The problem of humanity: the Blacks in the European enlightenment
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Helsinki
SHS
1994
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studia historica
50 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 367 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9517100078 |
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| adam_text | Kaija Tiainen-Anttila
The Problem of Humanity
The Blacks in the European Enlightenment
Academic dissertation to be publicy discussed,
by due permission of the Faculty of Arts of the
University of Helsinki in auditorium XII
(in lecture room P III), on the 11th of February,
1995, at 10 o clock
Contents:
Preface 13
INTRODUCTION 15
The Enlightenment Perception of Black African Humanity as a
Research Object 15
Primary Questions 15
Contradictory Views on the Matter in the Literature 17
Racial Thought 20
Secondary Questions 20
The Answers suggested in the Literature 22
The Image of the Africans 25
Methodology 28
Central Questions arising from Enlightenment 31
Evaluation of Sources 35
THE BLACKS IN EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT
ABOUT HUMANITY 37
The Information in Travel Reports 37
The Africans in their Cultural Context: Savages and Barba-
rians 37
Eurocentrism 40
Formation of the African States and the Administrative
Concepts of European Origin 40
Cultural Evolution 43
Revealed Religions and their Influence in Africa 44
Paganism 45
Cannibalism 46
Apes and Africans 48
Sexuality 49
Industry and Commerce • 50
Africa as an Experience 52
The Origins of Difference, especially Black Skin-colour 53
The Blacks in the Structures of Mercantilism and I Ancien
Regime: Slaves and Servants 58
Slaves in America 58
Expansion of Slave Trade 59
Slave Trade and Christian Morality • 65
The Black Servant 68
Reaction of Intellectuals to Information on Africans 71
Genesis 71
The Relation between Savagery and Civilization 78
Natural Religion and Morality 82
The Yoke of Slavery 85
Context 91
Travel Reports in the Interest of the Europeans 91
Enlightenment Philosophy as a Manifestation of the Spirit
of the Time 96
IN SEARCH OF HUMANITY: THE BLACKS IN THE RE-
VOLUTION OF ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY 103
Limits of Humanity: Humans or Apes? 103
Unity of Mankind: the Blacks as a Species Problem 112
The Function of the Natural System 120
Climatic Theory and Degeneration 120
The Environmental Theory 132
Environment as an Explanation of African Behaviour 133
Context 139
THE MATURE ENLIGHTENMENT CONCEPT OF HU-
MANITY: THE AFRICAN VARIETY OF MAN 145
Race* as an Explanation of the Difference and Inequality of
the Africans 145
The Ambiguity of the Word race 145
The Use of the Word race ; Vague Meanings 146
The Prevalence of the Concept race applied to Human
Beings in the Enlightenment 148
Kant starts Racial Theorizing 155
How did Kant explain the Origins of the Races? 155
Kant s Criticism of other Theories of the Diversity of
Mankind 156
Meiners Populist Racial Hierarchy 158
The Relevance of the Developing Concept of Race for the Per-
ception of the Africans • • 158
What was the Mankind the Enlightenment did not want
to divide? 160
Enlightenment and Racism 161
Were the Enlightenment Philosophers Racists? 162
Relation of Racial Ideas to Social Change 163
Race and Reality 167
Black Africa , 170
Is the Popular Concept Black Africa Scientifically Justi-
fied? 172
The Physical Difference of the Africans as a Question of Human
Dignity 174
How Different were the Africans really? 174
Negative Arguments of the Human Dignity of the African
in Britain • 175
The French Argumentation with the Degeneration 177
The German Discussion of the Physical and Mental Weak-
ness of the African 178
Aesthetic Views of the African Human Variety 184
Relevance of the Hereditary Physical Difference of the Af-
rican to Human Dignity : 190
The Mental Ability of the Blacks and Civilization 190
In Scotland they believed in the Mental Ability of the Af-
rican 192
The English Pessimism : 197
The French Environmentalism 197
German Ideas of Cultural Development and the Debate in
Gottingen of the Mental Capacity of the African 199
Valuation of the Cultural Level of the African 207
The Scottish Theory of Cultural Development 210
The Relationship of the British to the African Culture 213
The French and Primitivism 215
The German View of Savagery 216
Meiners and the Enlightened 220
The Meinersian Spirit in the German Enlightenment 223
Context 226
THE ENTITLEMENT OF THE AFRICANS TO FREEDOM 233
The Demand to Abolish Slavery and the Slave Trade increases 233
Encyclopedic 233
Britain and the Anglican Church 235
Methodists and Quakers 236
Abolitionism 240
James Ramsay and the Humaneness of the African 243
Thomas Clarkson : • 246
The Scottish Enlightenment Philosophers Acceptance of
Black Slavery 247
The Objection to Slavery in France 251
