Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls: an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
1994
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 375 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wehrli, Heinrich |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls |b an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries |c von Heinrich Wehrli |
| 264 | 1 | |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 375 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 502 | |a St. Gallen, Hochsch., Diss., 1994 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1983-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Content
Preface 1
Introduction 3
Part A)
The development of Venezuela s trade and exchange
rate policy and the protective structure in 1987 7
I. Venezuela s trade policy: tariffs and non tariff trade barriers 9
1. A short historical review of Venezuela s trade policy 9
2. Non tariff trade barriers: the nine Notas 12
3. Tariff trade barriers 16
4. Exchange regime trade barriers 17
5. Other non tariff trade barriers 17
II. Venezuela s exchange rate policy 19
1. Multiple exchange rates: the successful experience in the
early 60 s 19
2. Multiple Exchange Rates: the failed attempt in the
eighties 22
III. Structure of the protection of Venezuela s economy in 1987 .... 27
1. Introduction 27
2. The legal structure of protection: the formal rate of protec¬
tion and non tariff trade restrictions 27
2.1. Legal protection by industry 27
2.2. Legal protection by degree of processing 32
3. The apparent structure of protection 32
4. The implicit apparent structure of protection 33
4.1. The implicit apparent protection by industry 34
4.2. The implicit apparent protection by degree of
processing 35
PartB)
The micro economic analysis 37
IV. Statistical questions: database and sampling concepts and prob¬
lems 39
1. Data sources and related problems 39
1.1. Reference year 43
1.1.1. The reference year of the study 43
1.1.2. Financial versus calendar year 44
1.2. Compilation of empirical raw data 44
1.3. Information processed 47
2. Statistical summary of population and sample selection by
industrial branch, size and region 47
V. The first approach: employing the theory of protection model ... 49
II
1. Corden s core model: effective protection 49
2. Adapting the theory of protection model to Venezuela .... 50
2.1. Deriving world market prices for inputs 51
2.1.1. Introducing specific tariffs (weight tariffs) . 52
2.1.2. Introducing exonerations 52
2.1.3. Adjusting trade related costs 54
2.2. Deriving world market prices for outputs 55
2.3. Eliminating ceteris paribus conditions 56
2.3.1. Introducing quality differences 56
2.3.2. Introducing non tariff trade restrictions . . 56
2.3.3. Eliminating the free exchange rate
condition 61
2.3.4. Introducing price controls 63
2.3.5. Eliminating the perfect competition
condition 65
3. The adjusted basic model 66
4. Some considerations on the impact of the elimination of the
ceteris paribus assumptions 68
5. Results of the first approach: effective protection of the food
and chemical industries 71
6. Computation of (fictitious) world market prices: a technical
description of problems encountered and their
resolution 76
6.1. Negative absolute prices and tariff redundancy ... 76
6.2. Units of measurement 80
6.3. Obtaining values for exonerations 80
6.4. Exchange rates 81
6.5. Negative value added 82
6.6. Domestic taxes and subsidies 82
6.7. Fixed input coefficients 83
6.8. The treatment of non traded goods 84
6.9. Small country assumption 84
VI. The second approach: measuring effective protection through
product comparison and direct price substitution 85
1. The second model 85
2. Procedure for assigning world market prices 86
3. Results of the second approach 88
4. Comparing the two approaches 91
4.1. Comparing the results for the imported input .... 91
4.2. Comparing the results for the domestic input .... 93
4.3. Comparing the results for the output 97
4.4. Comparing the results for the value added 99
VII. The third approach: input prices, output prices, cost structures
and comparative analyses of value added 103
1. Introduction 103
2. The food industry 106
2.1. The oils and fats refining industry (branch 3115) . 106
2.2. The milling industry (branch 3116) 114
2.2.1. Introduction 114
2.2.2. Wheat flour production 115
III
2.2.3. Corn flour production 130
