Feeding ecology of fish:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego u.a.
Acad. Press
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0122807804 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | FEEDING ECOLOGY
OF FISH
Shelby D Gerking
PROFESSOR EMERITUS
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
TEMPE, ARIZONA
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Division of Harcourt Brace fcf Company
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
PARTI
Concepts Contributing to the Feeding Ecology
of Fish
Chapter 1
Trophic Levels and Optimal
Foraging Theory
INTRODUCTION 3
SKETCH OF LINDEMAN S TROPHIC LEVELS 4
Limitations in the Trophic Level Diagram 6
FORAGING THEORY 7
Introduction 7
Elements of Foraging Models 7
Constraints 8
Prey and Patch Models 9
Outcome of the Models 10
Testing the Models 11
SUMMARY 12
LITERATURE CITED 13
vn
Vlii • Contents
Chapter 2
Mouth and Sense Organs
INTRODUCTION 15
SUCTION FEEDING 16
Widespread Use of Suction Feeding 16
Four-Bar-Linkage System 17
Truncated Cone 19
Physiological Measurements 19
Versatile Feeding Repertoire 21
VISION 21
Structure of the Eye 22
Location of the Eye 22
Independent Movement 22
Accommodation 23
Visual Pigments and Color Vision 23
Vision in the Water 23
CHEMORECEPTION 24
Location of the Chemical Senses 25
Innervation 26
Historical Knowledge 27
Modern Experimental Protocols 28
Amino Acid Detection 29
Synergism 31
Species-to-Species Variability 32
Predictability of Electrophysiological Measurements
to Feeding Behavior 34
Relation of Chemoreception to Feeding in Nature 34
Function of the Senses in Natural Feeding Situations 35
SUMMARY 36
LITERATURE CITED 38
Chapter 3
Feeding Variability
INTRODUCTION 41
TROPHIC ADAFrABILITY 42
Origin of the Concept 42
Contents • ix
Historical Examples 42
Recent Evidence 43
Contributions of Functional Morphology 43
Comment 44
GUILDS 44
Definition 44
Background 44
Competition 45
Experimental Work 46
Delineation of a Guild 46
Application of the Concept 46
Stream Example 47
Present Disadvantages of the Guild Concept 47
GENERALISTS, SPECIALISTS, AND OPPORTUNISTS 48
Introduction 48
Specialists 49
Opportunists 50
Comment 51
SUMMARY 51
LITERATURE CITED 52
PART II
Plant Eaters and Detritus Feeders: Trophic Level II
Chapter 4
Plant-Eating Fish
INTRODUCTION 57
Habitats of Aquatic Plants 57
Variety of Plant-Eating Fish 58
FISH AS HERBIVORES 58
Browsers and Grazers 58
Herbivory in a Complex of Closely
Related Species 60
Do Herbivores Require Animal Food? 61
X • Contents
Do Plants Have the Essential Amino Acids Required
for Fish Growth? 63
Comment 63
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF
INGESTED PLANTS 64
Physical Processing of Plant Food 64
Acidic Processing of Plant Food 66
Fermentation 67
Adaptations for Food Processing 67
STATUS OF CELLULOSE DIGESTION 68
Vertebrates 68
Cellulose Activity 68
Possible Gut Microflora 68
MARINE ALGAL TURF 70
Fish or Sea Urchins? 70
Foliose to Filamentous 70
Selective Grazing 72
Weeding 72
Other Effects of Grazing on Turf 73
Explaining Community Response 73
CHEMICAL FEEDING DETERRENTS OF MARINE ALGAE 76
Recognition of Chemical Feeding Deterrents 76
Toxicity 77
Laboratory Tests of Feeding Deterrents 78
Field Tests of Feeding Deterrents 78
FISH THAT EAT FRUITS, SEEDS, FLOWERS, AND LEAVES 80
Flooding 80
Water Quality 81
Characins 81
Variable Diet 82
SUMMARY 82
LITERATURE CITED 84
Chapter 5
Detritus Feeders
INTRODUCTION 89
Contents • xi
THE ROLE OF FISH IN THE DETRITUS FOOD WEB 89
PRECAUTIONS ABOUT IDENTIFYING DETRH IVORY 91
OCCURRENCE OF DETRITUS-FEEDING FISH 92
