Catalyst characterization: physical techniques for solid materials
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Plenum Press
1994
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| Schriftenreihe: | Fundamental and applied catalysis
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXI, 702 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0306439506 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Catalyst characterization |b physical techniques for solid materials |c ed. by Boris Imelik ... |
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| adam_text | CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SOLID MATERIALS EDITED
BY BORIS IMELIK LATE OF INSTITUT DE RECHERCHES SUR LA CATALYSE CNRS
VILLEWBANNE, FRANCE AND JACQUES C. VEDRINE INSTITUT DE RECHERCHES SUR LA
CATALYSE CNRS VILLEURBANNE, FRANCE PLENUM PRESS * NEW YORK AND LONDON
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION B. IMELIK AND J. C. VEDRINE
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. GENERAL PRESENTATION OF THE PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
6 1.3. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS 10 CHAPTER 2. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY G.
COUDURIER AND F. LEFEBVRE 2.1. FUNDAMENTALS 11 2.1.1. ORIGIN OF THE
SPECTRUM 11 2.1.2. STATES OF VIBRATIONAL ENERGY 12 2.1.3. VIBRATIONS
ACTIVE IN IR 12 2.1.4. MOLECULAR SYMMETRY 14 2.1.5. CALCULATION OF THE
VIBRATION FREQUENCIES 14 2.1.6. TYPES OF VIBRATIONS 16 2.1.7. GROUP
FREQUENCIES 16 2.1.8. RELATION BETWEEN THE ABSORBED INTENSITY AND
CONCENTRATION 17 2.2. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 18 2.2.1. INTRODUCTION
18 2.2.2. TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 19 2.2.3. REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY 21
2.2.4. EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 24 2.2.5. PHOTOACOUSTIC AND DEFLECTION
SPECTROSCOPIES 25 2.3. EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF IR SPECTROSCOPY IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 26 2.3.1. CATALYST STRUCTURE 26 2.3.2. STUDY OF
THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF CATALYSTS 29 2.3.3. QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF ADSORPTION 35 2.3.4. DETECTION OF REACTION
INTERMEDIATES 38 2.4. CONCLUSIONS 43 REFERENCES 43 XIX XX CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY E. GARBOWSKI AND G. COUDURIER 3.1.
INTRODUCTION 45 3.2. THEORY OF RAMAN DIFFUSION 45 3.2.1. QUANTUM
MECHANICAL THEORY 46 3.2.2. CLASSICAL THEORY 46 3.2.3. SELECTION RULES
AND INTENSITY 47 3.3. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 48 3.3.1. SOURCE 48
3.3.2. MONOCHROMATOR 49 3.3.3. DETECTORS 49 3.3.4. CELL AND SAMPLE .. 49
3.4. APPLICATION OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TO CATALYSIS 50 3.4.1. CATALYST
STRUCTURE 50 3.4.2. SUPERFICIAL PROPERTIES OF A CATALYST 53 3.4.3.
CHARACTERIZATION OF METALLIC CATALYSTS 54 3.4.4. ADSORBED MOLECULES AND
CATALYSIS 55 3.5. NEW DEVELOPMENTS 57 3.5.1. RAMAN RESONANCE
SPECTROSCOPY 57 3.5.2. COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 58 3.5.3.
FOURIER TRANSFORM RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 59 3.5.4. THE FUTURE OF RAMAN
SPECTROSCOPY IN CATALYSIS 59 REFERENCES 60 CHAPTER 4. ELECTRONIC
SPECTROSCOPY E. GARBOWSKI AND H. PRALIAUD 4.1. INTRODUCTION 61 4.2.
PRINCIPLES AND APPARATUS 61 4.2.1. PRINCIPLES 61 4.2.2. APPARATUS 62
4.2.3. NATURE OF ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS: ENERGY AND INTENSITY .... 64
4.3. APPLICATION TO CATALYSIS 66 4.3.1. NICKEL IONS IN ZEOLITES:
COORDINATION STATE AND REDUCTION 69 4.3.2. VALENCE STATE AND
COORDINATION NUMBER OF MOLYBDENUM IONS ON VARIOUS SUPPORTS, CHANGES
DURING THE OXIDATION OF PROPYLENE, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SELECTIVITY 73
4.3.3. STUDY OF MOLECULES ADSORBED ON ZEOLITES 75 APPENDIX I. THE D*D
TRANSITIONS: CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY (ELECTROSTATIC MODEL) 81 APPENDIX II.
