An introduction to cell and molecular biology:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont [u.a.]
Wadsworth
1995
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 820 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0534237789 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to cell and molecular biology |c Stephen L. Wolfe |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124588530991104 |
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| adam_text | An Introduction to
CELL AND
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
STEPHEN L WOLFE
University of California at Davis
W
m Wadsworth Publishing Company
lVT^F An International Thomson Publishing Company
Belmont • Albany • Bonn • Boston • Cincinnati • Detroit • London
Madrid • Melbourne • Mexico City • New York • Paris • San Francisco
Singapore • Tokyo • Toronto • Washington
BRIEF CONTENTS
1 Introduction 1
2 Chemical Bonds and Biological Molecules 32
3 Energy Enzymes, and Biological Reactions 69
4 The Structure of Cellular Membranes 9 3
5 The Functions of Membranes in
Transport 117
6 The Cell Surface and Intercellular
Communication 150
7 The Extracellular Matrix 178
8 Cellular Oxidations and the
Mitochondrion 206
9 Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast 246
10 Microtubules and Microtubule-Based
Cell Motility 280
11 Microfilaments and Microfilament-Generated
Cell Motility 308
12 Microtubules Microfilaments, and Intermediate
Filaments in the Cytoskeleton 340
13 The Nucleus and Its Molecular
Constituents 363
14 RNA Transcription and Processing I:
Messenger RNA 396
15 RNA Transcription and Processing II: rRNA
tRNA and sn/scRNA 428
16 Interaction of mRNA rRNA and tRNA in
Protein Synthesis 458
17 Transcriptional and Translational
Regulation 488
18 Organization of the Genome and Genetic
Rearrangements 520
19 Programmed Genetic Rearrangements in the
Production of Antibodies 544
20 Protein Sorting Distribution Secretion, and
Endocytosis 571
21 Cytoplasmic Genetic Systems 605
22 The Cell Cycle and Cancer 628
23 DNA Replication 658
24 Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Division 690
25 Meiosis and Genetic Recombination 728
26 The Origins of Cellular Life 757
Appendix 1 Major Investigative Methods of Cell and
Molecular Biology 782
vi
DETAILED CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Cell Structure 2
Prokaryotic Cells 4
Eukaryotic Cells 6
The Nucleus 8 The Cytoplasm 9 Specialized
Cytoplasmic Structures of Plant Cells 15
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure:
A Summary 18
Viruses 18
Viral Structure 19 Viral Infective Cycles 20
Origins and Significance of Viruses 23
Historical Origins of Cell and Molecular Biology 24
The Discovery of Cells 24 Development of the Cell
Theory 24 Early Chemical Investigations 26
Integration of Chemical and Morphological
Studies 26 The Molecular Revolution 29
CHAPTER 2
CHEMICAL BONDS AND BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Chemical Bonds Important in Biological Molecules 33
Ionic Bonds 33 Covalent Bonds 34 Unequal
Electron Sharing, Hydrogen Bonds, and the
Properties of Water 36 van der Waals Forces 37
J
Functional Groups in Biological Molecules 38
The Hydroxyl Group and Alcohols 38 The
Carbonyl Group, Aldehydes, and Ketones 39
INFORMATION BOX 2-1: Condensation and
Hydrolysis 40
The Carboxyl Group and Organic Acids 40 The
Amino Group 40
INFORMATION BOX 2-2: Acids, Bases, and pH 41
The Phosphate Group 42 The Sulfhydryl Group 42
Carbohydrates 42
Carbohydrate Structure 42
Linkage of Monosaccharides into Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides 44
INFORMATION BOX 2-3: Stereoisomers 45
Lipids 46
Neutral Lipids 46 Phospholipids 49 Steroids 51
Combinations Between Lipids and Carbohydrates:
Glycolipids 51
Proteins 53
