Single parent families: perspectives on research and policy
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toronto u.a.
Thompson Educational Publ.
1993
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 378 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1550770462 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
Foreword xv
Contributors xvii
Introduction by Burt Galaway and Joe Hudson xix
PARTI
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES
1. An Overview of Research and Policy on the Lone Parent
Family in Britain 5
Elsa Ferri
Recent Demographic Trends 3
Other Correlates of Lone Parenthood 4
Dynamics of Lone Parenthood 5
Policy and Its Impact 5
Income and Employment 5
Housing 7
Support Needs of Lone Parent Families 8
Child Care 9
Skills and Training 10
Employment Practice 11
Housing 11
The Need for Social and Emotional Support 11
Socialization of Children from Lone Parent Families 12
Conclusion 13
2. Single Motherhood in the United States: Growth,
Problems, and Policies 15
Sara McLanahan and Irwin Garfinkel
The Growth of Single Parent Family in the United States 16
The Problems of Single Mother Families 18
The Proximate Causes of Low Income 20
Low Earnings Capacity 21
vi
SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES
Inadequate Child Support 22
Alimony and Child Support are the Contribution from
Father 22
Meagre Public Support 23
Policies for Single Mother Families 23
Policies for Increasing Low Earnings Capacity 24
Policies for Compensating for Low Earnings Capacity 25
Policies for Increasing and Regularizing Child Support 27
Increasing Public Support for Children in Single Mother
Families 27
3. Lone Parent Families in France: Situation and Research 31
Nadine Lefaucheur and Claude Martin
Family Crisis and Lone Parent Type Families 31
Family Policy and Lone Parents 32
A Statistical Rubric 36
Context for Research 38
Lone Parenthood and Poverty 39
Lone Parenthood, Poverty and Impoverishment 39
Economic Vulnerability and Dependence: Importance of
a Professional Activity 40
Criticism of Lone Parent Benefit 45
Socialization and Lone Parenthood 46
Criticisms of Scholarly Representations 46
Socialization Networks and Lone Parenthood 47
Conclusion 49
PART n
DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE SINGLE PARENT FAMILY
4. An Overview of Lone Parenthood in Canada 53
Craig McKie
Changing Demographics of Lone Parenthood 53
Lone Parenting: Labels and Practice 57
Incidence 58
Summary Overview on the Number of Lone Parent
Families 59
Lone Parent Mothers Compared To Lone Parent Fathers 60
Male Lone Parents 60
Children in Lone Parent Families 63
Labour Force Participation 63
Income 63
Occupation and Education 67
Lone Parent Lifestyles and Stress 67
Familial Polymorphism in the 1990s 70
Table of Contents vii
5. Growing Up with a Single Parent, A Transitional
Experience? Some Demographic Measurements 73
Nicole Marcil-Gratton
Methodology 75
Non-Marital Cohabitation and Family Context at Birth 76
Born Out-of-Wedlock, But Within a Family 77
Life With a Single Parent: An Increasingly Common
Experience 79
Cohabitation and the Propensity to Separate 79
After the Separation: Life With Mom, Dad, ... and Someone
Else? 81
Life With a Single Parent: A Transitional Experience 84
Cohabitation and the Multiplication of Family Life
Experiences 85
Cohabitation and the Elusiveness of Family Reconstitution 88
Discussion 89
6. Single Parent Families in Canada: A Closer Look 91
Donna S. Zero and Lois M. Brockman
Single Parent Families in Canada 92
Characteristics of Single Parents with Children Younger
Than Thirteen Years of Age 96
A Profile of Single Parents With Children Younger Than
Thirteen 97
Number and Ages of Children 100
Factors Affecting Single Parents’ Employment and
Involvement in Educational Activities 101
Gender Differences 101
Number and Ages of Children 102
Mother’s Age and Education 104
Reasons for Not Wanting/Taking A Job 104
How Single Mothers Manage Work or Study and Family
Responsibilities 104
Work-Family-Child Care Tension 107
Child Care Used for Work/Study Purposes 109
Types of Care Arrangements Used 110
Effects of Child Care Arrangements on Families 111
Summary and Policy Implications 113
7* Recent Changes in the Economic Welfare of Lone Mother
Families in Canada: The Roles of Market Work, Earnings
and Transfers 115
Martin D. Dooley
Data and Measurement 116
Poverty Trends 116