THE 7T-ELECTRON SYSTEM 85 REFERENCES 88 CONTENTS XXI CHAPTER 5. NUCLEAR
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS Y. BEN TAARIT AND J.
FRAISSARD 5.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MAGNETIC
RESONANCE 91 5.1.1. INTRODUCTION 91 5.1.2. ZEEMAN SPLITTING 92 5.1.3.
RELAXATION, SATURATION, AND THE BLOCH EQUATIONS 94 5.2. FUNDAMENTAL
PARAMETERS IN NMR 95 5.2.1. THE SCREENING TENSOR 95 5.2.2. DIPLOLAR
INTERACTIONS 97 5.2.3. THE FERMI INTERACTION 98 5.2.4. J COUPLING 99
5.3. APPLICATIONS IN CATALYSIS 99 5.3.1. RELAXATION 99 5.3.2. CHEMICAL
SHIFT 101 5.3.3. EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN CHEMISORBED AND PHYSISORBED
MOLECULES 103 5.3.4. NARROWING VIA MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING 104 5.3.5.
MULTIPLE-PULSE SEQUENCES 106 5.4. EXAMPLES IN CATALYSIS 106 5.4.1.
STUDIES OF ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS AT SOLID SURFACES VIA CONVENTIONAL H
NMR 106 5.4.2. BROENSTED ACIDITY 108 5.5. CATALYSTS AND CHEMISORPTION
STUDIES VIA MAS-NMR 108 5.5.1. CATALYST STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION VIA
MULTINUCLEAR NMR 109 5.5.2. CATALYST STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION VIA NMR
OF 139 XE AS A PROBE MOLECULE 115 5.5.3. NMR OF PROBE MOLECULES FOR
ACIDITY DETERMINATIONS 121 5.6. NMR STUDIES OF METALS 123 5.6.1. THE
KNIGHT SHIFT 123 5.6.2. 195 PT NMR OFPLATINUM CATALYSTS 124 5.7.
CONCLUSIONS 128 REFERENCES 128 CHAPTER 6. ELECTRON PARAMAGETIC
RESONANCE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS TO CATALYSIS M. CHE AND E.
GIAMELLO 6.1. INTRODUCTION 131 6.2. ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE
PRINCIPLE 132 6.2.1. THE ELECTRON MAGNETIC MOMENT *. 132 6.2.2. THE
ZEEMAN EFFECT 132 6.2.3. THE RESONANCE PHENOMENON 133 XXII CONTENTS 6.3.
SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF AN EPR SPECTROMETER 135 6.4. INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN THE ODD ELECTRON AND ITS SURROUNDING MEDIUM 137 6.4.1. THE G
FACTOR 137 6.4.2. THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE 149 6.4.3. THE SUPERHYPERFINE
STRUCTURE 161 6.5. APPLICATIONS OF EPR IN CATALYSIS 162 6.5.1. REDOX
PROPERTIES OF SURFACES 162 6.5.2. IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVE SITES IN
CATALYSIS 166 6.5.3. IDENTIFICATION OF INTERMEDIATES IN CATALYSIS 168
6.5.4. COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF SUPPORTED NI +
IONS 170 6.5.5. OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE 175 6.6. CONCLUSIONS 176
REFERENCES 177 CHAPTER 7. FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE L. BONNEVIOT AND D.
OLIVIER 1. 1. INTRODUCTION 181 7.2. BACKGROUND 182 7.2.1. THEORETICAL
PRINCIPLES 182 7.2.2. EXPERIMENTAL FMR DATA 185 7.3. THERMOMAGNETIC
CURVES 186 7.3.1. SUPERPARAMAGNETISM AND PARTICLE SIZE 186 7.3.2. FMR OF
SUPERPARAMAGNETIC PARTICLES 187 7.3.3. EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS 189
7.3.4. DATA ANALYSIS 190 7.4. MAGNETIC ANISOTROPIES 196 7.4.1. POWDER
PATTERN AND LINESHAPE 196 7.4.2. SHAPE ANISOTROPY 199 7.4.3.