2.2.4. Competition between wheat and 133
2.3. Packaging of peas and beans (branch 3116) .... 137
2.4. Rice cleaning and packaging (branch 3116) 141
2.5. Corn Flakes®: the case of a luxury good (branch
3116) 145
2.6. The bakery industry (branch 3117) 148
2.7. Animal feed (branch 3122) 153
2.8. Slaughterhouses and the meat processing industry
(branch 3111) 158
2.9. The sugar industry (branch 3118) 161
3. The chemical industry 169
3.1. Introduction 169
3.2. Sodium silicate 171
3.3. Sodium tripolyphosphate 176
3.4. Phthalic anhydride 182
3.5. High Density Polyethylene (HDP) 190
3.6. Low Density Polyethylene (LDP) 195
3.7. Polystyrene 198
3.9. Pharmaceutical products 203
3.9. Plastic industry 209
4. The results of the third approach compared to the two
former approaches 216
4.1. Data inaccuracy 217
4.2. Tariffs and tariff redundancy 218
4.3. Non tariff trade restrictions and price controls . . . 227
4.4. Interest rates and distortions in factor price
relations 231
4.5. Real effective exchange rate and overliquidity . . . 232
PartC)
The macro economic analysis 237
VIII. Analysis of the macro economic impacts of public sector
regulations on industry 239
1. Introduction 239
2. Production effects 239
3. Consumption effects 246
3.1. Case study: production and consumption effects
the case of whisky 248
4. Price distortion effects 252
5. Revenue effects 257
6. Redistribution effects 260
7. Investment effects 275
7.1. Development of the reinvestment of profits 276
7.2. Development of net investment at constant prices 277
7.3. Legislation as a limitation of revaluation and
depreciation ? 278
7.4. Companies choices 280
7.4.1. The open revaluation of assets 281
IV
7.4.2. The hidden revaluation of assets 281
7.4.3. Increasing depreciation rates 281
7.5. Factors determining gross investment 286
7.6. Factors determining net investment 287
7.6.1. Profits and net investment 287
7.6.2. Company size and net investment 287
7.6.3. Depreciation and net investment 287
7.6.4. Net investment and absolute size of
assets 288
7.7. Preliminary conclusion 290
7.8. The need to adjust profits and net investment
rates 291
7.8.1. Adjusting profits 292
7.8.2. Adjusting net investment 293
7.9. Final judgement of the investment effects 294
8. Balance of payments effects 295
8.1. Tariffs and the reduction in imports 295
8.2. Reduction of imports and industrial growth 298
PartD)
Conclusions 299
IX. Conclusion 301
1. Goals and methods of the study 301
2. How to measure protectionism 302
2.1. Obstacle 1: theory of protection s ceteris paribus
rules 302
2.2. Obstacle 2: theory of protection s formalism 303
2.3. The limits of the theory of protection 305
2.4. Surmounting obstacles with the second approach
other limitations 306
2.5 The third approach less stringency but many
findings 308
2.6 Which approach for measuring protection? 310
3. Empirical results of the study: impacts of tariffs, non tariff
trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price
controls 310
3.1. Results of the micro economic analysis 310
3.1.1. Redundant protective structures 310
3.1.2. Understated performance of domestic
industry 311
3.1.3. Understatement of profits 312
3.1.4. 14.5 Bs/US $ exchange rate at a
competitive level further devaluations
due to overliquidity 312
3.1.5. Slight impact of quotas and a modest
impact of price controls 313
3.2. Results of the macro economic analysis 314
3.2.1. Few production effects 314
3.2.2. Considerable consumption effects 315
V
3.2.3. No revenue effects 315
3.2.4. Serious redistribution effects 316
3.2.5. No investment effects 317
3.2.6. Hardly any balance of payments effect . . 319
4. Venezuela s mortgaged future 319
Bibliography 321
Statistical Appendix 333
VI
List of Graphs
Graph 1: Comparative static model effects of tariffs and non tariff trade
restrictions on domestic demand, supply and prices 57
Graph 2: Impacts of multiple exchange rates on domestic supply and
demand 63
Graph 3: Domestic prices of imported goods as a percentage of world
market prices 92
Graph 4: Domestic prices of domestic goods as a percentage of world market
prices 94
Graph 5: Domestic prices of total input as a percentage of world market
prices 97
Graph 6: Domestic prices of domestic output as a percentage of world
market prices 98
Graph 7: Domestic non protected value added as a percentage of world
market value added 101