The Amino Acids 53 Restrictions on the Movement
of Polypeptide Chains and the Secondary Structure
of Proteins 56 Tertiary Structure: The Three-
Dimensional Arrangement of Polypeptide Chains 58
Associations of Multiple Polypeptide Chains into
Quaternary Structures 61 Combinations of Proteins
with Other Substances 61
INFORMATION BOX 2-4: The Coiled Coil 62
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 63
The Nucleotides 63 DNA and RNA 64
vii
CHAPTER 3
ENERGY, ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
Chemical and Physical Laws Governing Reactions 70
Spontaneous Reactions and the Laws of
Thermodynamics 70 Using the First and Second
Laws to Predict the Rate and Direction of Chemical
Reactions 71 Reversible Reactions 72 How Living
Organisms Push Reversible Reactions Uphill 73
The Standard Free Energy Change 74
The Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions 75
Enzymes and Enzymatic Catalysis 75 Enzymes and
Activation Energy 76 Characteristics of Protein-
Based Enzymes 76 How Enzymes Lower the
Energy of Activation 78 The Active Site, Transition
State, and Reversible Reactions 80 Factors
Affecting Enzyme Activity 80 Enzyme
Regulation 83 RNA-Based Catalysts: Ribozymes 86
SUPPLEMENT 3-1: A Quantitative Treatment of Enzyme
Saturation and Inhibition: The Michaelis-Menten
Equation 91
CHAPTER 4
THE STRUCTURE OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES
Lipid and Protein Molecules of Biological
Membranes 94
Membrane Lipids 95 Membrane Proteins 98
Lipids and Proteins in Membrane Structure 100
Membrane Lipids and Bilayer Structure 100
Bilayers, Membrane Proteins, and the Fluid Mosaic
Model 104 Evidence Supporting the Fluid Mosaic
Model 106
INFORMATION BOX 4-1: Membrane Fusion 110
Developments Leading to the Fluid Mosaic
Model 112
Membrane Biogenesis 112
Lipid Origins 112 Origins of Membrane
Proteins 114
CHAPTER 5
THE FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANES IN TRANSPORT
Passive Transport 118
Diffusion as the Basis for Passive Transport 118
The Effects of Semipermeable Membranes on
Diffusion 119 Biological Membranes and Passive
Transport: Facilitated Diffusion 121
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Hoio Do Ions Get across
Membranes? 124
Transporter Types Operating in Facilitated
Diffusion 126
Active Transport 130
Characteristics of Active Transport 130 Active
Transport Directly Dependent on ATP 131 Indirect
Active Transport Pumps 134
Active Transport, Membrane Potentials, and Nerve
Conduction 137
The Resting and Action Potentials 137
INFORMATION BOX 5-1: Quantitative Estimation of
Membrane Potential: The Nemst Equation 138
Movement of Impulses Along an Axon: Propagation
of the Action Potential 139 Saltatory Conduction in
Myelinated Neurons 140 Conduction Between
Nerve Cells via the Synapse 141
SUPPLEMENT 5-1: Transport in Bacteria 146
Porins and Transport Through the Outer Membrane
of Gram-Negative Bacteria 146 Transport Through
the Bacterial Plasma Membrane 147
viii
CHAPTER 6
THE CELL SURFACE AND INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
Cell Recognition 151
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Molecules 151 Blood Groups and Other Surface
Markers 152
INFORMATION BOX 6-1: Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
of the Cell Surface 153
Surface Receptors and Intercellular Signaling 153
The Characteristics of Receptor-Response Signaling
Pathways 154 Receptors with Integral Protein
Kinase Activity 154 Receptors with Separate
Protein Kinase Activity 157 Operation of the cAMP
and InsP3/DAG Receptor-Response Pathways 159
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: The Road to the
Phosphoinisitide-Generated Second Messengers 162
INFORMATION BOX 6-2: Calmodulin 165
Cell Adhesion 166
Cell Junctions 167