MAGNETOSTRICTION ANISOTROPY 202 7.4.4. MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY 207
7.4.5. RELATIVE INTENSITY OF THE VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES 209 7.5.
CONCLUSION 210 GLOSSARY 211 REFERENCES 213 CHAPTER 8. MOESSBAUER
SPECTROSCOPY * NUCLEAR GAMMA RESONANCE P. B. BUSSIERE 8.1. INTRODUCTION
215 8.2. THE/ FACTOR AND RESONANT ABSORPTION 217 CONTENTS XXIII 8.2.1.
ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY 217 8.2.2. PARTICULAR CASES 219 8.2.3. RESONANT
ABSORPTION (NONRESONANT ABSORPTION NEGLIGIBLE) 219 8.2.4. APPLICATIONS
220 8.3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 221 8.3.1. THE MOESSBAUER ELEMENTS AND
THE SOURCES 221 8.3.2. THE SAMPLES 221 8.3.3. THE CELLS 222 8.3.4. THE
SPECTROMETER 223 8.3.5. CALIBRATION 224 8.3.6. COMPUTER CALCULATIONS 224
8.3.7. PERFORMANCE 224 8.3.8. RADIOPROTECTION 225 8.4. THE ISOMER SHIFT
AND THE SECOND-ORDER DOPPLER SHIFT 225 8.4.1. ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY 225
8.4.2. APPLICATIONS 227 8.5. ELECTRIC QUADRUPOLE INTERACTION ENERGY AND
QUADRUPOLE SPLITTING 227 8.5.1. ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY 227 8.5.2.
APPLICATIONS 230 8.6. MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS 232 8.6.1. ELEMENTS OF THE
THEORY 232 8.6.2. APPLICATIONS 234 8.7. FURTHER TECHNIQUES 237 8.7.1.
EMISSION MOESSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY 237 8.7.2. A MOESSBAUER ELEMENT USED AS A
PROBE 238 8.7.3. CONVERSION ELECTRON MOESSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY, CEMS 239
8.8. A SURVEY OF APPLICATIONS TO HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 240 8.8.1.
EXPLAINING CATALYTIC PROPERTIES FROM CHARACTENZATION OF THE COMPONENTS
OF CATALYSTS 240 8.8.2. CHEMISORPTION 242 8.8.3. STUDY OF CATALYSTS
DURING REACTION 244 8.9. CONCLUSIONS 244 REFERENCES 245 CHAPTER 9. AUGER
ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY /. C. BERTOLINI AND J. MASSARDIER 9.1. THE AUGER
PROCESS 247 9.1.1. AUGER ELECTRON ENERGIES 248 9.1.2. AUGER LINE SHAPES
249 9.1.3. AUGER LINE INTENSITIES 249 9.1.4. ANGULAR EFFECTS 251 9.2.
EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 252 9.2.1. RETARDING FIELD ANALYZERS 252
XXIV CONTENTS 9.2.2. SPEED SELECTOR ANALYZERS 253 9.2.3. FREQUENCY
MODULATION AND SYNCHRONOUS DETECTION 254 9.3. APPLICATIONS IN CATALYSIS
255 9.3.1. BIMETALLIC ALLOYS AND SURFACE SEGREGATION 256 9.3.2. DEPTH
PROFILING 259 9.3.3. SURFACE ANALYSIS OF OXIDES 261 9.3.4. ADSORBATES
AND DEPOSITS 263 9.3.5. CHEMICAL SHIFTS AND LINE SHAPES IN AES 264 9.4.
IMAGING IN AES 267 9.5. LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF AES 267 APPENDIX 268
REFERENCES 269 CHAPTER 10. VIBRATIONAL ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY
/. C. BERTOLINI 10.1. INTRODUCTION 271 10.2. ELECTRON-VIBRATION
INTERACTIONS 272 10.2.1. LONG-RANGE DIPOLAR INTERACTIONS 273 10.2.2.