Graph 8: Oil and fat industry s input prices in Bs/kg 107
Graph 9: Oils and fats structure of value added (as a percentage of input
values) 110
Graph 10: US (f.a.s.) export prices for wheat (all types) by country (in
Bs/kg) 116
Graph 11: Prices of wheat flour in Venezuela and the US (1987, in Bs/kg;
at 7.5 Bs/US rate) 120
Graph 12: Wheat flour value added and sales in percent of input costs
(1987) 123
Graph 13: Costs to produce 1 kilo of wheat flour and income on sales of 1
kg flour and related by products (1987) 124
Graph 14: Costs to produce 1 kilo of corn flour and income on sales of 1 kg
flour and related by products (1987) 131
Graph 15: Quotients of retail price indices of corn based products compared
to wheat based products (1987) 136
Graph 16: Comparison of input costs, cost structure and income from sales
of three rice milling companies (in Bolfvares per kg rice sold) .... 143
Graph 17: Cost structure of Venezuelan and German feed industry compa¬
nies in 1987 (in % of input costs) 156
Graph 18: Sugar production cost structure and prices in Venezuela and
the US (1987, in Bs/kg sugar) 164
Graph 19: Sugar production cost structure and prices in Venezuela and
Germany (1987, in Bs/kg sugar) 165
Graph 20: Cost structure of sodium silicate production (in Bs/kg output) . 174
Graph 21: Sodium tripolyphosphate cost structure of a Venezuelan
producer compared to a West German producer (1987, in Bs/kg) . . 180
Graph 22: Production of phthalic anhydride cost structure (1987, in
Bs/kg) 187
Graph 23: Phthalic anhydride cost structure of Venezuelan producers
compared to a West German producer (1987, in Bs/kg) 188
Graph 24: US export prices for high density polyethylene (cumulative)
(1987, in Bs/kg) 192
Graph 25: High Density Polyethylene (HDPE): cost structure of a
VII
Venezuelan producer compared to a West German producer (1987, in
Bs/kg) 193
Graph 26: Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): cost structure of a
Venezuelan producer compared to a West German producer (1987, in
Bs/Kg) 197
Graph 27: US export prices for homopolymer polystyrene resins
(cumulative) (1987, in Bs/kg) 200
Graph 28: Polystyrene: cost structure of a Venezuelan producer compared
to a West German producer (1987, in Bs/kg) 201
Graph 29: Swiss drug prices compared to Venezuelan prices (1987) 206
Graph 30: Drug industry cost structure and income in Germany compared
with five companies in Venezuela (1987; in % of input costs) 208
Graph 31: Prices for plastic bags in Venezuela and Switzerland (in Bs/kg;
double logarithmic scale) 211
Graph 32: Prices for plastic bottles in Venezuela and Switzerland (in Bs/kg;
double logarithmic scale) 211
Graph 33: Cost and income structure of the Venezuelan and German plastic
industry by economic stratum (expressed in % of input costs)
(1987) 213
Graph 34: Relation of export prices to domestic prices and domestic prices
to export prices plus protection 219
Graph 35: Wholesale price index for domestic goods compared to imported
goods 1982 92 221
Graph 36: Behaviour of principal price indices between 1982 and 1992 . . 222
Graph 37: Total inflow of foreign exchange, Ml and M2 at the free and the
official US rate (1970 91) 235
Graph 38: Imports as a % of domestic consumption (left scale ) and absolute
values (right scale) 240
Graph 39: Relation between import share, inflation and growth for 73
industrial branches (1984 88) (shown in two perspectives, smoothed
with Double Weighted Least Squares) 245
Graph 40: Car production 1981 86 by market segment (absolute and
shares) 248
Graph 41: Average exchange rate by tariff 248
Graph 42: Cumulative demand curve for the demand of whisky (1988) . . 251
Graph 43: Apparent and implicit apparent protection (1987) 252
Graph 44: Import exchange rates as a percentage of total imports (1987) . 253
Graph 45: Import exchange rates by size of import order 256
Graph 46: Relation of profits to wages salaries 1968 89 261
Graph 47: Relation of profits to wages salaries by major economic
sectors 263
Graph 48: Relation of profits to wages salaries in industry a comparison
of Central Bank and OCEI figures 264
Graph 49: Relation of profits to wages salaries by company size (excl. oil
refining) 268
Graph 50: Relation of profits to wages salaries by industry (Part 1) ... 270
Graph 51: Relation of profits to wages salaries by industry (Part 2) ... 271
Graph 52: Income distribution in formal industry in 1987 (incl.
