Participant Observation Research 187
5 The Method of Experiment 193
True and Quasi Experiments 199
Experiment Designs 202
Some Examples of Experiments 212
Experimental Error 215
The Main Sources of Error in an Experiment 219
The Experiment as a Social Situation: Some Further Sources
of Error 223
The Process of Experiment Design 226
A Commented Experiment Design: Impaired Depth
Perception and the Muller-Lyer Illusion 240
Ethical Issues in Psychological Experiments 253
Suggestions for Experiments 254
6 Working with Numerical Data 260
Descriptive Statistics 281
The Correlation Coefficient 292
Graphs: Presenting Data Visually 311
7 An Introduction to Inferential Statistics 328
Probability and Chance 331
The Normal Distribution 334
Hypothesis Testing Using Inferential Statistics 340
8 Parameter Estimation: Inferring from Sample to Population 361
Contents ix
9 Using Statistical Tests 383
A Summary of the Information provided by the Tests in this
Book 386
Power and Robustness of Tests 388
The t-Test 389
The t-Test for Independent Subjects 393
The t-Test for Repeated Measures 399
The Mann-Whitney U-Test for Independent Samples 403
The Wilcoxon Test for Matched Pairs: The Repeated Measures
Design 409
The Sign Test 413
The Chi-Squared Tests 418
The Chi-Squared Test of Association 423
The Chi-Squared (Goodness of Fit) Test 426
The Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient 430
The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient 435
Appendices
Appendix 1: Ethical Standards in Psychological Research 442
Appendix 2: Presenting the Results of an Investigation 445
Appendix 3: Making Reference to Other Research 454
Appendix 4: Statistical Notation 456
Statistical Symbols 457
Appendix 5: Statistical Tables 458
1 Random numbers 460
2 Areas under the normal distribution curve
from the 0 to z 461
3 Critical values for the Spearman rank order
correlation coefficient 462
4 Critical values for the Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficient 463
5 One- and two-tailed critical values of S for
the Sign test 464
6 One- and two-tailed critical values of U for
the Mann-Whitney test 465
7 One- and two-tailed critical values of T for
the Wilcoxon test 470
8 Critical values of chi-squared 471
9 One- and two-tailed critical values of t for
the t-test 472
References 473
Index 477
Figures —^
1.1 An overview of the research process 25
1.2 A detailed view of data gathering and evaluation 40
3.1 The one-shot survey design 92
3.2 The before-after design 92
3.3 The two-groups controlled comparison design 95
3.4 The two-groups before-after design 96
3.5 A version of the before-after design 97
3.6 Grid for item analysis in the Likert procedure 134
3.7 Tally chart for the analysis of closed questions 139
3.8 Tally chart for the analysis of open-ended questions 141
4.1 An Interaction Process Analysis protocol 175
4.2 Methods of carrying books 185
4.3 Data sheet headings for use in an investigation into gender
effects 188
4.4 Twelve categories of behaviour accounting for 81% of all
observed play in chimpanzees 189
5.1 The independent samples design 203
5.2 The before-after two-group design 205
5.3 The multigroup design 206
5.4 The repeated measures design 207
5.5 The matched subjects design 208
5.6 The single sample design 210
5.7 The Muller-Lyer illusion 240
5.8 Apparatus to measure the magnitude of the Muller-Lyer
illusion 243
5.9 The nine-dot problem 255
5.10 Solution to the nine-dot problem 256
5.11 Partial solution to the nine-dot problem 256
Figures xi
6.1 A simple method of graphing frequency distributions 274
6.2 Histogram plotted from the data in table 6.1 278
6.3 Scattergraph of a perfect positive correlation 294
6.4 Scattergraph of a perfect negative correlation 295
6.5 Scattergraph of a zero correlation 295
6.6a Scattergraph with outlier 299
6.6b Scattergraph showing evidence of two categories of data 299
6.6c Scattergraph with outlier 301
6.6d Scattergraph showing evidence of two categories of data 301
6.7a Scattergraph of mean ratings of shopping enjoyment plotted
against number of staff on duty: data obtained from samples
of 100 shoppers at ten stores 302
6.7b Scattergraph of mean ratings of shopping enjoyment plotted
against percentage of part-time staff on duty: data obtained
from samples of 100 shoppers at ten stores 304
6.8 Graph showing the curvilinear relation between arousal and
the efficiency of behaviour 306
6.9a Example of a curved-line graph: correct recalls as a function
of recall interval (Peterson Peterson, 1959) 313
6.9b Example of a straight-line graph: mean reaction times to two
perspective line drawings portraying objects of the same
three-dimensional shape (Shepard Sc Metzler, 1971) 313
6.9c Example of a straight-line graph: percentage of subjects
littering as a function of the number of pieces of litter in
the environment (Cialdini, Reno 6c Kallgren, 1990) 314
6.10 Example of a line graph: data from an experiment run on
three different days 315
6.11 Bar chart of the age distribution of a hypothetical sample.
Note that the bars represent discrete categories of age 315
6.12 Box and whisker graph of a set of hypothetical decision times 319
