Global physical climatology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego [u.a.]
Acad. Press
1994
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International geophysics series
56 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 411 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0123285305 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Global physical climatology |c Dennis L. Hartmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a San Diego [u.a.] |b Acad. Press |c 1994 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124502620110848 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Global physical climatology
Autor: Hartmann, Dennis L.
Jahr: 1994
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Climate System
1.1 Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land Surface ................................................................................ 1
1.2 Atmospheric Temperature .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Atmospheric Composition ................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Hydrostatic Balance ............................................................................................................. 9
1.5 Atmospheric Humidity ......................................................................................................... 11
1.6 The World Ocean ................................................................................................................. 12
1.7 The Cryosphere .................................................................................................................... 14
1.8 The Land Surface ................................................................................................................. 15
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 2 The Global Energy Balance
2.1 Warmth and Energy ............................................................................................................. 18
2.2 The Solar System ................................................................................................................. 18
2.3 Energy Balance of Earth ...................................................................................................... 21
2.4 Emission Temperature of a Planet ....................................................................................... 24
2.5 Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................................ 26
2.6 Global Radiative Flux Energy Balance ................................................................................ 27
2.7 Distribution of Insolation ..................................................................................................... 28
2.8 The Energy Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere ............................................................. 32
2.9 Poleward Energy Flux .......................................................................................................... 34
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
3.1 Photons and Minority Constituents ...................................................................................... 40
3.2 The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation ........................................................................... 41
3.3 Description of Radiative Energy .......................................................................................... 41
3.4 Planck s Law of Blackbody Emission ................................................................................. 43
3.5 Selective Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases ................................................ 44
3.6 The Lambert-Bouguet-Beer Law: Formulation of Flux Absorption ................................. 52
3.7 Infrared Radiative Transfer Equation: Absorption and Emission ........................................ 55
vi Contents
3.8 Heuristic Model of Radiative Equilibrium ........................................................................ 61
3.9 Clouds and Radiation ........................................................................................................ 63
3.10 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Temperature Profiles ................................................. 66
3.11 A Simple Model for the Net Radiative Effect of Cloudiness ............................................. 72
3.12 Observed Role of Clouds in the Energy Balance of Earth ................................................. 75
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 79
Chapter 4 The Energy Balance of the Surface
4.1 Contact Point ...................................................................................................................... 81
4.2 The Surface Energy Budget ............................................................................................... 81
4.3 Storage of Heat in the Surface ........................................................................................... 83
4.4 Radiative Heating of the Surface ....................................................................................... 87
4.5 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer ..................................................................................... 92
4.6 Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes in the Boundary Layer ................................................... 99
4.7 Variation of Energy Balance Components with Latitude .................................................. 103
4.8 Diurnal Variation of the Surface Energy Balance .............................................................. 106
4.9 Seasonal Variation of the Energy Balance of Land Areas ................................................. 109
4.10 Surface Energy Flux Components over the Oceans .......................................................... Ill
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 114
Chapter 5 The Hydrologie Cycle
5.1 Water, Essential to Climate and Life .................................................................................... 115
5.2 The Water Balance ............................................................................................................... 117
5.3 Surface Water Storage and Runoff ....................................................................................... 120
5.4 Precipitation and Dewfall .................................................................................................... 121
5.5 Evaporation and Transpiration ............................................................................................. 122
5.6 Modeling the Land Surface Water Balance ......................................................................... 127
5.7 Annual Variation of the Terrestrial Water Balance .............................................................. 130
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 134
Chapter 6 Atmospheric General Circulation and Climate
6.1 The Great Communicator .................................................................................................... 136
6.2 Energy Balance of the Atmosphere ..................................................................................... 136
6.3 Atmospheric Motions and the Meridional Transport of Energy .......................................... 138
6.4 The Angular-Momentum Balance ....................................................................................... 150
6.5 Large-Scale Circulation Patterns and Climate ..................................................................... 155
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapter 7 The Ocean General Circulation and Climate
7.1 Cauldron of Climate ............................................................................................................. 171
7.2 Properties of Seawater ......................................................................................................... 172
7.3 The Mixed Layer .................................................................................................................. 176
7.4 The Wind-Driven Circulation .............................................................................................. 180
Contents vii
7.5 Theories for Wind-Driven Circulations ............................................................................... 188
7.6 The Deep Thermohaline Circulation ................................................................................... 193
7.7 Transport of Energy in the Ocean ........................................................................................ 197
