Origin and mineralogy of clays: clays and the environment
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1995
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3540580123 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Origin and mineralogy of clays |b clays and the environment |c B. Velde (ed.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 334 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Clay | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Clay minerals | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Clay minerals |x Environmental aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Contents
1 Geology of Clays
B. Velde. 1
1.1 Why Clays Form. 1
1.2 Where Clays Form. 3
1.3 Clay Formation: The Chemical Necessity. 5
2 Composition and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals
B. Velde. 8
2.1 Introduction. 8
2.2 Physical Properties of Clays. 9
2.2.1 Particles and Shapes. 9
2.2.1.1 Something About Clay Particles. 9
2.2.2 Clays and Water. 11
2.2.3 Clays in Water. 13
2.2.3.1 Mixtures of Water and Clays. 13
2.2.3.2 Clays in Water and Transport. 14
2.2.3.3 Exchange of Ionic Species (CEC). 15
2.2.4 Summary. 17
2.3 Crystallographic Structure of Clay Minerals. 17
2.3.1 Tetrahedra. 18
2.3.2 Octahedra. 19
2.3.3 Layer Structures Through Linkage. 19
2.3.3.1 Repeat Distances. 20
2.3.4 Crystalline Water. 22
2.3.5 Chemical Substitutions in the Structures. 23
2.3.5.1 Charge on the Unit Cell
for Different Layer Types . 23
2.3.5.2 Charge on Ions in a Given Coordination Site. 23
2.3.5.3 Substitutional Types. 24
2.3.6 Substitutions and Mineral Species. 27
2.4 Mineral Families. 28
2.4.1 7 A Minerals
(One Octahedral + One Tetrahedral Sheet). 29
VIII Contents
2.4.2 10 À Minerals
(Two Tetrahedral and One Octahedral Layer) . 29
2.4.2.1 Neutral Layer (Charge Almost Zero). 30
2.4.2.2 High Charge Minerals: Mica-Like
(Charge near 1, all Dioctahedral). 30
2.4.3 Low Charge (Expanding) Minerals: Smectites----- 31
2.4.3.1 Dioctahedral Expanding Minerals. 31
2.4.3.2 Trioctahedral Expanding Minerals. 32
2.4.4 14 Â Chlorites (Two Octahedral +
Two Tetrahedral Unit Layers, 2:1 + 1). 33
2.4.4.1 Trioctahedral Chlorite Minerals. 33
2.4.4.2 Composition and Substitutions. 34
2.4.5 Mixed Layered Minerals. 35
2.4.5.1 Mixed Layering Mineral Types. 36
2.4.6 Sepiolite-Palygorskite. 37
2.4.7 Iron Oxides. 38
2.4.8 Zeolites. 39
2.4.9 Summary. 41
Suggested Reading. 41
3 Origin of Clays by Rock Weathering
and Soil Formation
D. Righi and A. Meunier. 43
3.1 Introduction. 43
3.2 Weathered Rocks and Soils: The Major Factors
in Their Development. 44
3.2.1 General Organization:
Soil and Weathered Rock Domains. 44
3.2.2 Basic Factors in Weathering
and Soil Formation . 46
3.2.2.1 Climate and Water Regime
Within the Soil Mantle . 47
3.2.2.2 Rock Composition. 52
3.2.2.3 Biological Factor:
Vegetation and Soil Organic Matter. 52
3.2.2.4 Age and Soil History. 55
3.2.2.5 Topographic Effects: Translocations
and Accumulations . 57
3.2.3 Distribution of Major Soil Types at the Surface
of the World. 60
3.2.4 Structure of Weathered Rocks and Soils. 62
3.2.4.1 Weathered Rocks:
Inheritance of the Rock Structure . 62
Contents IX
3.2.4.2 Soil Structures: Importance of Aggregation . 62
3.2.5 Soil Structure-Porosity Relationship. 66
3.2.6 Changes in Rock Density
and Mechanical Properties. 67
3.2.7 Water in Soils:
Content and Chemical Potential . 69
3.2.7.1 Soil-Moisture Retention Curve . 70
3.2.7.2 Flow of Water in Soils and Weathered Rocks . 70
3.2.8 Dissolution and Recrystallization Processes . 73
3.2.8.1 General Statements. 73
3.2.8.2 The Proton-Cation Exchange . 76
3.2.9 Basic Factors for Phase Relation Analysis
in Rock Weathering . 78
3.2.9.1 From Microsites to Microsystems . 78
3.2.9.2 Construction of Phase Diagrams. 81
3.2.10 Summary and Conclusions. 84
3.3 From Rock to Soil: The Granite Example. 87
3.3.1 Clay Formation in Weathered Granite
Under Atlantic Climatic Conditions. 88
3.3.1.1 Weathered Profiles on Granitic Rocks:
The First Stages of Weathering. 88
3.3.1.2 Construction of Phase Diagrams. 93
3.3.1.3 Summary. 101
3.3.2 Soil Clays Developed on Granite Saprolite
in the Temperate Zone. 102
3.3.2.1 Methodology. 102
3.3.2.2 Observations. 104
3.3.2.3 Clay Genesis in Temperate Acid Soils. 107
3.3.2.4 Composition and Properties
of the Subfractions. 107
3.3.2.5 Conclusion . 114
3.3.3 Summary of Weathering Effects . 114
3.4 Clays Formed During Rock Weathering . 115
3.4.1 Weathering of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks. 115
