Science and judgment in risk assessment:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
National Acad. Press
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 651 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 030904894X |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Science and judgment in risk assessment |c Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmetal Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Ecologia |2 larpcal | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Monitoring |x methods |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Health risk assessment |x Statistical methods | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124635598422016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1 INTRODUCTION 16
Charge to the Committee, 17
Conceptual Framework of the Report, 21
PARTI
CURRENT APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT 23
2 RISK ASSESSMENT AND ITS SOCIAL AND
REGULATORY CONTEXTS 25
General Concepts, 25
Historical Roots, 29
NRC Study of Risk Assessment in the Federal Government, 33
Events After Release of the 1983 NRC Report, 34
Uses of Risk Assessment in the Regulation of Hazardous
Air Pollutants, 36
Noncancer Risk Associated with Hazardous Air Pollutants, 39
Public Criticism of Conduct and Uses of Risk Assessment, 40
3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 43
Introduction, 43
Emission Characterization, 47
Modeling Used in Exposure Assessment, 50
Xii CONTENTS
4 ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY 56
Introduction, 56
Principles of Toxicity Assessment, 56
New Trends in Toxicity Assessment, 66
5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 68
Introduction, 68
Elements of Risk Characterization, 69
PART II
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING RISK ASSESSMENT 79
The Need for Risk Assessment Principles, 80
Reporting Risk Assessments, 83
The Iterative Approach, 84
6 DEFAULT OPTIONS 85
Adoption of Guidelines, 85
Departures from Default Options, 90
Current EPA Practice in Departing from Default Options, 92
Findings and Recommendations, 104
Process for Departures, 105
7 MODELS, METHODS, AND DATA 106
Introduction, 106
Emission Characterization, 107
Exposure Assessment, 112
Assessment of Toxicity, 119
Findings and Recommendations, 137
8 DATA NEEDS 144
Context of Data Needs, 144
Implications for Priority Setting, 145
Data Needed for Risk Assessment, 146
Data Management, 156
Findings and Recommendations, 157
9 UNCERTAINTY 160
Context of Uncertainty Analysis, 160
Nature of Uncertainty, 161
Problems with EPA s Current Approach to Uncertainty, 166
Some Alternatives to EPA S Approach, 167
Specific Guidance on Uncertainty Analysis, 175
CONTENTS xiii
Risk Management and Uncertainty Analysis, 179
Comparison, Ranking, and Harmonization of Risk Assessments, 183
Findings and Recommendations, 184
10 VARIABILITY 188
Introduction and Background, 188
Exposure Variability, 196
Variability in Human Susceptibility, 200
Conclusions, 203
Findings and Recommendations, 217
11 AGGREGATION 224
Introduction, 224
Exposure Routes, 225
Risk Inducing Agents, 226
Types of Nonthreshold Risk, 229
Measures and Characteristics of Risk, 234
Findings and Recommendations, 240
PART m
IMPLEMENTATION OF FINDINGS 243
12 IMPLEMENTATION 245
Priority Setting and Section 112, 245
Iterative Risk Assessment, 246
EPA Practices: Points to Consider, 252
Institutional Issues in Risk Assessment and Management, 256
Summary, 263
Findings and Recommendations, 264
REFERENCES 269
APPENDIXES
A Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA s Responses to Questions
from the National Academy of Sciences 289
B EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht 351
C Calculation and Modeling of Exposure 375
D Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA
Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment 383
E Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data
to Humans 449
F Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates 453
xiv CONTENTS
G Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site and
Chemical Specific Information: A Case Study 479
H l Some Definitional Concerns About Variability 503
H 2 Individual Susceptibility Factors 504
I Aggregation 515
J A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to
Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants 537
K Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk
Information System and EPA Response 583
L Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment 591
M Charge to the Committee 599
N l The Case for Plausible Conservatism in Choosing and
Altering Defaults 601
N 2 Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment 629
INDEX 641
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:48:48Z |
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| institution_GND | (DE-588)1600476-0 |
| isbn | 030904894X |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIV, 651 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | National Acad. Press |
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| spelling | Science and judgment in risk assessment Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmetal Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council Washington, DC National Acad. Press 1994 XIV, 651 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecologia larpcal Air Pollution United States Air Pollution Toxicology United States Statistical methods Environmental Monitoring methods United States Health risk assessment Statistical methods Risk Assessment United States Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd rswk-swf Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd rswk-swf USA Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 s Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 s DE-604 National Research Council (USA) Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants Sonstige (DE-588)1600476-0 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006795972&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Science and judgment in risk assessment Ecologia larpcal Air Pollution United States Air Pollution Toxicology United States Statistical methods Environmental Monitoring methods United States Health risk assessment Statistical methods Risk Assessment United States Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061619-8 (DE-588)4137042-9 |
| title | Science and judgment in risk assessment |
| title_auth | Science and judgment in risk assessment |
| title_exact_search | Science and judgment in risk assessment |
| title_full | Science and judgment in risk assessment Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmetal Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council |
| title_fullStr | Science and judgment in risk assessment Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmetal Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council |
| title_full_unstemmed | Science and judgment in risk assessment Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmetal Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council |
| title_short | Science and judgment in risk assessment |
| title_sort | science and judgment in risk assessment |
| topic | Ecologia larpcal Air Pollution United States Air Pollution Toxicology United States Statistical methods Environmental Monitoring methods United States Health risk assessment Statistical methods Risk Assessment United States Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologia Air Pollution United States Air Pollution Toxicology United States Statistical methods Environmental Monitoring methods United States Health risk assessment Statistical methods Risk Assessment United States Umweltbelastung Risikoanalyse USA |
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