Sources of Changes in Family Income 119
Market Work Among Lone Mothers and Married Mothers 120
Multivariate Analysis of Market Work 125
Summary 130
viii
SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES
8* Demographic Trends: Summary, Policy Implications,
and Research Agenda 133
Fran Mclninch and Maryanne Pentick
Social Policy Implications 134
Research Agenda 135
PART m
CANADIAN PUBLIC POLICY IMPACT
9. Lone Parent Families: An Instable Category in Search of
Stable Policies 139
Margrit Eichler
Characteristics of Lone Parent and Two-Parent Families 139
The Origin of Lone Parent Families 139
Sex and Economic Position 140
The In/Stability of Lone Parent Families 140
In/congruence between Household and Family
Membership 141
Differences between Lone Parent and Two-Parent
Families 143
Models of the Family Underlying Various Policies 144
The Patriarchal Model of the Family 144
The Individual Responsibility Model of the Family 145
The Social Responsibility Model of the Family 146
Policy Consequences of Each Model of the Family 147
The Constitutional and Legal Treatment of the Sexes 147
Labour Market Policies 148
The Tax Structure 148
Social Welfare Legislation 149
The Unit of Administration 150
The Provision of Social Services 150
The Current Canadian Situation 150
Moving Towards a Social Responsibility Model of the Family 152
Obligations of Non-Co-Residential Fathers Towards (All)
Their Children 152
The Connection between Fathers’ Rights and Fathers’
Obligations 153
The Interface between Father’s Responsibilities and
Public Responsibilities 153
Implications for the Tax Structure 154
Necessary Social Services for Lone Parent Families and
Two-Parent Families 154
Conclusion 155
Table of Contents
ix
10. Canadian Income Tax Policy on Child Support
Payments: Old Rationales Applied to New Realities 157
Ellen B. Zweibel
Background: Overview of the Income Tax Provisions 159
Non-Refundable Dependant Child Tax Credit (
lTAy s.H8(l)(d)) 160
Non-Refundable Equivalent to Married Tax Credit
(ITA s.H8(l)(b)) 161
Family Allowance l6l
Refundable Child Tax Credit (ITA s. 122.2) 162
Tax Policy Critique 163
Child Support Deduction/Inclusion Provision 164
Incentive for Payment 167
Encouraging Higher Payments 167
Tax Equity or Father’s Ability to Pay Tax 171
The Income Tax Act’s Effects on Relative Standard of
Living 176
Other Design Flaws in the Present Provisions 178
Limitations on Negotiating Tax Consequences 178
Gaps in the Relationships Covered 179
Lump Sum Payment of Arrears 179
Complexity 180
Expanding Support to Include Earmarked Funds 180
Problems Related to the Deduction Provision and the
Availability of Tax Credits in the Year of Separation 181
Proposed Federal Child Benefit 181
Getting Unstuck: Designing a Better System 184
11. Family Law and Policy in Canada: Economic
Implications for Single Custodial Mothers and Their
Children 185
E. Diane Pask
The Impact of Jurisdictional Divisions and Judicial Diversity
on the Development of Family Law 185
Current Research on Child Support 186
Principles Affecting Child Support Awards 188
Quantum of Child Support 188
The Glass Ceiling and the Self-Support Reserve: Impact
on Child Support 189
Impact of Multiple Families 191
Current Research on Spousal Support 192
The Impact of Variation Orders 194
Möge v. Möge 195
Property Division and Support 196
Retirement Security and Pension Division 196
The Matrimonial Home 198
Confusion Between Assets and Support 199
Policy Issues and Approaches 199
X
SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES
12. Single Parenthood: Policy Apartheid in Canada 203
Susan A. McDaniel
Single Mothers: The Fiscal Issue 204
Research Focus and Remaining Questions 205
Moving Targets 208
Conclusion 210
13* Canadian Public Policy Impacts: Summary, Policy
Implications, and Research Agenda 213
Kim Clare and Robert Glossop
The Theme Papers 214
Policy Implications: Foundational Principles 2l6
Toward a Research Agenda 217
Public Policies and the Material, Financial and Economic
Insecurity of Lone parent Families 218
Public Policies and the Nurturant and Care Provider
Roles of Families and Family Members 219
Public Policies and the Educational and Socialization
Roles of Families 219
Enhancing the Utility of Research 219
PART IV
SUPPORT NEEDS
14. Support Needs of the Canadian Single Parent Family 223
Susan M. Clark
Economic Support 225
Housing 229
Caring for the Children 231