7.8 Mechanisms of Transport in the Ocean ............................................................................... 199
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 202
Chapter 8 History and Evolution of Earth s Climate
8.1 Past Is Prologue .................................................................................................................... 204
8.2 The Instrumental Record ...................................................................................................... 205
8.3 The Historical Record .......................................................................................................... 207
8.4 Natural Recording Systems: The Paleoclimatic Record ...................................................... 207
8.5 A Brief Survey of Earth s Climate History .......................................................................... 211
8.6 Uses of Paleoclimatic Data .................................................................................................. 225
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 227
Chapter 9 Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Mechanisms
9.1 Fools Experiments .............................................................................................................. 229
9.2 Objective Measures of Climate Sensitivity and Feedback .................................................. 230
9.3 Basic Radiative Feedback Processes ................................................................................... 231
9.4 Ice Albedo Feedback ............................................................................................................ 234
9.5 Dynamical Feedbacks and Meridional Energy Transport .................................................... 243
9.6 Longwave and Evaporation Feedbacks in the Surface Energy Balance .............................. 245
9.7 Cloud Feedback ................................................................................................................... 249
9.8 Biogeochemical Feedbacks .................................................................................................. 249
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 253
Chapter 10 Global Climate Models
10.1 Mathematical Modeling ..................................................................................................... 254
10.2 Historical Development of Climate Models ...................................................................... 254
10.3 The Atmospheric Component ............................................................................................ 257
10.4 The Land Component ........................................................................................................ 264
10.5 The Ocean Component ...................................................................................................... 265
10.6 Validation of Climate Model Simulations .......................................................................... 270
10.7 Sensitivity Estimates from Climate Models with Mixed-Layer Oceans ........................... 277
10.8 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Processes and the Thermohaline Circulation ..................... 280
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 284
Chapter 11 Natural Climate Change
11.1 Natural Forcing of Climate Change ................................................................................... 286
11.2 Solar Luminosity Variations ............................................................................................... 286
11.3 Natural Aerosols and Climate ............................................................................................ 291
11.4 Volcanic Eruptions and Stratospheric Aerosols ................................................................. 294
11.5 The Orbital Parameter Theory of Ice Ages ........................................................................ 300
viii Contents
11.6 Modeling of Ice Age Climates ........................................................................................... 312
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 317
Chapter 12 Anthropogenic Climate Change
12.1 The Wings of Daedalus ...................................................................................................... 319
12.2 Humans and the Greenhouse Effect ...................................................................................... 319
12.3 Anthropogenic Aerosols and Atmospheric Sulfur ............................................................. 327
12.4 Changing Surface Conditions ............................................................................................ 330
12.5 Equilibrium Climate Changes ............................................................................................ 330
12.6 Time-Dependent Climate Changes .................................................................................... 337
12.7 Comparison with Observed Temperature Trends .............................................................. 340
12.8 Sea Level Changes ............................................................................................................. 342
12.9 Outlook for the Future ....................................................................................................... 344
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 344
Appendix A: Calculation of Insolation under Current Conditions ............................................ 347
Appendix B: The Clausius-Clapeyron Relation ........................................................................ 350
Appendix C: The First Law of Thermodynamics, Lapse Rate and Potential Temperature ....... 352
Appendix D: Derivation of Simple Radiative Flux Equations ................................................... 356
Appendix E: Symbol Definitions ................................................................................................ 360
Appendix F: Systeme Internationale (SI) Units ........................................................................ 369
Appendix G: Useful Numerical Values ...................................................................................... 373
Appendix H: Answers to Selected Exercises .............................................................................. 375
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 377
References .................................................................................................................................... 387
Index ............................................................................................................................................. 399
International Geophysics Series .................................................................................................. 409
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:46:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0123285305 |
| language | English |
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| series | International geophysics series |
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| spelling | Hartmann, Dennis L. Verfasser (DE-588)1274883636 aut Global physical climatology Dennis L. Hartmann San Diego [u.a.] Acad. Press 1994 X, 411 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International geophysics series 56 Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd rswk-swf Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd rswk-swf Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd rswk-swf Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 s DE-604 Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 s Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 s 1\p DE-604 International geophysics series 56 (DE-604)BV000005107 56 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006713148&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Hartmann, Dennis L. Global physical climatology International geophysics series Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003397-1 (DE-588)4045956-1 (DE-588)4031178-8 |
| title | Global physical climatology |
| title_auth | Global physical climatology |
| title_exact_search | Global physical climatology |
| title_full | Global physical climatology Dennis L. Hartmann |
| title_fullStr | Global physical climatology Dennis L. Hartmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global physical climatology Dennis L. Hartmann |
| title_short | Global physical climatology |
| title_sort | global physical climatology |
| topic | Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atmosphäre Physik Klimatologie |
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