Adhesive Junctions 167 Tight Junctions 170 Gap
Junctions 171
SUPPLEMENT 6-1: Bacterial Receptor-Response
Mechanisms 176
CHAPTER 7
THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
The Animal Extracellular Matrix 179
The Collagens 179 The Network Surrounding
Collagen Fibers: Proteoglycans 182 Molecules
Interlinking and Binding the Extracellular Matrix to
the Cell Surface 184
The Extracellular Structures of Plants: Cell Walls 188
Molecular Constituents of Plant Cell Walls 189 Cell
Wall Structure 192 Cell Wall Synthesis 193
Plasmodesmata: Communicating Junctions of
Plant Cells 194
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: CelllCell
Communication in Plants: An Open and Shut
Case 196
SUPPLEMENT 7-1: Cell Walls in Prokaryotes 199
Cell Wall Structure in Gram-Positive and Gram-
Negative Bacteria 199 Molecular Constituents of
Prokaryotic Cell Walls 200
Pili and Bacterial Adhesions 204 The Capsule 204
CHAPTER 8
CELLULAR OXIDATIONS AND THE MITOCHONDRION
ATP Production by Oxidative Phosphorylation:
An Overview 207
The Source of Electrons at Elevated Energy
Levels 207
INFORMATION BOX 8-1: Oxidation and Reduction 208
Electron Transport 208 ATP Synthesis 209
Mitochondrial Structure and Occurrence 210
Mitochondrial Structure 210 Isolation of
Mitochondrial Components 210 Occurrence and
Distribution of Mitochondria 212
The Oxidative Reactions Supplying Electrons 212
The First Major Stage: Glycolysis 212
INFORMATION BOX 8-2: The Pentose Phosphate
Pathway 217
The Second Major Stage: Pyruvate Oxidation and the
Citric Acid Cycle 218 The Products of Glucose
Oxidation 222 Funneling Fats and Proteins into the
Oxidative Pathways 222
ix
The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System 223
Prosthetic Groups and Their Sequence in Electron
Transport 224 Organization of Prosthetic Groups
with Proteins in the Electron Transport System 226
INFORMATION BOX 8-3: Placing Electron Carriers in
Sequence 227
H~ pumping by the Electron Transport System 229
Discovery of Mitochondrial Electron Transport 230
The Mitochondrial F0F,-ATPase and ATP Synthesis 230
Structure of the F„F,-ATPase 230
INFORMATION BOX 8-4: Total ATP Production from
Glucose Oxidation 231
The Mechanism of ATP Synthesis by the F„F,-
ATPase 232 Evidence that an H * Gradient Drives
ATP Synthesis 233
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Divide and Conquer:
Deciphering the Functions of a Polypeptide of the
Chloroplast ATP Synthase 235
Mitochondrial Transport 236
SUPPLEMENT 8-1: Oxidative Metabolism in
Prokaryotes 240
Electron Transport and the F„F,-ATPase in
Bacteria 240 Oxidation and ATP Synthesis in
Cyanobacteria 241
SUPPLEMENT 8-2: Fatty Acid Oxidation 242
SUPPLEMENT 8-3: Microbodies (Peroxisomes) 243
Microbodies and Fatty Acid Oxidation 244
Microbodies and the Glyoxylate Cycle:
Glyoxisomes 245 Other Biochemical Pathways in
Microbodies 245 Microbodies and the Cellular
Energy Economy 245
CHAPTER 9
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE CHLOROPLAST
The Pathways of Photosynthesis: An Overview 247
The First Major Step of Photosynthesis: The Light
Reactions 247 The Second Major Step in
Photosynthesis: The Dark Reactions 248 Location
of the Light and Dark Reactions in Eukaryotes: The
Chloroplast 248
The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis 250
Light and Light Absorption 250 The Structure of
Chlorophyll and Other Light-Absorbing
Molecules 250 Organization of Photosynthetic
Pigments in Chloroplasts 252 The Electron
Transport System Linking the Photosystems 253
Cyclic Electron Flow Within the Z Pathway 256
H Pumping by the Z Pathway 256 Using the H+
Gradient to Synthesize ATP 257 Organization of
Light Reaction Components in Thylakoid
Membranes 258 The Light Reactions and the
Chemiosmotic Mechanism 261
The Dark Reactions 261