3.4.1.1 Weathering Profiles. 115
3.4.1.2 Weathered Macrocrystalline Basic Rocks . 116
3.4.1.3 Weathered Macrocrystalline Ultrabasic Rocks . 117
3.4.1.4 Phase Diagrams . 119
3.4.1.5 Weathered Serpentinite . 124
3.4.2 Weathering of Basaltic Rocks . 126
3.4.3 Weathering of Clay-Bearing Rocks . 129
3.4.3.1 Weathering of Glauconitic Sandstones. 129
3.4.3.2 Weathering of Marls . 131
3.4.4 Summary and Conclusions. 133
3.5 Clays Found in Soil Environments . 134
X Contents
3.5.1 Clays in Soils from Cold and Temperate
Climates. 134
3.5.1.1 Nature and Rate of Clay Mineral Formation ----- 135
3.5.1.2 Podzolization and Clay Mineral Evolution in the
Temperate Zone: Influence of Organic Matter . 138
3.5.1.3 Clay Illuviation in Soils Developed from Glacial
Loess Deposits: Movement by Transport of
Solids . I40
3.5.1.4 Clays in Soils from Heavy Clay Rocks: Selective
Transport of Clays . 144
3.5.1.5 Summary . 144
3.5.2 Clays in soils on Volcanic Rocks:
The Short-Range-Ordered Minerals,
Allophane and Imogolite . 145
3.5.3 Clays in Soils Formed Under Tropical Climate
Conditions. 147
3.5.3.1 Equatorial Wet Zone: Kaolinite and Al,
Fe-Oxyhydroxides in Ferralsols. 148
3.5.3.2 Tropical Dry Zone: Smectites in Vertisols . 152
3.5.4 Arid and Semi-arid Zones: Palygorskite
in Saline Soils and Calcareous Crust . 154
3.6 General Conclusions . 155
References . 157
4 Erosion, Sedimentation and Sedimentary Origin
of Clays
S. HlLLIER . 162
4.1 Introduction . 162
4.2 Origins, Sources and Yields, and Global Fluxes
of Clay Minerals. 163
4.2.1 Origins of Clay Minerals in Sediments. 163
4.2.2 Sources and Yields . 165
4.2.3 Global Fluxes . 168
4.3 Erosion, Transport and Deposition
of Clay Minerals. 169
4.3.1 Transport by Rivers. 169
4.3.2 Transport in the Sea and Ocean . 171
4.3.3 Deposition of Clay Minerals by Settling . 177
4.3.3.1 Salt Flocculation . 17g
4.3.3.2 Differential Flocculation and Settling. 180
4.3.3.3 Bio- and Organic Flocculation. 180
4.3.3.4 Properties of Aggregates and Floes . 181
4.3.4 Erosion, Transport and Deposition by Wind _ 182
4.3.5 Erosion, Transport and Deposition by Ice . 185
Contents XI
4.3.6 Modifications and Transformations
During Transport and Deposition. 187
4.3.6.1 Ion Exchange and Fixation . 187
4.3.6.2 Pollutant Transport and Regulation. 189
4.4 Authigenic (in situ) Formation of Clay Minerals
in Sediments . 190
4.4.1 Continental Authigenic Smectite . 191
4.4.2 Marine Authigenic Smectites. 193
4.4.3 Marine Glauconite and Glauconite/Smectite . 195
4.4.4 Celadonite and Celadonite/Smectite. 198
4.4.5 Non-Marine Glauconite and Ferric Illite. 198
4.4.6 Minerals Related to Chlorites
and the Verdine Faciès. 199
4.4.7 Sepiolite and Palygorskite . 201
4.5 Mineralogical Patterns in the World Ocean . 203
4.6 Environmental Interpretation of Clay Minerals . 207
4.6.1 Sedimentary Environments and Provenance. 207
4.6.2 Palaeoclimatic Interpretation of Clay Minerals . 210
References . 214
5 Compaction and Diagenesis
B. Velde. 220
5.1 The Geologic Structure of Diagenesis . 221
5.1.1 Compaction and Porosity. 222
5.1.2 Temperature. 226
5.1.3 Sedimentation Rate. 226
5.1.4 The Kinetics of Clay Transformations . 226
5.1.5 Chemically Driven Reaction in Clays. 231
5.1.5.1 Solution Transport. 231
5.1.5.2 Chemical Equilibrium Among Clay Particle. 232
5.2 Major Progressive Clay Mineral Reactions
During Burial Diagenesis. 234
5.2.1 Mixed Layer Mineral Series. 234
5.2.2 Silica Polymorph Change During Diagenesis . 235
5.2.3 Zeolite Mineralogy During Diagenesis . 236
5.2.4 Changes in Organic Matte . 237
5.3 Sequential Mineralogical Changes
During Burial Diagenesis. 239
5.3.1 The First Kilometer. 239
5.3.2 The Stability of Detrital Minerals. 240
5.3.3 Clay Mineral Assemblages
in the Second Kilometer of Burial . 241
5.3.4 The Last Kilometers . 242
5.4 Conclusions. 244
Suggested Reading . 245
XII Contents
6 Hydrothermal Alteration by Veins
A. Meunier. ^
6.1 Introduction . ^47
6.2 Structure of the Hydrothermal-Wall Rock
System . 248
6.2.1 Central Deposit and Altered Wall Rocks . 248
6.2.2 Fluid Injection Vein Type . 249
6.2.3 Fluid Infiltration Vein Type. 251
6.2.4 Fluid Drainage Vein Type . 251
6.3 Alteration Mechanisms. 253
6.3.1 Zone Formation. 253
6.3.2 Zone Development . 255
6.3.3 Kinetics of Zonation . 256
6.3.4 Quantities of Fluids and Flow Regime
in Fractures. 260
6.3.5 Successive Fluid Circulation. 262
6.4 Alteration of Pre-existing Clay Minerals. 263
6.4.1 Layer-Charge Control of Clay Hydrothermal
Reactions. 263