SHORT-RANGE INTERACTIONS 275 10.3. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 276 10.4.
SOME EXAMPLES OF INTEREST 277 10.4.1. ADSORBATES ON METAL SINGLE
CRYSTALS 278 10.4.2. ADSORPTION ON SUPPORTED METALS 284 10.4.3.
PROMINENCE OF SURFACE PHONONS OF SOLID MATERIALS 285 10.5. COMPARISON
WITH OTHER METHODS: CONCLUSIONS 288 REFERENCES 288 CHAPTER 11. SECONDARY
ION MASS SPECTROMETRY J. GRIMBLOT AND M. ABON 11.1. INTRODUCTION 291
11.2. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS 292 11.2.1. THE ION-SOLID
COLLISION: THE SPUTTERING PROCESS 292 11.2.2. PREFERENTIAL SPUTTERING
295 11.2.3. THE IONIC YIELD AND THE IONIZATION COEFFICIENT 298 11.2.4.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS OF SIMS 301 11.2.5. STATIC SIMS 304 11.3.
APPLICATIONS 307 11.3.1. METALS AND ALLOYS 307 11.3.2. ADSORPTION
STUDIES 311 CONTENTS XXV 11.3.3. OXIDE CATALYSTS 313 11.3.4. SUPPORTED
CATALYSTS 315 11.4. CONCLUSIONS 316 REFERENCES 317 CHAPTER 12. ION
SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY J. GRIMBLOT AND M. ABON 12.1. INTRODUCTION 321
12.2. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS 322 12.2.1. MECHANICS OF A
BINARY COLLISION 322 12.2.2. SCATTERED ION YIELD 327 12.2.3.
EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 335 12.3. APPLICATIONS 336 12.3.1. ATOM AND
MOLECULE DESORPTION INDUCED BY LOW-ENERGY IONS 336 12.3.2. ANALYSIS OF
PRACTICAL CATALYSTS BY ISS 337 12.4. CONCLUSIONS 344 REFERENCES 345
CHAPTER 13. APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON SCATTERING TO CATALYSIS H. JOBIC
13.1. INTRODUCTION 347 13.2. INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY 347 13.2.1.
PROPERTIES OF NEUTRONS 347 13.2.2. SCATTERING CROSS SECTIONS 348 13.2.3.
COHERENT AND INCOHERENT SCATTERING 349 13.3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 350
13.3.1. BERYLLIUM FILTER DETECTOR SPECTROMETER INFB 351 13.3.2.
TIME-OF-FLIGHT SPECTROMETER IN6 352 13.3.3. SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING 353
13.3.4. TWO-AXIS POWDER SPECTROMETERS 354 13.4. NEUTRON DIFFRACTION 355
13.5. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY 357 13.5.1. CALCULATION OF THE
DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTION CORRESPOND- ING TO THE VIBRATIONAL MOTIONS
357 13.5.2. APPLICATION OF NIS TO ADSORBED SPECIES 360 13.6.
QUASI-ELASTIC SCATTERING STUDY OF DIFFUSIVE MOTIONS 367 13.6.1.
TRANSLATIONAL MOTION 368 13.6.2. ROTATIONAL MOTION 369 XXVI CONTENTS
13.6.3. APPLICATIONS OF QUASI-ELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING (QENS) TO THE
STUDY OF MOLECULES ADSORBED IN ZEOLITES 370 13.7. CONCLUSIONS 373
REFERENCES 373 CHAPTER 14. X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY: EXAFS AND
XANES B. MORAWECK 14.1. HISTORICAL SURVEY 377 14.2. THEORETICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 378 14.3. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 382 14.3.1.