Tracing the Pathways of the Dark Reactions 261
The C-, Cycle 262 The C4 Cycle 265
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: The C, Pathivay:
A Surprise Option for Photosynthetic Carbon
Assimilation 266
Chloroplast Transport 268
SUPPLEMENT 9-1: Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes 271
The Photosynthetic Bacteria 271 Photosynthesis in
the Cyanobacteria 276
SUPPLEMENT 9-2: The Oxygenase Activity ofRuBP
Carboxylase and Photorespiration: An Evolutionary
Fly in the Photosynthetic Ointment 278
CHAPTER 10
MICROTUBULES AND MICROTl BULE-BASED
CELL MOTILITY
Microtubule Structure and Assembly 282
Microtubule Structure 282 The Tubulins 283
Polymerization of Tubulins into Microtubules 283
Factors Regulating Microtubule Polymerization:
CA2+ and MAPs 286 Microtubule Organizing
Centers (MTOCs) 288 Microtubule Poisons 288
x
The Motile Functions of Microtubules 289
Dynein and Microtubule Sliding 290 Microtubule
Sliding Powered by Dynein in Flagella and Cilia 291
INFORMATION BOX 10-1: Dynein Arms and the
Immotile Cilia Syndrome 296
Dynein and Kinesin in Other Cytoplasmic
Movements 297
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Identification of
Microtubule Motors Involved in Axonal
Transport 300
INFORMATION BOX 10-2: Optical Tweezers for
Microscopic Objects 302
SUPPLEMENT 10-1: Bacterial Flagella 304
Structure of Bacterial Flagella 304 The Flagellar
Motor 304 Flagellar Rotation and Bacterial
Swimming Behavior 306
CHAPTER 11
MICROFILAMENTS AND MICROFILAMENT-
GENERATED CELL MOTILITY
Structure and Biochemistry of Microfilaments 309
Microfilament Structure 309 The Actins 310
Assembly of Actin Molecules into
Microfilaments 310 Microfilament Polarity and
Treadmilling 310 Factors Modifying Microfilament
Polymerization 312 Parallels in the Biochemistry of
Microfilaments and Microtubules 315
Myosin and Microfilament-Based Motility 316
Myosin Structure 316 The Myosin Crossbridge
Cycle 319 Regulation of Crossbridging 320
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Do the Two Heads of
the Myosin Molecule Function Independently or
Cooperatively? 322
Motile Systems Based on Microfilaments 325
Striated Muscle Cells 325 Smooth Muscle Cells 330
Microfilament-based Motility in Nonmuscle
Cells 332 Movements Generated by Microfilament
Growth 335
SUPPLEMENT 11-1: Motility Without Microtubules or
Microfilaments 338
Motile Systems Based on Ca2 -Sensitive Contractile
Proteins 338 Movements Generated by Osmosis in
Plants 339
CHAPTER 12
MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS AND
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS IN THE CYTOSKELETON
Structure and Biochemistry of Intermediate
Filaments 341
Intermediate Filament Structure 342 Individual
Intermediate Filament Types 344
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Of Mice and Men:
Skin Diseases Arising from Defects in Keratin
Filaments 345
Intermediate Filament Assembly 348 Intermediate
Filament-Associated Proteins (IFAPs) 349
Intermediate Filament Regulation 349
Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules, and
Microfilaments in the Cytoskeleton 349
Cytoskeletal Functions 350 Methods for Studying
the Cytoskeleton 350
Major Cytoskeletal Structures 350
Cytoskeletal Systems Associated with the Plasma
Membrane 351 Cytoskeletal Structures of the
Cortex and Inner Cytoplasm 354
Dynamic Changes in the Cytoskeleton 357
Cytoskeletal Alterations in Developing Cells 357
Cytoskeletal Rearrangements During Cell
Division 357 Cytoskeletal Changes Related to
Motility 359 Cytoskeletal Abnormalities and
Disease 360
xi
CHAPTER 13
THE NUCLEUS AND ITS MOLECULAR CONSTITUENTS
DNA Structure 364
The Watson-Crick Model 364
INFORMATION BOX 13-1: DNA Melting, Renaturation,
and Hybridization 366
Refinements to the Watson-Crick Model: B-DNA and
