Oceanography: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont u.a.
Wadsworth
1995
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Wadsworth biology series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 495 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0534242588 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Ingmanson, Dale E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Oceanography |b an introduction |c Dale E. Ingmanson ; William J. Wallace |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Belmont u.a. |b Wadsworth |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 495 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Wadsworth biology series | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oceanography | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006791083 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124627621904384 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Oceanography
Autor: Ingmanson, Dale E.
Jahr: 1995
Contents
Preface xiii
ONE
The Ocean in Perspective 1
Exploration 2
The Word Oceanography 8
Emergence of the Science of Oceanography
Chemistry and the Sea 12
Physics and the Sea 13
Biology and the Sea 15
Geological Oceanography 18
Postscript 19
TWO
The Origin of the Earth, Ocean, and
Life 23
The Origin of the Universe 24
The Origin of the Sun 24
The Origin of the Planets 25
The Origin of the Ocean and Atmosphere
The Origin of Life 26
26
THREE
Obtaining Information about the
Ocean 30
Getting There 31
Research Ships 31
Navigation 31
Submergence 31
Scuba Gear and Underwater Habitats 31
Deep-Sea Submersible Vehicles 34
Methods of Sampling Sediments 36
Depth Recording 36
Dredging 38
Coring 39
Properties of the Ocean Crust 40
Heat Conduction 40
Rock Magnetism 40
Gravity Anomalies 40
Seismic Profiling 41
Seawater Sampling Methods 42
Measuring Salinity 43
Measuring Temperature 44
Sonar 46
Measuring Currents 46
Biological Sampling 47
Plant and Animal Collection 47
Measuring Productivity 49
Biology From Space 50
FOUR
Ocean Basins and Sediments 52
Characteristics of the Ocean Crust 54
Composition 54
Density 54
Isostasy 54
Age 54
Features of the Seafloor 55
Oceanic Ridges 55
Abyssal Plains 57
Seamounts, Coral Reefs, and Island Chains 58
Island Arcs and Trenches 60
Characteristics of Ocean Sediments 61
Particle Size 61
Density and Shape 61
Color 62
Chemical Composition 62
Thickness of Sediments and Rate of
Deposition 62
Classification of Ocean Sediments 62
Biogenous Sediments 62
Lithogenous Sediments 63
Volcanic Deposits 63
Turbidites 63
Muds 64
Pelagic Clay 64
Glacial Deposits 65
Hydrogenous Sediments 65
Manganese Nodules 65
Evaporites 66
Cosmogenous Sediments 67
Distribution of Marine Sediments 67
FIVE
Plate Tectonics 68
Continental Drift: The First Approach 68
Rock Magnetism 70
Seafloor Spreading: The Data Converge 72
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Concept 73
The Driving Force 77
Summary of Evidence 77
Earthquake Locations 77
Magnetic Bands 79
Sediment Age and Thickness 79
Continental Margin Configuration 79
Bedrock Age 80
Heat Flow 80
Lithologie Correlation 80
Terrestrial Fossil Correlation 80
Hot Spots 80
SI X
Margins of the Continents 82
Continental Shelves 83
Glaciation 84
Sea-Level Changes 86
Sedimentation 86
Carbonate Deposits 87
Faulting and Volcanism 87
Continental Slopes and Submarine Canyons 87
Continental Rises and Submarine Fans 90
Classification of Margins 90
Summary 93
SEVEN
The Chemical Properties of
Water 95
Properties of Water 95
Properties of Seawater 97
Origin of Salinity 98
Determination of Salinity 100
Minor Constituents 104
Dissolved Gases 104
Oxygen 104
Carbon Dioxide 105
EIGHT
The Physical Properties of
Seawater 109