wages,salaries and company profits) 274
Graph 53: Profits and net investment as a percentage of value added (1971
VIII
90) (excluding petro refining) 276
Graph 54: Gross and net investment at constant prices (1971 90) 278
Graph 55: Real assets, gross investment and depreciation (1971 90) in
industry (in 000 Bs) 279
Graph 56: Net investment rates in 1987 and 1988 (in % of assets) 290
Graph 57: Real assets by size of company (at prices of 1980) 292
Graph 58: Real depreciation by size of company (at prices of 1980) 292
Graph 59: Estimated profits as a percentage of reported profits (assuming
constant 1982/83 depreciation) at prices of 1980 293
Graph 60: Reported net investment and estimated net investment
(assuming constant 1982/83 depreciation) at prices of 1980 293
Graph 61: Sales of small and medium sized companies as a percentage of
large companies 295
Graph 62: Relation between protection and imports in industry (1987) . . 296
Graph 63: Relation between growth and protection in industry (1984 87) . 297
IX
List of Tables
Table 1: Averages of ad valorem tariffs in 1980 in the Pacto Andino by
CUODE group 11
Table 2: Venezuela non tariff trade barriers 11
Table 3: Classification of principal non tariff trade restrictions (Notas) ... 12
Table 4: Money supply, balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves and
budget balance between 1955 64 (in million Bs) 20
Table 5: Multiple exchange rates by balance of payments category 23
Table 6: Money supply, balance of payments aggregates, budget balance
and prices between 1973 87 24
Table 7: Tariff structure and non tariff trade barriers by industrial origin
at the end of 1987 29
Table 8: Tariff structure at the end of 1987 and non tariff trade barriers by
economic use or destination 31
Table 9: Apparent and implicit apparent structure of protection (1987) by
industry 34
Table 10: Apparent tariffs, exchange rates and implicit apparent tariffs by
degree of processing (weighted averages) 36
Table 11: Apparent and implicit apparent structure of protection by
economic use or destination (CUODE groups) 36
Table 12: Comparison between RIPI and OCEI directory 41
Table 13: Possible inflation and exchange rate distortions due to unequal
financial years 44
Table 14: Overview of sampled industries and population totals by
industrial branch 46
Table 15: Information stored and processed 47
Table 16: Explanation of sample selection 48
Table 17: Explanation of region and stratum numbers 48
Table 18: Synopsis import quotas and quota profits for some selected in¬
dustrial branches 59
Table 19: Synopsis over and understatement of effective protection
calculation with and without government price controls on inputs and
outputs 70
Table 20: Food and chemical industry under protection: input, output and
value added at domestic prices (1987; in 000 Bs) 72
Table 21: Food and chemical industry after the elimination of protection:
input, output and value added at deduced world market prices (1987;
in 000 Bs) 74
Table 22: Fruit prices in Venezuela and the United States (1987, in
Bs/kg) 77
Table 23: Tariff item 1655500 US imports of fruit juices, unmixed, nspf
(not specified), not over 1% alcohol by Vol (in Gallons and US $) ... 78
Table 24: Effective protection measured with direct price comparisons (in
000 Bs) 89
Table 25: Minimum prices comparison between Venezuela and abroad (in
Bs/kg) 1987 95
Table 26: Principal producer, consumer and world market prices of branch
3115 Ill
X
Table 27: Production of sunflowerseed oil: value added under protection and
under world market conditions (in Bs/kg) 112
Table 28: Profits in % of sales in branch 3115 113
Table 29: Profits in relation to share capital and fixed assets 113
Table 30: Concentration in milling industry 114
Table 31: US prices for wheat received by farmers in 1987 115
Table 32: Venezuelan wheat imports by country of origin and by wheat type
in 1987 (in Bs/kg) 117
Table 33: Cost composition for wheat imports (1987) 117
Table 34: Wheat input prices of grinding industry (1987) 118
Table 35: Import and input prices for wheat of two large pasta producers
1987 119
Table 36: Prices of wheat and wheat flour in Venezuela, USA, Germany and
Switzerland a comparison of margins (1987) in Bs/kg (at 7.5 Bs/US
rate) 122
Table 37: Composition of important administrative expenses of two milling
companies (1987, in Bolfvares for production of 1 kg of flour) 126
Table 38: Labour, depreciation and electricity a cost comparison between
Switzerland, the USA and Venezuela (1987) 128
Table 39: Price levels of beans and peas in 1987 (in Bs/kg) 138
Table 40: Comparison of retail prices of peas and beans (in Bs/kg) 140