Children s Health 232
Children’s Development 233
Policies and Programs of Assistance 234
15. The Housing Needs of Single Parent Families in Canada:
A Dilemma for the 1990s 239
Aron N. Spector and Fran Klodawsky
The Heterogeneity of the Single Parent Group 239
Single Parent Family Housing in the Urban Environment 242
Assessing the Housing Problems of Single Parent Families 244
Affordability 244
Access 245
Availability 246
Capacity for Maintenance 246
Opportunities for Sharing and Support 247
Suitability for Transition and Empowerment 247
Secure Tenure 248
Appropriate Facilities for Children 249
Table of Contents
xi
Privacy 249
Safety 250
Cost-Effective Use of Public and Private Funds 250
Life Cycle and the Single Parent Family 251
Housing Policy and the Single Parent Family Housing
Problems 252
16. Hope and Circumstance: Single Mothers Exiting Social
Assistance 253
Carolyne A. Gorlick and D. Alan Pomfret
Sample Description and Research Design 254
The Two Faces of Exit Strategies 254
Documentable Exit Strategies 255
Social Exit Strategies 257
The Evolving World of Social Support 259
What Influences Social Exit Strategies? 262
Social Support 262
Situational and Personal Influences 264
What Influences Documentable Exit Strategies? 266
Social Exit Strategies 266
Social Support 268
Situational and Personal Influences 268
Conclusion 268
17. Social Support Needs: Summary, Policy Implications and
Research Agenda 271
Laura C. Johnson and Burt Galaway
Themes 273
Policy Implications 274
Research Agenda 275
Families, Single Parent Families, and Transitions 275
Research on Effects of Policy and Programs 276
PART V
SOCIALIZATION EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN
18. Socialization Experiences of Children in Lone Parent
Families: Evidence from the British National Child
Development Study 281
Elsa Ferri
The National Child Development Study 282
Development During the School Years 283
Pre-Divorce Effects 285
Outcomes in Early Adulthood 285
Conclusion 287
xii
SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES
19. Adult Outcomes Associated with Childhood Family
Structure: An Appraisal of Research and an Examination
of Canadian Data 291
Ellen M. Gee
Theoretical and Methodological Issues 291
Theoretical Perspectives 291
Methodological Issues 293
Research Findings 295
Educational Attainment 295
Social Economic Status 295
Divorce Proneness 296
Other Marriage-Related Behaviours 296
Attitudes to Marriage 297
Adult Adjustment and Well-Being 297
Summary 298
Examination of Canadian Data 299
Measurement of Family Background Status 299
Outcome Variables 301
Age Standardization 302
Findings from the Canadian Data 302
Conclusion 308
20. The Relationship of Mother’s Marital Status at the Time
of Her First Child’s Birth to Socialization and
Development 311
Elizabeth McNaughton
Study Design 311
Family Structure 312
Socialization Experiences 313
Caregivers 313
Leisure Activities 316
Child Development 317
Marital Status 319
Age and Marital Status 319
Education 319
Education, Marital Status and Age 321
Conclusions 322
21. Socialization Experiences of Children: Summary Policy
Implications and Research Agenda 323
Joe Hudson and Lise Lavoie
Themes Regarding Effects on Children 323
Research Summary 323
Research Methods Used 324
Common Themes 326
Policy Implications 327
Table of Contents
xiii
Research Needs 327
Research and Different Types of Single Parent Families 328
Longitudinal Studies 328
Research about Services Provided to Single Parent
Families 329
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods 330
What Promotes Successful Outcomes? 330
Facilitating Use of Research Findings 331
PART VI
CONCLUSIONS
22. Directions for Future Research 335
Joe Hudson and Burt Galaway
Themes from the Research 335
Growth of Single Parent Families 335
Characteristics of Single Parent Families 336
Changing Reasons for Single Parent Family Formation 336
Single Parenthood as a Transitory Arrangement 337
Poverty and Single Parent Families 337
Resource Deficiency 338
Consequences for Children 340
Public Policy Considerations 341
Research Agenda 343
Longitudinal Research 343
Existing Data Sources 344
Multiple Research Methods 344
Evaluation Research on Family Policies and Programs 346
Research Directed Toward Successful Outcomes of
Single Parent Families 348
Research and Policy 348
References 351
Index 373
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