Temperature Distribution in Seawater 109
Pressure 111
Density 113
Light and Color 116
Light in the Sea 117
How the Sea Looks from Within 117
Sound in the Sea 119
Sound Velocity in the Sea 119
Shadow Zones and SOFAR Channels 119
How the Sea Sounds from Within 121
Ice 122
NINE
Climate and the Ocean 124
The Nature of Solar Energy 127
Wavelengths 127
The Heat Budget 127
The Role of the Sea in Weather 130
The Coriolis Effect 133
General Circulation of the Atmosphere 135
Weather 138
Tropical Cyclones 144
Storm Surges 146
Waterspouts 147
Reciprocal Influences of Atmosphere and
Ocean 148
The Future 149
TEN
TWELVE
Ocean Circulation 150
Surface Circulation 150
Some Major Ocean Currents 151
The North Atlantic 151
The North Pacific 154
Flow Rate 154
The Boundary Currents 154
Western Boundary Currents 156
Eastern Boundary Currents 156
Equatorial Currents 156
Forces Causing the Surface Currents 156
Subsurface Currents or Undercurrents 159
Other Surface-Circulation Phenomena 160
Convergence and Divergence 160
Upwelling 160
Windrows 161
The Sargasso Sea 161
Coastal Currents 163
Measuring the Gulf Stream 166
El Niño 168
Energy from Ocean Currents 170
Oceanic Circulation: The Deep Currents 171
Temperature-Salinity Diagram 173
Water Age 174
Atlantic Ocean 175
Pacific Ocean 177
Indian Ocean 177
Ocean Cataracts 178
Ocean Heat Transfer 178
Marginal Seas 179
ELEVEN
Waves 181
Types of Waves 183
Wind Waves 183
Swells 188
Shallow-Water Waves 190
Breaking Waves 190
Surf and Rip Currents 191
Refraction, Diffraction, and Reflection 193
Problem Waves 194
Seismic Sea Waves 194
Rogue Waves 198
Internal Waves 200
Wakes 201
Seiches 202
Energy from Waves 203
Tides 204
Periodicities 206
Tide-Generating Forces 208
Solar and Lunar Tides 208
The Tides According to Newton 209
Dynamic Tides 212
Tidal Ranges 213
Tidal Currents 214
Whirlpools 216
Tidal Bores 220
Tidal Prediction 224
Energy from Tides 224
THIRTEEN
Coastal Processes and
Estuaries 227
Coasts and Coastal Processes 227
Coastal Rock Materials 228
Energy Acting on Coasts 229
Changes in Sea Level 233
Large-Scale Earth Movements 234
Human Activities 234
Dams 236
Land Reclamation 236
Dredging 237
Developmen t of Dune A reas 237
Erosion Control Structures 239
Classification of Coasts 240
Coasts Shaped by Nonmarine Processes 243
Coasts Shaped by Marine Processes or Marine
Organisms 246
Coasts of the United States 252
Descriptions 252
Active Processes 252
New England 252
Mid-Atlantic Shelf 255
Florida 256
Gulf Coast 257
Southern California 258
Oregon and Washington 260
Minor Beach Features 261
Estuaries 261
Classification 261
Estuarine Circulation 261
Estuarine Currents 263
Types of Estuaries 263
Origin and Fate 264
Salinity Fluctuations: Life in Estuaries 264
FOURTEEN
Life in the Sea: Bacteria, Protists,
Plants, and Invertebrates 267
Describing Life s Variety 268
Classification 268
Bacteria: The Kingdom Monera 269
Single-Celled Organisms: The Kingdom
Protista 272
Diatoms 272
Dinoflagellates 273
Microflagellates 275
Forams and Radiolarians 276
Multicellular Plants: The Kingdom Plantae 277
Seaweeds 277
Other Plants 279
Invertebrate Animals: The Kingdom
Animalia 281
Sponges 281
Cnidaria 282
Mollusca 284
Snails, Sea Slugs, and Chitons 285
Clams and Their Relatives 287
Octopuses and Squids 290
Annelid Worms 291
Crustaceans 293
Crustacean Anatomy and Life Cycle 293
Shrimps and Crabs: The Decapod
Crustaceans 294
Krill, Copepods, Isopods, Amphipods,
Barnacles: The Nondecapods 296
Other Marine Arthropods 300
Echinoderms 301
The Invertebrate Chordates 303
The Rest of the Invertebrates 304
FIFTEEN
Life in the Sea: Vertebrates 306
Sharks and Their Relatives 307
Fishes 310
Adaptations 311
Fish of Commercial Significance 314
Herrings and Their Relatives 314