Other DNA Conformations 367
INFORMATION BOX 13-2: Inverted Sequences
(Palindromes) 369
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: The Discovery of Left-
Handed Z-DNA 370
Chemical Modification of DNA 372 DNA
Supercoiling 372
Proteins Associated with DNA in Chromatin 374
The Histones 374 The Nonhistone Proteins 376
Nucleosomes 377
INFORMATION BOX 13-3: DNA Endonucleases and
Nucleosome Periodicity 379
Organization of Chromatin in Eukaryotic Nuclei 380
Nucleosomes in Chromatin Fibers 380 Chromatin
in Eukaryotic Nuclei 381
The Boundary of the Eukaryotic Nucleus: The Nuclear
Envelope 383
Nuclear Envelope Structure 383 Transport Through
the Nuclear Envelope 387
SUPPLEMENT 13-1: Nuclear Strttcture in
Prokaryotes 391
Bacterial Nucleoid Structure 391 Bacterial Nucleoid
Proteins 392 Nucleoid Structure in
Cyanobacteria 393 Dinoflagellates: Eukaryotes
with Prokaryotic DNA Organization 393
SUPPLEMENT 13-2: Annulate Lamellae 394
CHAPTER 14
RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING I:
MESSENGER RNA
General Features of RNA Structure, Transcription,
and Processing 397
RNA Structure 397 RNA Transcription 397
INFORMATION BOX 14-1: Footprinting 401
RNA Processing 402
Transcription and Processing of Messenger RNA 403
mRNA Structure 404 Isolating mRNAs for
Study 407 Pre-mRNAs407 mRNA Gene
Structure 408 Transcription of Pre-mRNAs 412
Processing Pre-mRNAs 413
Alterations in Chromatin Structure During
Transcription 416
SUPPLEMENT 14-1: DNA Cloning, the Polymerase
Chain Reaction, and DNA Sequencing 420
DNA Cloning 420 The Polymerase Chain
Reaction 422 Sequencing DNA 423 Deducing
Protein Sequences from DNA Sequences 426
CHAPTER 15
RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING II:
rRNA, tRNA, AND sn/scRNAs
Transcription and Processing of Ribosomal RNA 429
The rRNAs 429 rRNA Gene Structure,
Transcription, and Processing 431 5S rRNA Genes,
Transcription, and Processing 437 Alterations in
Chromatin During rRNA Transcription 438 rRNA
and the Nucleolus 439
Transcription and Processing of Transfer RNA 442
tRNA Structure 442 tRNA Genes 444 tRNA
Transcription and Processing 445
xii
Small Nuclear and Small Cytoplasm RNAs 447
SUPPLEMENT 15-1: RNA Transcription and Processing
in Prokaryotes 451
The Bacterial RNA Polymerase 451 Bacterial Genes
and Their Promoters 451 mRNA Genes,
Transcription, and Processing in Bacteria 454
Bacterial rRNA Genes, Transcription, and
Processing 454 Bacterial tRNA Genes,
Transcription, and Processing 455
CHAPTER 16
INTERACTION OF mRNA, rRNA, AND tRNA
IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Polypeptide Assembly on Ribosomes 459
An Introduction to the Mechanism 459
Initiation 461 Elongation 463
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: When Sperm Meets Egg:
Initiation Factors and Translational Control at
Fertilization 464
Termination 469 Chemical Modification and
Folding of Newly Synthesized Polypeptides 469
Ribosome Structure 472
Major Structural Features of Ribosomes 473
Isolating and Identifying Ribosomal Proteins 474
Locating Individual Proteins, rRNAs, and Functions
in Ribosomes 475 Ribosome Assembly in the Test
Tube 475
INFORMATION BOX 16-1: Locating Ribosomal Proteins
and rRNAs 476
The Genetic Code for Protein Synthesis 476
Solving the Code 476 Features of the Genetic
Code 478 Degeneracy and the Wobble
Hypothesis 478 Exceptions to Universality of the
Genetic Code 480
Amino Acid Activation 480
The Reactions of Amino Acid Activation 480 The
Enzymes Catalyzing Amino Acid Activation 481
SUPPLEMENT 16-1: Protein Synthesis in
Prokaryotes 486
Polypeptide Assembly in Bacteria 486 The Proteins
of Bacterial Ribosomes 486
CHAPTER 17
TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND
TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION
Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes 489
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Sequential Clues to the
DNA-Binding Specificity ofMyc 492
Structures Common to Regulatory Proteins 495
Regulatory Systems Controlling Specific Genes 497
A Relatively Simple System Involving Two
Interacting Proteins: The GAL4/80 System of
Saccharomyces 497 Cooperative Regulation of the
Serum Albumin Gene 498 Genes Controlled in
Groups and Networks by Regulatory Proteins 499
Mechanisms Modifying Transcriptional Control by
Regulatory Proteins 504
DNA Methylation and Transcriptional
Regulation 504 Histone Modifications and Genetic
Regulation 506
Posttranscriptional Regulation 507
Posttranscriptional Regulation During mRNA
Processing 507 Posttranscriptional Regulation of
mRNA Stability 508
Translational Regulation 508
Translational Controls Regulating Steps in
Initiation 509 Translational Controls Regulating
mRNA Availability 510
Posttranslational Regulation 510
SUPPLEMENT 17-1: Regulation in Prokaryotes 514
Transcriptional Regulation in Bacteria 514
Translational Regulation in Bacteria 518
xiii
CHAPTER 18
ORGANIZATION OF THE GENOME
AND GENETIC REARRANGEMENTS
How Eukaryotic Genomes Are Organized: An
Overview 521
Organization of Coding Sequences 522
mRNA Genes 522 rRNA, tRNA, and sn/scRNA
genes 524
Repetitive Noncoding Sequences 526
INFORMATION BOX 18-1: Alu Sequences 527
Moderately Repeated Sequences 529
INFORMATION BOX 18-2: DNA Fingerprinting 530
Highly Repeated Sequences 532
Genetic Rearrangements 533
INFORMATION BOX 18-3: Sequencing Human and Other
Genomes 535
Transposable Elements 535
SUPPLEMENT 18-1: Genome Structure in
Prokaryotes 541
The Arrangement of Coding Sequences in
Prokaryotes 541 Repeated Sequences in
Prokaryotes 541 Genetic Rearrangements in
Bacteria 542
CHAPTER 19
PROGRAMMED GENETIC REARRANGEMENTS
IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
Production of Antibodies 545
Antibody Structure 545 Antibody Gene
Groups 548 The Genetic Rearrangements
Assembling Antibody Genes 552 Stimulation of B
Cells Producing an Antibody Type: Clonal
Selection 555
Interaction of B and T Cells in the Immune
Response 557
T Cells and the MHC Genes 557
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Instruction or Selection:
The Role of Antigen in Antibody Production 558
MHC Binding by T Cells 561 Interaction of B Cells
and Helper T Cells in the Immune Response 562
Killer T Cells in the Immune Response 563
Malfunctions of the Immune Response 564
Use of Antibodies in Research 565
SUPPLEMENT 19-1: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome) 567
Symptoms and Progress of AIDS 567 Transmission
and Prevention of AIDS 569
CHAPTER 20
PROTEIN SORTING, DISTRIBUTION,
SECRETION AND ENDOCYTOSIS
The ER and Golgi Complex in Protein Distribution 572
Structure of the ER and Golgi Complex 572
Evidence That Proteins Move Sequentially Through
the ER and Golgi Complex 577
Mechanisms Sorting and Distributing Proteins 578
Signals Directing Proteins to Initial Destinations 578
Mechanisms Targeting Proteins to Pathways
Beginning at the ER 579 Signals Directing Proteins
to Further Destinations along the ER Route 582
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Redirecting Protein
Traffic from Cytoplasm to the Secretory Pathioay:
A Test of the Signal Hypothesis 583
Distribution to Locations Outside the ER-Golgi
Pathway 587
Exocytosis and Endocytosis 591
Exocytosis 592 Endocytosis 593
SUPPLEMENT 20-1: Protein Sorting, Distribution, and
Secretion in Prokaryotes 601
SUPPLEMENT 20-2: Reactions Adding Sugar Units to
Proteins in the ER and Golgi Complex 602
xiv
CHAPTER 21
CYTOPLASMIC GENETIC SYSTEMS
Discovery of DNA and Genes in Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts 606
Cytoplasmic Inheritance of Mutations Affecting the