6.13 Box and whisker graph of a near-normal distribution of twenty
decision times with a mean of 50 seconds and a standard
deviation of 15 seconds (each dot represents one item of data) 320
7.1 The normal distribution 336
7.2 A normal distribution with a mean of 100 and standard
deviation of 15. The horizontal (x) axis shows the relation of
raw score units to units of standard deviation (z scores) 337
7.3 The normal distribution showing how the total area under the
curve is divided in relation to units of standard deviation 338
7.4 Three normal distributions with identical means plotted
against the same scales to show the relationship between
standard deviation and the shape of the curve 340
7.5 The sampling distribution of the t statistic for 18 degrees of
freedom 352
7.6 The 5% region of rejection for a one-tailed hypothesis
(shaded area). A one-tailed experimental hypothesis specifies
xii Figures
at which end of the sampling distribution of the test statistic
the rejection region will lie. In this case it is located in the
upper tail of the distribution, but could, alternatively, occupy
the corresponding area in the lower tail. 354
7.7 The 5% region of rejection for a two-tailed hypothesis. A
two-tailed experimental hypothesis does not specify at which
end of the sampling distribution of the test statistic the
rejection region will lie. 355
8.1 The standard normal distribution 364
8.2 The area beyond 2 units of z score on a normal distribution
with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 10 367
8.3 The sampling distribution of sample means 369
8.4 Using the standard normal distribution to locate the sample
mean in relation to an unknown population mean 372
8.5 The sampling distribution of the mean with areas under the
curve expressed as probabilities 375
8.6 Six sample means from the distribution in figure 8.5 with
wings added showing the range of the 68.26% confidence
interval 377
I Boxes
1.1 Operational definitions 18
1.2 Studying mental images by experimental means 19
1.3 Some terms and concepts of science 23
1.4 An example of the military sponsorship of psychological
research 28
1.5 Social context and psychology - John Bowlby and the
maternal deprivation hypothesis 29
2.1 Interviewing skills 63
2.2 A checklist for interview planning 66
2.3 An example of an interview schedule 72
3.1 A hypothetical population stratified by age 104
3.2 Constructing a multistage cluster sample 106
3.3 Proportions of a hypothetical population falling into five
income groups 108
3.4 Internal consistency of attitude scales 131
3.5 Summary of the Likert procedure for constructing an
internally consistent attitude scale 132
3.6 A checklist of survey design tasks 138
4.1 The main differences between structured and unstructured
observation 155
4.2 Some of the distinctive characteristics of participant
observation research 156
4.3 Types of research problem for which participant observation
is appropriate 160
4.4 Six key categories of information in participant research 166
4.5 Sampling in systematic observation 171
4.6 Discussion task for use with the IPA protocol - Survival in the
desert 176
xiv Boxes
4.7 Non-participant observation - a checklist of design tasks 186
5.1 Control strategies - specific approaches to controlling error 217
5.2 An ethics checklist 237
5.3 A checklist of questions for a pilot study 238
5.4 A checklist of experiment design tasks 239
5.5 Experimental treatments log 248
5.6 Data collection sheet 252
6.1 Check your understanding of scales of measurement 267
6.2 Approximate translations of values of the correlation coefficient 298
6.3 Some general principles for drawing effective graphs 317
6.4 How to draw a box and whisker graph 318
8.1 Estimating the population mean from sample data when the
population deviation also has to be estimated 380
9.1 A test decision table 386
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Dyer, Colin |
author_facet | Dyer, Colin |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Dyer, Colin |
author_variant | c d cd |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV010520370 |
callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
callnumber-label | BF76 |
callnumber-raw | BF76.5 |
callnumber-search | BF76.5 |
callnumber-sort | BF 276.5 |
callnumber-subject | BF - Psychology |
classification_rvk | CM 2200 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)31010207 (DE-599)BVBBV010520370 |
dewey-full | 150/.72 |
dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
dewey-ones | 150 - Psychology |
dewey-raw | 150/.72 |
dewey-search | 150/.72 |
dewey-sort | 3150 272 |
dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
discipline | Psychologie |