DETRITUS AS A SOURCE OF FOOD 93
Importance 93
Indirect Method of Assigning Detritus as a Source of Food 93
Variations in Nutritional Quality of Detritus 95
Food Sources Associated with Detritus 95
Mobilization of Amino Acids 96
FEEDING STRATEGIES 97
Biters 97
Suction Feeders 98
Scoopers 98
Filterers 98
FOOD HABITS OF A FEW DETRITTVORES 100
Larvae and Postlarvae 100
Adults 101
Diet Switching 102
ALIMENTARY CANAL 103
Simple Stomach, Long Intestine 103
Two-Part Stomach, Short Intestine 103
ASSIMILATION 104
SUMMARY 105
LITERATURE CITED 106
PART III
Plankton Predators: Trophic Level III
Chapter 6
Particulate Feeding
INTRODUCTION 111
VISION IN PARTICULATE FEEDING 112
Encounter 112
Reactive Distance 112
xii • Contents
Effect of Prey Size on Reactive Distance 112
Other Factors Affecting Reactive Distance 114
More Visual Cues 115
Another Use for Reactive Distance 116
SIZE-BIASED FEEDING 117
Introduction 117
Historical Knowledge 117
Techniques Used to Establish Size-Biased Feeding 120
MODELS OF SIZE-BIASED FEEDING 124
Background 124
Demonstration of the Optimal Foraging Model 125
Apparent Size Model 129
Comparison of the Two Models 129
Additions to the Models: Predator Size and Absolute and Apparent
Prey Size 132
Feeding Behavior to Be Incorporated into the Models 132
Future OFT Models 133
Comment on OFT 134
SUMMARY 134
LITERATURE CITED 135
Chapter 7
Larval Feeding
INTRODUCTION 139
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAL PERIOD 139
Beginning of the Larval Period 139
End of the Larval Period 140
The Term Larva as Used Here 141
Presence in the Environment 141
FOOD HABITS 142
Algal Feeding 142
Later Stages of Larval Feeding 143
Stages in Larval Food Habits 144
LARVAL FEEDING BEHAVIOR 144
Zooplankton Feeding 144
Piscivore Feeding 146
Contents • xiii
FORAGING TACTICS 146
Selection of Food from the Plankton 146
Size Selection 148
An Explanation for Perch and Trout 149
Another Approach to Size Selection 150
STARVATION 151
Critical Period 151
Point-of-No-Return 154
FOOD REQUIREMENT FOR SURVIVAL 156
Food Requirement 156
Daily Ration 158
Prey Density 159
Discussion of Daily Ration and Prey Density 161
IMPACT OF LARVAL FEEDING ON THE
ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY 163
SUMMARY 165
LITERATURE CITED 167
Chapter 8
Filter Feeding
INTRODUCTION 171
FILTER FEEDING STRATEGIES 172
Ram Filtration 172
Pump Filtration 172
SHIFTS IN FILTER FEEDING STRATEGIES 175
Ontogenetic Trophic Progression 175
Examples of Shifts between Paniculate and Filter Feeding
in Adult Life 175
Shifts Related to Particle Size and Particle Density 177
FILTERERS THAT USE MUCOUS ENTRAPMENT 178
MECHANICAL SIEVE MODEL 181
Description 181
Examples That Conform with the Mechanical Sieve Model 183
Disparity between Predicted and Actual Prey Size
in Stomach Contents 183
GILL RAKERS 185
Gill Raker Structure 185
XIV • Contents
The Silver Carp Three-Part Gill Raker Complex 185
Interraker Space 186
CHALLENGES TO SOME IDEAS ABOUT GILL RAKERS 189
The Long versus Short Gill Raker Myth 189
Disconcerting Evidence Regarding Gill Rakers 190
Do the Interraker Spaces Form the Branchial Mesh? 191
FILTERING AREA, RATES, AND EFFICIENCY 191
Filtering Area 191
Filtering Rate 192
Comparison of Filtering Rates 195
Filtering Efficiency 195
SUMMARY 196
LITERATURE CITED 198
PART IV
Benthic Predators: Trophic Level III
Chapter 9
Feeding Strategies of Benthic Fish Predators and
Their Evolution
INTRODUCTION 203
MARINE BENTHIC CORAL REEF FEEDERS 204
FRESHWATER BENTHIC FEEDERS OF THE GREAT LAKES
OF AFRICA 210
Introduction 210