Organelles 606 The Search for DNA in the
Organelles 607
The Organelle DNAs 607
Isolation of the DNA 607 The DNA Circles of
Mitochondria 607 Chloroplast DNA 609
Genes and Genome Structure in the Organelles 609
Mitochondrial Genes 609 Chloroplast Genes and
Genomes 615
Transcription and Translation in Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts 618
Transcription and Processing in Mitochondria 618
Transcription and Processing in Chloroplasts 620
Polypeptide Assembly in Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts 620
Origins of the Organelle Genomes 622
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Escape of DNA from
Mitochondria to the Nucleus During Evolution and in
Real Time 624
CHAPTER 22
THE CELL CYCLE AXD CANCER
Overview of the Mitotic Cell Cycle 629
Interphase 629 Mitosis 630 Alterations in the Cell
Cycle 631 A Controlled End to the Cell Cycle:
Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) 632
Cell Cycle Regulation: Factors Modifying the Cell
Cycle 632
Regulation of Growth and Division Through Surface
Receptors 633 Alterations in Ion Transport 635
Histone and Nonhistone Modifications 636
Cytoplasmic Volume 637
Genes Regulating the Cell Cycle 637
Cell Cycle Genes Discovered Through Study of
Mutants 638 Cell Cycle Genes Identified Through
Study of Oncogenes 641
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Finding Cyclins and
After 642
INFORMATION BOX 22-1: Cell Cycle Control in
E Coli 645
Alterations Changing Proto-Oncogenes into
Oncogenes 648
The Characteristics of Cancer 651
Effects of Cancer Cells 651 Viruses and Cancer 651
Multistep Progression in Cancer 653 The Role of
Chemicals and Radiation in Multistep Progression of
Cancer 654
CHAPTER 23
DNA REPLICATION
Semiconservative DNA Replication 659
The Reactions of DNA Replication 662
An Overview of the Mechanism 662 Mechanisms
Solving the Special Problems of DNA
Replication 663 The Enzymes and Factors of DNA
Replication 665 Telomere Replication in
Eukaryotes: Replacing the Primer of the Leading
Chain 674
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Telomerase: The Search
for a Hypothetical Enzyme 676
Repair of Replication Errors 678
INFORMATION BOX 23-1: Mutations and Their
Effects 679
xv
Replication Origins and Replicons 680
Replication Origins 680 Replicons 682
Duplication of Chromosomal Proteins 683
Synthesis of Chromosomal Proteins 684
Nucleosomes and DNA Replication 685
SUPPLEMENT 23-1: DNA Replication in Mitochondria
and Chloroplasts 688
CHAPTER 24
NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION
An Overview of Mitosis and Cytokinesis 691
The Stages of Mitosis 691 Cytokinesis 693
The Events of Prophase 694
Chromosome Condensation 694 Structure of Fully
Condensed Chromosomes 695 Spindle
Formation 701 Breakdown of the Nucleolus and
Nuclear Envelope 707
Events During Metaphase 708
The Events of Anaphase 708
Separation of Sister Chromatids 708 Components
of the Anaphase Movement 709 Mechanisms of the
Anaphase Movement710 Regulation of the
Anaphase Movement 713
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: Spindle Elongation in
vitro: The Relative Roles of Microtubule Sliding and
Tubulin 714
The Events of Telophase 716
Reorganization of the Nucleolus 716 Reformation
of the Nuclear Envelope 717
Cytokinesis 718
Furrowing 718 Cell Plate Formation 719
Distribution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 720
Genetic Regulation of Mitosis and Cytoplasmic
Division 722
SUPPLEMENT 24-1: Cell Division in Bacteria 726
CHAPTER 25
MEIOS1S AND GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Overview of Meiosis 728
Premeiotic Interphase 729 Meiosis 729 Meiotic
Prophase 1730
INFORMATION BOX 25-1: Division of the Sex
Chromosomes in Meiosis 734
The Meiotic Divisions 736 RNA Transcription and