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS 382 14.3.2. DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS 383
14.3.3. THE PHASE SHIFT PROBLEM 384 14.4. SELECTED CATALYTIC SYSTEMS 386
14.4.1. HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS 386 14.4.2. SUPPORTED OXIDES 393
14.4.3. MONOMETALLIC CATALYSTS 398 14.4.4. PLATINUM-BASED CATALYSTS 402
14.5. ABSORPTION RESONANCE STUDIES: WHITE LINES 405 14.5.1. INTRODUCTION
405 14.5.2. THEORETICAL SUMMARY 405 14.5.3. MONOMETALLIC CATALYSTS 406
14.5.4. BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS 406 14.6. AN EXAMPLE OF CHEMISTRY OF THE
SOLID STATE: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PD-CR/SI0 2 CATALYST
407 14.6.1. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRECURSOR 407
14.6.2. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CATALYSTS 408 14.7.
CONCLUSIONS 413 REFERENCES 414 CHAPTER 15. DETERMINATION OF THE ATOMIC
STRUCTURE OF SOLID CATALYSTS BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION G. BERGERET ANDP.
GALLEZOT 15.1. INTRODUCTION 417 15.2. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ZEOLITES 418
15.2.1. METHODS OF STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 419 15.2.2. STRUCTURE OF THE
ZEOLITE FRAMEWORK 421 15.2.3. LATTICE DEFECTS AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE
ZEOLITE FRAMEWORK , 421 CONTENTS XXVII 15.2.4. LOCALIZATION OF CATIONS
IN ZEOLITES 422 15.2.5. POSITION OF THE ADSORBED MOLECULES 425 15.2.6.
POSITION OF METALLIC ATOMS 427 15.3. STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS CATALYSTS
AND VERY SMALL PARTICLES .... 429 15.3.1. RADIAL ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION
430 15.3.2. APPLICATIONS OF THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTION 435 15.4.
CONCLUSIONS 441 REFERENCES 442 CHAPTER 16. SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING
A. J. RENOUPREZ 16.1. INTRODUCTION 445 16.2. BASIC THEORY 445 16.2.1.
SCATTERING CROSS SECTION OF A VOLUME OF MATTER 445 16.2.2. THE
SCATTERING LAWS 447 16.3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
FROM SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING 450 16.3.1. THE SPECIFIC AREA 450
16.3.2. THE RADIUS OF GYRATION: GUINIER S LAW 451 16.3.3. POROSITY 452
16.3.4. THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION 452 16.3.5. APPLICATION TO SOLID
STATE MATERIALS 453 16.3.6. NEUTRON SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING 454 16.4.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 454 16.4.1. LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS 455 16.4.2.
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTS 457 16.5. THE APPLICATIONS OF
SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING 458 16.5.1. POROUS AND FINELY DIVIDED SOLIDS 458
16.5.2. SUPPORTED METALLIC CATALYSIS 461 16.6. SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON
SCATTERING 464 REFERENCES 465 CHAPTER 17. PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIES:
XPS AND UPS J. C. VEDRINE 17.1. INTRODUCTION 467 17.2. EXPERIMENTAL
APPARATUS 468 17.2.1. SPECTROMETER 468 17.2.2. PREPARATION OF THE
SAMPLES 470 XXVIII CONTENTS 17.3. XPS PARAMETERS AND BASIC FEATURES 470
17.3.1. CHEMICAL FEATURES 470 17.3.2. PEAK INTENSITY AND
SEMIQUANTITATIVE FEATURES 477 17.4. APPLICATIONS IN CATALYSIS 483
17.4.1. SURFACE ENRICHMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 483 17.4.2. ACTIVE
PHASE-SUPPORT INTERACTIONS 489 17.4.3. BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS 492 17.4.4.
ORGANOMETALLIC COMPLEXES 492 17.4.5. ADSORBED SPECIES 493 17.5. UPS AND
APPLICATIONS 493 17.6. CONCLUSIONS 494 REFERENCES 494 CHAPTER 18.
PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND SURFACE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Y. JUGNET 18.1.