Contrast with Coral Reef Fish 210
Feeding Strategies 210
Comment on Methods 212
Comment on Trophic Adaptability 213
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF THE ROCK-DWELLING CICHLIDAE
OF THE GREAT LAKES OF EAST AFRICA 213
Introduction 214
Description of the Lakes 214
Trophic Specialization 215
Contents • xv
Major Gaps in the Speciation Studies 215
Evolutionary Processes 216
SUMMARY 220
LITERATURE CITED 221
Chapter 10
Feeding Territory
INTRODUCTION 223
TERRITORIES OF REEF FISH 224
Function of a Territory 224
Types of Territories 224
Activity in the Territory 226
Size and Shape of Territories 227
Determinants of Territory Size 227
Agonistic Behavior 229
Composition of Algal Turf 230
How Does a Territory Support Its Defender? 230
TERRITORIES OF TROUT AND SALMON IN SMALL
COLD-WATER STREAMS 231
Introduction 231
Territoriality and Feeding infuvenile Trout 232
Factors Influencing Territory Size 233
Significance of Trout and Salmon Territories 234
Feeding of Adult Trout 234
Source of Food 236
Drift and Trout Food 236
Mobile Benthos and Trout Food 237
SUMMARY 237
LITERATURE CITED 238
Chapter 11
Impact of Fish Predation on the
Benthic Community
INTRODUCTION 243
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 244
XVI • Contents
SMALL COLD-WATER TROUT STREAMS 246
Trout as Benthic Predators 246
Sculpin as Benthic Predators 248
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF PREDAT1ON ON
INVERTEBRATE GROUPS 249
Prey Selection 249
Size Selection 252
Habitat Effect 254
Removal and Introduction of Fish 255
Indirect Effects 256
Comment 257
SUMMARY 257
LITERATURE CITED 259
PART V
Swimming Predators: Trophic Level IV
Chapter 12
Fish That Eat Other Fish and Some Unusual Sources
of Food
INTRODUCTION 265
FEEDING STRATEGIES 266
Luring 266
Stalking 269
Chasing 270
Ambush 272
Protective Resemblance 275
UNUSUAL SOURCES OF FOOD 277
Introduction 211
Cleaners 111
Scale Eaters 282
Mucous Feeders 285
Fin Biters 287
Blood Suckers 289
A Parasite That Feeds on the Larvae of Other Species 290
Eye Biters 290
Contents • xvii
Skin and Flesh Eaters 290
SUMMARY 290
LITERATURE CITED 291
PART VI
General Ecological Topics
Chapter 13
Food Partitioning and Diet Switches
INTRODUCTION 299
FOOD PARTITIONING 300
Definition 300
Causal Factors 300
Occurrence 301
Intraspecific Food Partitioning 302
Interspecific Food Partitioning—Closely Related Species 304
Interspecific Food Competition—Distantly Related
Species 305
DIET SWITCHING 307
Introduction 307
Experiments on Switching 307
Individual Variation Interferes with Diet
Switching Experiments 309
Unexplained Diet Switches in Lakes 310
Desert Environments 311
Other Desert Fish 311
A Switch Causing a Competitive Bottleneck 312
Marine Examples of Diet Switching 312
SUMMARY 314
LITERATURE CITED 315
Chapter 14
Niche Shift and Predator Risk
INTRODUCTION 317
NICHE SHIFT 318
XV1U • Contents
Two Early Examples of Niche Shift 318
Niche Shifts in the Subarctic 319
Brook Charr and Two of Its Competitors 321
Experimental Example of Niche Shift in Sunfish 321
Niche Shifts in Lake Tahoe 322
Niche Shift in Lake Michigan 324
PREDATION RISK LEADING TO NICHE SHIFT 325
Introduction 325
Early Studies 325
Loss of an Algal Food Supply from Predation Risk 326
OTHER EFFECTS OF PREDATOR RISK 327
Response to the Degree of Predation Risk 327
Surfperch Example 328
Bluegill and Characin Examples 329
Predator Risk and Smolting 329
Shoaling Effects 331
SUMMARY 332
LITERATURE CITED 333
Chapter 15
Models for Measuring Food Consumption
INTRODUCTION 337
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT 338