Table 41: Production of peas and beans in mtons 140
Table 42: World market prices and Venezuelan domestic prices for rice in
1987 (in Bs/kg) 142
Table 43: Price relation between white rice and paddy 144
Table 44: Company 3 quality composition of rice produced (in % of total
output) 145
Table 45: Producer and consumer prices for 375 grams of Corn Flakes® in
Venezuela, Switzerland and Germany 146
Table 46: Producer prices for corn in Venezuela, Switzerland and Germany
(in Bs/kg) 146
Table 47: Comparison of cost structure (unit costs) of bakeries (1987, in Bs
per kg bread) 149
Table 48: Price comparison of selected input goods (1987, in Bs/kg) 150
Table 49: Production of bread and pastries unit quantities used for
production (1987, in kgs) 151
Table 50: Comparison of input and output prices of the animal feed
industry in Venezuela, USA and Germany 155
Table 51: Spreads of meat and egg prices from live animals to the
consumer in Venezuela and the USA (1987, in Bs/kg) 159
Table 52: Production, consumption, imports and exports of raw sugar in
Venezuela (1987) in 000 mtons 161
Table 53: Prices of sugar cane, raw sugar and refined sugar in Venezuela,
in the USA and on the world market (1987) in Bolfvares per kg ... 163
Table 54: Processed quantities of sugar cane and sugar per employee in
Venezuela and Germany 167
Table 55: Input Output Table industrial origin of domestic input of the
chemical industry (in % of domestic input) 170
Table 56: Input Output Table industrial origin of imported input of the
chemical industry (in % of imported input) 171
XI
Table 57: Sodium silicate domestic and world market prices for input and
output (1987, in Bs/kg) 172
Table 58: Production of sodium tripolyphosphate input and output prices
in Venezuela and the United States (1987, in Bs/kg) 177
Table 59: Phthalic anhydride input and output prices in Venezuela and
the USA (in Bs/kg) 182
Table 60: High Density Polyethylene input and output prices compared to
world market prices (1987, in Bs/kg) 191
Table 61: Estimation of the net effect of price distortions on input prices
(1987, in Bs/kg output produced) 192
Table 62: Low Density Polyethylene input and output prices compared to
world market prices (1987, in Bs/kg) 196
Table 63: Polystyrene input and output prices compared to world market
prices (1987, in Bs/kg) 199
Table 64: Domestic and world market prices for different qualities of
Polystyrene (1987, in Bs/kg) 200
Table 65: Comparison of labour costs between a Venezuelan and a German
producer of polystyrene (in Bs) 202
Table 66: Difference between Swiss and Venezuelan drug prices (1987) . . 205
Table 67: Plastic industry: market shares and number of companies by
economic stratum 209
Table 68: Input and output prices of some plastic products in Venezuela,
Switzerland and Germany (1987, in Bs/kg) 212
Table 69: Data accuracy: over and understatement of prices, quantities and
costs 217
Table 70: Composition of the wholesale price index and determination of
prices 220
Table 71: Behaviour of principal price indices between 1987 and 1992 (index
1984=100; period averages) 223
Table 72: Relations between the different indices 223
Table 73: Impacts of price controls and non tariff trade restrictions on
domestic input prices (1987, in million Bs) 228
Table 74: Comparison of cost structure of German and Venezuelan
supermarkets 229
Table 75: Development of labour costs, profits, devaluation and industrial
producer prices (1982 91) 234
Table 76: Real growth of value added by industrial branch (1978 90) .... 241
Table 77: Winners and loser of the 1984 88 protectionist period 242
Table 78: Apparent and exchange rate adjusted protection of branch 3131
in 1987 249
Table 79: Imports and domestic production of whisky (in 000 liters)) and
wholesale prices of liquors (1968=100) 250
Table 80: Preferential exchange rates granted for imports and imports at
the free exchange rates (1987) 254
Table 81: Internal price distortions through multiple exchange rates: an ex¬
ample for imported inputs from a food sector company 257
Table 82: Imports of capital goods for industry (origin: branch 3823/4,
1987) 257
Table 83: Government revenue from tariffs 1978 1989 258
Table 84: Nominal growth of profit components and of wages salaries in
XII
industry 265
Table 85: Reconciliation of employment figures between the household
survey and the industrial survey (1987) 266
Table 86: Development of profits and wages salaries in small companies
with less than 5 employees and in the informal sector (1984 89) . . 267
Table 87: Profits in industry within large company sector (1987) 269
Table 88: Consumer prices 1984 89 by economic stratum 273
Table 89: Business income taxes 1984 89 (in million Bs, resp share) .... 279
