The single market programme as a stimulus to change: comparisons between Britain and Germany
A comparison of British and German industries' reaction to the opportunities and threats offered by the Single European Market (SEM) is presented here. The book outlines the effect that the SEM was expected to have on the two countries and contrasts this with actual progress, based on published...
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1994
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers
47 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | A comparison of British and German industries' reaction to the opportunities and threats offered by the Single European Market (SEM) is presented here. The book outlines the effect that the SEM was expected to have on the two countries and contrasts this with actual progress, based on published data and a detailed study of four industries: retailing, pharmaceuticals, insurance and machine tools. It shows that while indeed the single European market has had an impact, many measures have had a far weaker effect than expected. The existence of other barriers not tackled by the SEM programme - weakened measures, poor implementation, global business trends and the recent recession - helped to reduce the impact of the SEM. Nevertheless it stands out as one of the most striking influences on British and German industries for many years. Germany, with its geographical advantage, longer-term approach and stronger manufacturing, seems the better placed to benefit overall But the less regulated and, in some respects, more flexible UK economy may have competitive advantages as the pressures increase. It is no accident that it has been chosen so frequently as the best site within the EC for investment by firms from non-EC countries |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 243 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521471567 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers |v 47 | |
| 520 | 3 | |a A comparison of British and German industries' reaction to the opportunities and threats offered by the Single European Market (SEM) is presented here. The book outlines the effect that the SEM was expected to have on the two countries and contrasts this with actual progress, based on published data and a detailed study of four industries: retailing, pharmaceuticals, insurance and machine tools. It shows that while indeed the single European market has had an impact, many measures have had a far weaker effect than expected. The existence of other barriers not tackled by the SEM programme - weakened measures, poor implementation, global business trends and the recent recession - helped to reduce the impact of the SEM. Nevertheless it stands out as one of the most striking influences on British and German industries for many years. Germany, with its geographical advantage, longer-term approach and stronger manufacturing, seems the better placed to benefit overall | |
| 520 | |a But the less regulated and, in some respects, more flexible UK economy may have competitive advantages as the pressures increase. It is no accident that it has been chosen so frequently as the best site within the EC for investment by firms from non-EC countries | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of tables page x
List of charts xiv
Preface xv
1 ROUTES TO CHANGE 1
Introduction 1
The Stimulus to change 2
The nature of the Stimulus 2
The Single market programme 4
Early assessment of the likely impact of the Single market 7
Variations in the Stimulus across industries 19
Variations in the Stimulus across countries 22
Regional Variation and the problems of location 24
Concluding remark 26
The possible routes of response 26
The structure of the analysis 35
2 THE UK AND GERMAN ECONOMIES 39
Comparing structure and Performance 40
Structure 43
Location 43
The structure of industry 49
The potential for structural change as a result of 1992 52
Investment and capital 58
Skills and knowledge capital 65
Productivity 69
Inefficiency 72
Ownership and Organisation 81
Corporate governance 82
The threat of takeover 82
vii
viii Contents
Mergers and acquisitions in Britain and Germany 85
Corporate governance in Germany 88
Implications for internal and external growth by British
and German companies 91
Other aspects of firm structure and performance 94
Unification 95
3 THE RETAILING INDUSTRY 98
The stimulus from the single market 100
Removal of border restrictions 100
Reduction in transport costs 102
Harmonisation of technical specifications 102
Harmonisation of indirect tax rates 104
Ease of establishment in other member states 105
Improved operation of financial markets across borders 107
Easier cross border labour movement 108
Associated programmes 109
The structure of retailing in Germany and the UK 112
The major players 113
Trends in the industry 118
Mergers and acquisitions 122
Cooperative alliances 125
Cross border alliances 125
The role of regulation 127
Routes to change 129
The grocery sector 130
The clothing sector 133
Reflections 134
4 THE PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY 136
An overview of the industry and the issues 137
The producers 141
Prices 145
Economic performance 147
Patents 150
Vulnerability 152
The effects of the single European market 154