The French Enlightenment s Critical Stand on Slavery 251
French Abolitionism 253
The Pro-Slavery Movement becomes Active in France 258
Lescallier s Efforts at Mediation 258
Andre de Mirabeau in Favour of Slavery 260
Frossard against Slavery 262
Criticism from different Countries 265
The Finn Pehr Kalm s View of Slavery 266
Van Pauw was critical in Holland 266
In Germany there was no Abolitionistic Movement 266
German Accusations against the Africans 267
The German Enlightenment and Slavery • 269
Context 271
African Slavery a Powerful Economic Issue 271
The Reactions of Research to the Connection between Ca-
pitalism and Slavery 275
ENLIGHTENMENT AND REACTION 279
The Idea of Human Dignity of the Africans in the Revolutionary
Period 279
The British prepare to Abolish the Slave Trade 279
France as a Pioneer in Issues of Human Rights 286
Germans become interested in Africa 290
The Ehrmann Synthesis 292
The Modern Attitude of Blumenbach to the Africans 295
The Idealistic-Conservative View of Hegel on Africa and
Africans 297
The Egalitarian Utopia 300
Utopias and Belief in Progress 300
The Swedish Idealistic Community of Wadstrom 302
Why did Wadstrom support Colonization of Africa? 305
Against Wadstromean Thinking 310
Context 313
The British Pursuit of African Humanity 313
French Radicalism 317
The Caribbean Effect 318
German Conservatism and Disappointment 319
Utopias and Reality 321
What did the Law say about the Action of the Europeans
in Africa? 326
CONCLUSIONS 329
The View of the Enlightenment of the Africans 329
Tradition 329
The Early Enlightenment 330
The Mature Enlightenment 332
The Declining Enlightenment 336
Africans and Progress 337
Could the Power of the Spirit free the Africans from Slavery? 338
Intellectual Preparations for Abolishing Slavery 340
Enlightenment and Racism 346
Abbreviations 350
Sources 351
Appendices 361
Index 363
|
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| spelling | Tiainen-Anttila, Kaija Verfasser aut The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment Kaija Tiainen-Anttila Helsinki SHS 1994 367 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia historica 50 Zugl.: Helsinki, Univ., Diss. Geschichte 1700-1800 Geistesgeschichte 1680-1790 gnd rswk-swf Negers gtt Slavernij gtt Verlichting (cultuurgeschiedenis) gtt Geschichte Schwarze Antislavery movements Europe History 18th century Black race Public opinion History 18th century Blacks Public opinion History 18th century Enlightenment Europe Public opinion Europe History 18th century Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd rswk-swf Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 s Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 s DE-604 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Geistesgeschichte 1680-1790 z Studia historica 50 (DE-604)BV002779616 50 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006722443&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Tiainen-Anttila, Kaija The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment Studia historica Negers gtt Slavernij gtt Verlichting (cultuurgeschiedenis) gtt Geschichte Schwarze Antislavery movements Europe History 18th century Black race Public opinion History 18th century Blacks Public opinion History 18th century Enlightenment Europe Public opinion Europe History 18th century Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4116433-7 (DE-588)4003524-4 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment |
| title_auth | The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment |
| title_exact_search | The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment |
| title_full | The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment Kaija Tiainen-Anttila |
| title_fullStr | The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment Kaija Tiainen-Anttila |
| title_full_unstemmed | The problem of humanity the Blacks in the European enlightenment Kaija Tiainen-Anttila |
| title_short | The problem of humanity |
| title_sort | the problem of humanity the blacks in the european enlightenment |
| title_sub | the Blacks in the European enlightenment |
| topic | Negers gtt Slavernij gtt Verlichting (cultuurgeschiedenis) gtt Geschichte Schwarze Antislavery movements Europe History 18th century Black race Public opinion History 18th century Blacks Public opinion History 18th century Enlightenment Europe Public opinion Europe History 18th century Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Negers Slavernij Verlichting (cultuurgeschiedenis) Geschichte Schwarze Antislavery movements Europe History 18th century Black race Public opinion History 18th century Blacks Public opinion History 18th century Enlightenment Europe Public opinion Europe History 18th century Aufklärung Europa Hochschulschrift |
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