INTRODUCTION 497 18.2. ANGULAR PHOTOEMISSION GEOMETRY 498 18.3. SURFACE
SENSITIVITY 499 18.4. PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION 500 18.5. APPLICATIONS
503 18.6. CONCLUSIONS 506 REFERENCES 507 CHAPTER 19. CHARACTERIZATION OF
CATALYSTS BY CONVENTIONAL AND ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY P. GALLEZOT
AND C. LECLERCQ 19.1. INTRODUCTION 509 19.2. CONVENTIONAL AND ANALYTICAL
MICROSCOPES 510 19.2.1. ELECTRON INTERACTIONS WITH ATOMS 510 19.2.2. THE
HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION MICROSCOPE 513 19.2.3. THE SCANNING
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 516 19.2.4. ANALYTICAL TOOLS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE STEM 518 19.3. APPLICATION OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TO THE STUDY
OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS 521 19.3.1. INTRODUCTION 521 19.3.2.
PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR TEM EXAMINATION 522 19.3.3. MORPHOLOGY AND
STRUCTURE OF CATALYSTS 526 19.3.4. COMPOSITION OF CATALYSTS 550
REFERENCES 557 CONTENTS XXIX CHAPTER 20. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS J.-M. HERRMANN
20.1. INTRODUCTION 559 20.2. THEORY AND DEFINITIONS 559 20.2.1.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POWDER CATALYSTS 560 20.2.2. DEFINITIONS 561
20.2.3. APPARATUS 561 20.3. STRUCTURE DEFECTS IN PURE OXIDE CATALYSTS
562 20.3.1. THE -TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS 562 20.3.2. THE P-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS 565 20.4. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF DOPED OXIDES 566
20.4.1. VALENCE INDUCTION 566 20.4.2. CONSEQUENCE FOR CATALYSIS 568
20.5. STRUCTURE OF MIXED OXIDES: CASE STUDY OF SN-SB-O 568 20.5.1.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HOMOGENEOUS SOLIDS CALCINED AT 500 C 568
20.5.2. CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF SN-SB MIXED OXIDES 570 20.5.3. INFIUENCE
OF CALCINATION OF 950 C 571 20.5.4. STRUCTURAL STUDY OF TERNARY
FE-SN-SB OXIDES 571 20.6. STRUCTURAL STUDY OF CATALYSTS BY TEMPERATURE
PROGRAMMED CONDUCTIVITY 572 20.7. DETERMINATION OF REACTION MECHANISMS
AND IDENTIFICATION OF CHARGED ACTIVE INTERMEDIATES BY IN SITU
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS DURING CATALYSIS 573 20.7.1. OXIDATION OF CO
ON TI0 2 573 20.7.2. PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ISOBUTANE ON TI0 2 576
20.8. SUPPORTED METAL CATALYSTS 579 20.8.1. EVIDENCE FOR HYDROGEN
SPILLOVER 579 20.8.2. ELECTRONIC ORIGIN OF STRONG METAL-SUPPORT
INTERACTIONS 581 20.9. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 583 REFERENCES 584 CHAPTER
21. MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS AND CATALYSIS J.-A. DALMON 21.1. INTRODUCTION
585 21.2. DIFFERENT MAGNETIC STATES 585 21.2.1. PARAMAGNETISM 586
21.2.2. FERROMAGNETISM AND SUPERPARAMAGNETISM 587 21.3. SHORT
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 590 21.3.1. STATIC METHODS 590
21.3.2. DYNAMIC METHODS 590 XXX CONTENTS 21.4. MAGNETIC CHARACTERIZATION
OF CATALYSTS 590 21.4.1. NONMETALLIC SPECIES 590 21.4.2. METALLIC
SPECIES 592 21.5. STUDY OF ADSORBED PHASES AND THEIR RELATION TO
CATALYSIS 597 21.5.1. SURFACE AND MAGNETISM 597 21.5.2. STUDY OF
ADSORBED SPECIES 598 21.5.3. INTERPRETATION OF THE MAGNETIC EFFECTS 602
21.5.4. RELATION TO CATALYSIS 604 APPENDIX 605 REFERENCES 607 CHAPTER
22. THERMAL METHODS: CALORIMETRY, DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, AND
THERMOGRAVIMETRY A.AUROUX 22.1. INTRODUCTION 611 22.2. CALORIMETRY 611
22.2.1. INTRODUCTION 611 22.2.2. PRINCIPLES OF CALORIMETRY 612 22.2.3.
USE OF CALOIIMETERS 619 22.2.4. APPLICATIONS: DATA PROCESSING 624 22.3.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS 636 22.3.1. INTRODUCTION 636 22.3.2.