6.4.2 Polyphase Clay Mineral Assemblages . 265
6.5 Conclusion . 265
References . 266
7 Formation of Clay Minerals
in Hydrothermal Environments
A. Inoue . 268
7.1 Initial Statement . 268
7.2 Definition of Hydrothermal Alteration . 269
7.3 Geologic Settings of Hydrothermal Systems. 270
7.4 Physico-chemical Nature
of Hydrothermal Systems. 271
7.4.1 Temperature and Pressure . 271
7.4.2 Fluid Compositions . 273
7.5 Formation of Alteration Minerals
and Their Zoning. 277
7.6 Classification of Hydrothermal Alteration. 284
7.7 Distribution and Morphology
of Alteration Zones. 288
7.8 Case Studies of Hydrothermal Alteration. 291
7.8.1 Acid-Type Alteration . 291
7.8.2 Intermediate to Alkaline Types of Alteration . 294
7.8.3 Deep Sea Hydrothermal Alteration . 299
7.9 A Brief Summary on the Effect of Rock Type . 303
Contents XIII
7.10 Detailed Mineralogy
of Selected Clay Mineral Types. 304
7.10.1 Interstratified Illite/Smectite . 304
7.10.1.1 Structural Variation. 305
7.10.1.2 Chemical Variation . 307
7.10.1.3 Morphology Variation . 309
7.10.1.4 Stability . 311
7.10.2 Rectorite . 313
7.10.3 Dioctahedral Smectite . 313
7.10.4 Sericite. 314
7.10.5 Interstratified Trioctahedral
Chlorite/Smectite (C/S). 315
7.10.5.1 Structural Variation. 315
7.10.5.2 Chemical Variation317
7.10.5.3 Stability . 318
7.10.6 Trioctahedral Chlorite
in Hydrothermal Deposits . 318
7.10.7 Aluminous Chlorite and Chlorite/Smectite. 320
7.11 Concluding Remarks. 320
References . 321
Subject Index. 331 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| discipline | Geowissenschaften Geologie / Paläontologie Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik Geographie |
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| id | DE-604.BV010347177 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:51:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540580123 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006887814 |
| oclc_num | 884741764 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-384 DE-92 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 DE-29 DE-188 DE-B16 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-384 DE-92 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 DE-29 DE-188 DE-B16 |
| physical | XIII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment B. Velde (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1995 XIII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelt Clay Clay minerals Clay minerals Environmental aspects Clay Environmental aspects Hydrothermalgebiet (DE-588)4381336-7 gnd rswk-swf Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd rswk-swf Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd rswk-swf Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd rswk-swf Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 s Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 s DE-604 Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 s Hydrothermalgebiet (DE-588)4381336-7 s Velde, Bruce Sonstige (DE-588)120623013 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006887814&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment Umwelt Clay Clay minerals Clay minerals Environmental aspects Clay Environmental aspects Hydrothermalgebiet (DE-588)4381336-7 gnd Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4381336-7 (DE-588)4185687-9 (DE-588)4039457-8 (DE-588)4156614-2 |
| title | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment |
| title_auth | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment |
| title_exact_search | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment |
| title_full | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment B. Velde (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment B. Velde (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment B. Velde (ed.) |
| title_short | Origin and mineralogy of clays |
| title_sort | origin and mineralogy of clays clays and the environment |
| title_sub | clays and the environment |
| topic | Umwelt Clay Clay minerals Clay minerals Environmental aspects Clay Environmental aspects Hydrothermalgebiet (DE-588)4381336-7 gnd Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Clay Clay minerals Clay minerals Environmental aspects Clay Environmental aspects Hydrothermalgebiet Tonmineral Mineralogie Entstehung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006887814&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT veldebruce originandmineralogyofclaysclaysandtheenvironment |