edition | 1. publ. |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01930nam a2200517 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV010520370</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">19960719 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">951212s1995 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0631189289</subfield><subfield code="9">0-631-18928-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0631189297</subfield><subfield code="9">0-631-18929-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)31010207</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV010520370</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">BF76.5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">150/.72</subfield><subfield code="2">20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">CM 2200</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)18943:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dyer, Colin</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Beginning research in psychology</subfield><subfield code="b">a practical guide to research methods and statistics</subfield><subfield code="c">Colin Dyer</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Blackwell</subfield><subfield code="c">1995</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XVIII, 482 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Onderzoeksmethoden</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Psychologie - Expériences</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Psychologie - Recherche</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Psychométrie</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Psychology</subfield><subfield code="x">Research</subfield><subfield code="x">Methodology</subfield><subfield code="v">Textbooks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Psychometrics</subfield><subfield code="v">Textbooks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Forschungsmethode</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4155046-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047704-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Methodologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4139716-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047704-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Forschungsmethode</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4155046-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047704-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Methodologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4139716-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007013263&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007013263</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV010520370 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:54:25Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 0631189289 0631189297 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007013263 |
oclc_num | 31010207 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 DE-20 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 DE-188 |
owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 DE-188 |
physical | XVIII, 482 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 1995 |
publishDateSearch | 1995 |
publishDateSort | 1995 |
publisher | Blackwell |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Dyer, Colin Verfasser aut Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics Colin Dyer 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Blackwell 1995 XVIII, 482 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Psychologie - Expériences Psychologie - Recherche Psychologie gtt Psychométrie Psychology Research Methodology Textbooks Psychometrics Textbooks Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-188 Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007013263&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Dyer, Colin Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Psychologie - Expériences Psychologie - Recherche Psychologie gtt Psychométrie Psychology Research Methodology Textbooks Psychometrics Textbooks Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4139716-2 |
title | Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics |
title_auth | Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics |
title_exact_search | Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics |
title_full | Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics Colin Dyer |
title_fullStr | Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics Colin Dyer |
title_full_unstemmed | Beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics Colin Dyer |
title_short | Beginning research in psychology |
title_sort | beginning research in psychology a practical guide to research methods and statistics |
title_sub | a practical guide to research methods and statistics |
topic | Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Psychologie - Expériences Psychologie - Recherche Psychologie gtt Psychométrie Psychology Research Methodology Textbooks Psychometrics Textbooks Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Onderzoeksmethoden Psychologie - Expériences Psychologie - Recherche Psychologie Psychométrie Psychology Research Methodology Textbooks Psychometrics Textbooks Forschungsmethode Methodologie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007013263&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT dyercolin beginningresearchinpsychologyapracticalguidetoresearchmethodsandstatistics |