PRINCIPLES 636 22.4. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 638 22.4.1. INTRODUCTION
638 22.4.2. PRINCIPLES AND USE 638 22.4.3. APPLICATIONS OF
THERMOGRAVIMETRY AND ASSOCIATED TECHNIQUES 642 22.5. CONCLUSION 645
REFERENCES 645 CHAPTER 23. MASS SPECTROMETRY: PRINCIPLES AND
APPLICATIONS IN CATALYSIS C. MIRODATOS 23.1. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
SYSTEMS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 651 23.1.1. ION SOURCES 652 23.1.2.
ANALYZERS 653 23.1.3. DETECTORS 656 CONTENTS XXXI 23.2. NATURE AND
TREATMENT OF DATA 656 23.2.1. ANALYSIS OF A MULTICOMPONENT GAS MIXTURE
657 23.2.2. ANALYSIS OF A MIXTURE OF STABLE ISOTOPES 657 23.3. SELECTED
APPLICATIONS IN CATALYSIS 661 23.3.1. HOMOGENEOUS AND SURFACE
ORGANOMETALLIC CATALYSIS .... 661 23.3.2. ADSORPTION/DESORPTION
PROCESSES ON SOLID SURFACES .... 661 23.3.3. EXCHANGE REACTIONS 664
23.4. CONCLUSION 673 REFERENCES 674 CHAPTER 24. SCANNING TUNNELING AND
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPIES P. GALLEZOT 24.1. INTRODUCTION 675 24.2.
DESIGN AND PRINCIPLES OF SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPES 676 24.2.1. SCANNING
TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM) 676 24.2.2. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM) 677
24.2.3. OTHER SCANNED-PROBE MICROSCOPES 679 24.3. APPLICATION OF STM TO
SURFACE CHEMISTRY 679 24.3.1. ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS ON SURFACES 680
24.3.2. TOPOGRAPHY OF SURFACES 680 24.3.3. IMAGE OF SUPPORTED CLUSTERS
681 24.3.4. IMAGE OF ORGANIC ADSORBATES 684 24.4. CONCLUSION 686
REFERENCES 686 CHAPTER 25. FINAL REMARKS B. IMELIK AND J. C. VEDRINE
25.1. INTRODUCTION 689 25.2. EXAMPLES 690 25.2.1. PLATINUM/Y-ZEOLITE 690
25.2.2. ANTIMONY/TIN MIXED OXIDES 692 25.3. GENERAL CONCLUSION 693 INDEX
|
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| id | DE-604.BV010021765 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:45:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0306439506 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006644398 |
| oclc_num | 29024632 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-11 |
| physical | XXXI, 702 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | Plenum Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Fundamental and applied catalysis |
| spelling | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials ed. by Boris Imelik ... New York u.a. Plenum Press 1994 XXXI, 702 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fundamental and applied catalysis Catalise (fisico-quimica) larpcal Catalyseurs - Analyse Catalysts Analysis Charakterisierung (DE-588)4069926-2 gnd rswk-swf Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 gnd rswk-swf Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 s Charakterisierung (DE-588)4069926-2 s DE-604 Imelik, Boris Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006644398&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials Catalise (fisico-quimica) larpcal Catalyseurs - Analyse Catalysts Analysis Charakterisierung (DE-588)4069926-2 gnd Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4069926-2 (DE-588)4029919-3 |
| title | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials |
| title_auth | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials |
| title_exact_search | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials |
| title_full | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials ed. by Boris Imelik ... |
| title_fullStr | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials ed. by Boris Imelik ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials ed. by Boris Imelik ... |
| title_short | Catalyst characterization |
| title_sort | catalyst characterization physical techniques for solid materials |
| title_sub | physical techniques for solid materials |
| topic | Catalise (fisico-quimica) larpcal Catalyseurs - Analyse Catalysts Analysis Charakterisierung (DE-588)4069926-2 gnd Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Catalise (fisico-quimica) Catalyseurs - Analyse Catalysts Analysis Charakterisierung Katalysator |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006644398&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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