The Cod Fishes 314
Halibuts 314
Tunas 315
Some Other Fishes 315
Role of Fish in Marine Ecology 315
Reptiles 316
Birds 318
Seabirds 318
Penguins 319
Albatrosses 320
Pelicans 321
Mammals 322
Pinnipeds 322
Sea Cows 324
Cetaceans 325
Marine Mammals and People 329
Fossil Vertebrates 331
Sea Monsters 331
SIXTEEN
The Distribution and Abundance of
Life in the Sea 333
Seawater Properties: Their Effects on Marine
Life 334
Light 334
Density and Viscosity 334
Salinity 335
Temperature 336
Dissolved Gases 337
Pressure 338
Depth 339
Plant Productivity and Food-Chain Dynamics 340
Photosynthesis 340
Primary Productivity 341
Nutrient Cycles 344
The Nitrogen Cycle 344
The Phosphorous Cycle 346
The Loss of Energy in Food Chains 348
Light, Nutrients, Upwelling, Symbiosis: Life in
Four Marine Systems 350
The North Atlantic Ocean 350
The Sargasso Sea 351
The Antarctic Ocean 354
Coral Reefs 354
Depth, Darkness, Shortage of Food: Life in Deep
Water 356
The Pelagic Realm 356
The Deep-Sea Floor 359
Hydrothermal Vents 361
Interactions Among Organisms: Life Along the
Shore 362
Broad Geographic Patterns: The Legacy of
Prehistoric Events 367
Summary 369
Life in the Sea: A Nonscientific Perspective 369
SEVENTEEN
Polar Oceanography 371
Magnetism 372
The Arctic Ocean 372
The Antarctic 373
The Heat Budget 374
Life in the Polar Regions 375
Ice in the Sea 377
Sea Ice 377
Icebergs 381
Ice Islands 386
Putting Ice to Use 386
Survival in the Sea 387
Drowning 387
Hypothermia 387
Thirst, Hunger, and Exposure 388
EIGHTEEN
Marine Resources and Ocean
Technology 389
Shipping 389
Mineral Resources and Water 391
Hydrocarbons 391
Manganese Nodules 393
Phosphate 394
Gold 395
Diamonds 395
Salt 395
Importance of Undersea Mining 396
Fresh Water 396
Exclusive Economic Zone 399
Energy from the Sea 399
Tides 400
Waves 400
Thermal Differences 400
Living Resources 402
Fisheries 402
Aquaculture 407
Endangered Living Resources 410
Overfishing 410
Invertebrates 411
Reptiles 411
Birds 411
Mammals 411
Marine Natural Products 413
Sunken Treasure 413
Marine Recreation 413
Overview 414
NINETEEN
Ocean Pollution and
Management 415
What Is Pollution? 417
The Sea as a Dump 418
Sewage 418
Heavy Metals 421
Synthetic Organic Compounds 423
Oil 424
Radioactivity 430
Heat 433
Solid Refuse and Plastics 433
The Carbon Dioxide Problem 436
Coastal Land Use 438
Landfill 438
Coastal Development 439
Ocean Management 442
History 443
U.N. Law of the Sea 443
The State of the Marine Environment 445
Epilogue 448
Appendixes
I Latitude and Longitude 451
II Time and the Date Line 452
III Scientific Notation 453
IV Constants and Equations 454
V Supplementary Topics to Chapter 8 455
VI The Coriolis Effect 456
VII Geologic Time Scale 457
VIII The U.S. Coastline 458
IX A Classification of Living Organisms 4b7
Glossary 471
Index 488
|
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| spelling | Ingmanson, Dale E. Verfasser aut Oceanography an introduction Dale E. Ingmanson ; William J. Wallace 5. ed. Belmont u.a. Wadsworth 1995 XI, 495 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wadsworth biology series Oceanography Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 gnd rswk-swf Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 s DE-604 Wallace, William J. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006791083&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Oceanography an introduction |
| title_auth | Oceanography an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Oceanography an introduction |
| title_full | Oceanography an introduction Dale E. Ingmanson ; William J. Wallace |
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| title_short | Oceanography |
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