Protein Synthesis During Meiosis 738
The Mechanism of Recombination 739
Classical Recombination 739 Experiments
Establishing that Recombination Occurs by Breakage
and Exchange During Prophase I of Meiosis 739
Intragenic Recombination 742 Molecular Models
for Recombination 745 Enzymes and Factors of
Recombination 747
The Synaptonemal Complex and Genetic
Recombination 749
Structure of the Synaptonemal Complex 749
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: m-rec:An Enzyme that
Effects Genetic Recombination in Meiotic Cells 750
Recombination Nodules in the Synaptonemal
Complex 752
Regulation of Meiosis 752
CHAPTER 26
THE ORIGINS OF CELLULAR LIFE
Stages in the Evolution of Cellular Life 759
Stage 1: Formation of the Earth and its Primitive
Atmosphere 760 Stage 2: Spontaneous Formation
of Organic Molecules 761 Stage 3: Formation of
Molecular Aggregates 765
xvi
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS: How Were Peptides
Formed in the Prebiotic Era 766
Stage 4: Development of Life in the Primitive
Aggregates 769 Stage 5: Evolution of Cells from
Precells 773
Later Metabolic Developments and the Origins of
Eukaryotic Cells 773
Photosynthesis, Oxygen Evolution, and
Respiration 773 Appearance of Eukaryotic
Cells 775 Reconstruction of Ancient Lineages
Leading to Contemporary Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes 778
• P
APPENDIX
MAJOR INVESTIGATIVE METHODS OF CELL AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Light and Electron Microscopy 783
The Light Microscope and Its Applications 783
Electron Microscopy 787
Specimen Preparation for Microscopy 790
Basic Preparation Methods 790 Analytical
Methods 791
Cell Culture 792
Culturing Microorganisms 792 Culturing Higher
Eukaryotic Cells 793 Fusing Cultured Cells 794
Cell Fractionation 794
Centrifugation 795 Gel Electrophoresis 796
Chromatography 800 X-Ray Diffraction 802
Index 805
xvii
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:48:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0534237789 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006768035 |
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| physical | XVII, 820 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Wolfe, Stephen L. Verfasser aut An introduction to cell and molecular biology Stephen L. Wolfe Belmont [u.a.] Wadsworth 1995 XVII, 820 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cytology Molecular biology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s DE-604 Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 s HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006768035&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wolfe, Stephen L. An introduction to cell and molecular biology Cytology Molecular biology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070177-3 (DE-588)4067537-3 (DE-588)4039983-7 |
| title | An introduction to cell and molecular biology |
| title_auth | An introduction to cell and molecular biology |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to cell and molecular biology |
| title_full | An introduction to cell and molecular biology Stephen L. Wolfe |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to cell and molecular biology Stephen L. Wolfe |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to cell and molecular biology Stephen L. Wolfe |
| title_short | An introduction to cell and molecular biology |
| title_sort | an introduction to cell and molecular biology |
| topic | Cytology Molecular biology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cytology Molecular biology Cytologie Zelle Molekularbiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006768035&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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