EVACUATION MODELS 338
Linear Evacuation Model 338
Application of the Linear Evacuation Model
to New Zealand Lakes 341
Comment on Linear Evacuation Model 342
Exponential Evacuation Rate Model 344
Comparison of Two Exponential Evacuation Rate Models 345
Additional Factors That Alter Evacuation Rates 346
BIOENERGETICS MODEL 349
Description 349
Applications of the Bioenergetics Model 351
Contents • xix
Comparison of Bioenergetics and Exponential Evacuation
Rate Models 352
Two Other Models 355
FOUR SHORTCUTS TO ESTIMATING FOOD CONSUMPTION 357
SUMMARY 358
LITERATURE CITED 359
Chapter 16
The Trophic Cascade
INTRODUCTION 363
TROPHIC CASCADE MODELS 364
BACKGROUND FOR TROPHIC LEVEL
INTERACTION EXPERIMENTS 367
EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE
TROPHIC CASCADE 368
UNEXPECTED RESPONSES 371
OTHER UNANTICIPATED EVENTS 372
MAJOR IMPEDIMENTS TO CASCADE STUDIES 372
SUMMARY 372
LITERATURE CITED 373
Chapter 17
Some General Reactions and Research of the Future
INTRODUCTION 375
SOME GENERAL REACTIONS 375
Capacity to Adapt to New Feeding Relationships 375
Individual Variability 376
Production Rate 377
Methods and Models 378
Biodiversity Implications 378
Ontogenetic Niche Shifts 379
A POINT OF VIEW 380
A BRIEF LOOK AT FUTURE RESEARCH 381
Group Feeding 381
Subtle Differences 382
Wider Representation of Species 382
XX • Contents
How Food Is Handled in the Mouth 382
Improvements on Traditional Methods of Studying
Food Habits 383
Proportional Representation of Food Resources 384
SUMMARY 384
LITERATURE CITED 385
Glossary 387
Index 399
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:52:57Z |
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| spelling | Gerking, Shelby D. Verfasser aut Feeding ecology of fish Shelby D. Gerking San Diego u.a. Acad. Press 1994 XXVI, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Poissons - Alimentation Poissons - Alimentation ram Poissons - Écologie Poissons - Écologie ram Vissen (dierkunde) gtt Voedselecologie gtt Ökologie Fishes Ecology Fishes Food Fische (DE-588)4017269-7 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 gnd rswk-swf Fische (DE-588)4017269-7 s Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006972403&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gerking, Shelby D. Feeding ecology of fish Poissons - Alimentation Poissons - Alimentation ram Poissons - Écologie Poissons - Écologie ram Vissen (dierkunde) gtt Voedselecologie gtt Ökologie Fishes Ecology Fishes Food Fische (DE-588)4017269-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017269-7 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4060095-6 |
| title | Feeding ecology of fish |
| title_auth | Feeding ecology of fish |
| title_exact_search | Feeding ecology of fish |
| title_full | Feeding ecology of fish Shelby D. Gerking |
| title_fullStr | Feeding ecology of fish Shelby D. Gerking |
| title_full_unstemmed | Feeding ecology of fish Shelby D. Gerking |
| title_short | Feeding ecology of fish |
| title_sort | feeding ecology of fish |
| topic | Poissons - Alimentation Poissons - Alimentation ram Poissons - Écologie Poissons - Écologie ram Vissen (dierkunde) gtt Voedselecologie gtt Ökologie Fishes Ecology Fishes Food Fische (DE-588)4017269-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poissons - Alimentation Poissons - Écologie Vissen (dierkunde) Voedselecologie Ökologie Fishes Ecology Fishes Food Fische Tierernährung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006972403&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gerkingshelbyd feedingecologyoffish |