Table 90: Depreciation in industry stratified by company size and
depreciation intensity (1988, in million Bs) 282
Table 91: Depreciation: number of companies by branch and quartile
(1988) 285
Table 92: Depreciation by stratum, quartile and composition of assets . . . 285
Table 93: Profits and depreciation: frequency by quartiles (in %) 286
Table 94: Companies with high profit high depreciation versus companies
with low profit low depreciation (1988) 286
Table 95: Net investment in industry by company size and net investment
rate 1988 in million Bs 289
Table 96: Gross investment and inventories in industry 1987 88/89 (in
million Bolivares) 294
Table 97: Comparison of the results of three approaches a hypothetical
example 307
Overviews
Overview 1: Glossary of terms and symbols 51
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wehrli, Heinrich |
| author_facet | Wehrli, Heinrich |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wehrli, Heinrich |
| author_variant | h w hw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010152250 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)258133948 (DE-599)BVBBV010152250 |
| era | Geschichte 1983-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1983-1989 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Venezuela (DE-588)4062512-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Venezuela |
| id | DE-604.BV010152250 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:47:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006743718 |
| oclc_num | 258133948 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 DE-188 |
| physical | XIV, 375 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wehrli, Heinrich Verfasser aut Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries von Heinrich Wehrli 1994 XIV, 375 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier St. Gallen, Hochsch., Diss., 1994 Geschichte 1983-1989 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsstatistik (DE-588)4066517-3 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 gnd rswk-swf Handelspolitik (DE-588)4023248-7 gnd rswk-swf Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 gnd rswk-swf Venezuela (DE-588)4062512-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Venezuela (DE-588)4062512-6 g Wirtschaftsstatistik (DE-588)4066517-3 s Handelspolitik (DE-588)4023248-7 s DE-604 Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 s Geschichte 1983-1989 z Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006743718&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wehrli, Heinrich Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries Wirtschaftsstatistik (DE-588)4066517-3 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 gnd Handelspolitik (DE-588)4023248-7 gnd Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066517-3 (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4009848-5 (DE-588)4023248-7 (DE-588)4034889-1 (DE-588)4062512-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries |
| title_auth | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries |
| title_exact_search | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries |
| title_full | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries von Heinrich Wehrli |
| title_fullStr | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries von Heinrich Wehrli |
| title_full_unstemmed | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries von Heinrich Wehrli |
| title_short | Government measures in the area of tariffs, non-tariff trade restrictions, multiple exchange rates and price controls |
| title_sort | government measures in the area of tariffs non tariff trade restrictions multiple exchange rates and price controls an assessment of their impacts on the venezuelan economy 1983 89 with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries |
| title_sub | an assessment of their impacts on the Venezuelan economy (1983 - 89) with particular consideration of the food and chemical industries |
| topic | Wirtschaftsstatistik (DE-588)4066517-3 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 gnd Handelspolitik (DE-588)4023248-7 gnd Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsstatistik Wirtschaftspolitik Chemische Industrie Handelspolitik Lebensmittelindustrie Venezuela Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006743718&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wehrliheinrich governmentmeasuresintheareaoftariffsnontarifftraderestrictionsmultipleexchangeratesandpricecontrolsanassessmentoftheirimpactsonthevenezuelaneconomy198389withparticularconsiderationofthefoodandchemicalindustries |