Conclusion 155
Prescription medicines 156
Pharmaceutical products (NACE 257) 156
Contents ix
Appendix A 157
Appendix B 160
5 THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY 162
The firms 163
Life assurance 163
Non life insurance 165
Reinsurance 168
Groupings 168
Regulation and European integration 172
The single European market 176
Conclusion 177
6 THE MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY 179
The nature of machine tools 181
Structure of the market 181
Concentration in the industry 187
Concentration in the UK industry 187
Concentration in the German industry 190
Type of products 193
Main markets 196
Competitiveness 196
Productivity 197
The single European market 198
Removal of physical barriers 199
Removal of technical barriers 199
Removal of fiscal barriers 202
Overall impact 202
Trade with non EC countries 203
7 CONCLUSIONS 206
The stimulus to change 207
An uneven starting point 209
Routes to change 209
Looking to the future 213
Notes 219
References 226
Index 237
Tables
page
1.1 The main features of the single market programme 5
1.2 Completion of the internal market: aggregation
of main macroeconomic results 14
1.3 Main shocks introduced in the Hermes and Interlink
models for macroeconomic simulations 16
1.4 Impact of reduction in trade barriers 20
1.5 The industrial sectors most affected by the internal market 21
1.6 Implications of the single European market for UK industry 23
1.7 Impact of 1992 on the stages of production 28
1.8 Steps taken by sharpbenders (controls) 32
1.9 Complementarities and inconsistencies between the
internal market measures and market trends 34
1A.1 The Community market: prices of consumer and
investment goods, Germany and the UK 36
2.1 Average rates of growth of GDP and prices in the UK
and Germany, 1971 90 40
2.2 EC/EFTA trade with Germany and the UK, 1991 44
2.3 Inward direct investment in EC countries 47
2.4 Structure of German and UK economies 50
2.5 Relative productivity in 1990 51
2.6 Shares of employment and sales by industry branch 52
2.7 Position of industries likely to be affected by the single
market 53
2.8 Median plant size, UK and Germany, 1987 54
2.9 Country distribution of top 100 EC firms 55
2.10 The largest UK and German groups in the Community in
1989 56
2.11 The contribution of physical capital 60
2.12 Gross tangible physical capital stocks, 1989 63
2.13 Patents granted in the United States by country of origin
as per cent of all foreign patenting 1958 86 66
x
List of tables xi
2.14 Qualification proportions and relative wage rates of
the manufacturing workforce, 1987 68
2.15 Productivity ratios, Germany/UK, 1987 70
2.16 Comparative labour productivity in German and UK
manufacturing, 1987 71
2.17 Relative importance of sensitive sectors in the United
Kingdom 73
2.18 Metal working machine tools. Distribution of German
and UK businesses by employment, 1987 76
2.19 Ratio of German to British nominal labour
productivity (weighted and unweighted) in selected
industries, 1987 77
2.20 Distribution of firms by labour productivity, Q/L, within
matched British and German industries with W U, 1987 79
2.21 Profitability of large businesses relative to average
profitability, 1987 80
2.22 Competitive position of sample industries regarded as
sensitive to the single European market 81
2.23 Numbers of and expenditure on acquisitions and
mergers of industrial and commercial companies within
the UK, 1967 90 84
2.24 Annual percentage external and internal growth rates of
companies, UK, 1960 76 85
2.25 Cross border acquisitions and mergers in Britain by
overseas companies 86
2.26 Cross border acquisitions and mergers by British
companies 86
2.27 Mergers involving foreign parties notified to the federal
cartel offices in Germany, 1973 89 87
3.1 Annual consumption of selected food items, Britain and
Germany 104
3.2 Turnover in retailing and population, 1988 113
3.3a Structural changes in German retailing 1980 8 114
3.3b Structural changes in British retailing 1980 8 114
3.4 Retail employment, financial performance (by area),
store size and productivity (by company size), 1987 115
3.5 Retailing industry concentration 1987 116
3.6 Turnover in German retailing, 1989, by operating types 116
3.7 Development of hypermarkets in Great Britain 116
3.8 Food retailing in 1990 in Germany by enterprises 117
3.9 Food retailing, 1990, in Great Britain by enterprises 118
xii List of tables
3.10 Leading UK grocers, 1990/91, by sales (with average
outlet size) 118
3.11 Womenswear market shares, 1990 120
3.12 Mergers and acquisitions in German food retailing,
1980 7 123
3.13 Top twenty acquisitions and mergers by UK retailers,
1982 90 124
4.1 Consumption of pharmaceuticals in Britain and
Germany, 1988 138
4.2 Classification of drugs 140
4.3 Production of the pharmaceuticals industry in EC, Japan
and the US, 1980 7 142
4.4 Size distribution of businesses by employment,
pharmaceuticals, UK, 1987 142
4.5 Size distribution of enterprises by employment,
pharmaceutical products (257), UK, 1987 143
4.6 Size distribution of businesses (Unternehmen) by
employment, pharmaceuticals, Germany, 1987 143
4.7 UK exports and imports of pharmaceutical products,
1980 90 150
4A.1 The leading pharmaceutical enterprises 158
4A.2 The world s top fifteen pharmaceutical enterprises by
rank, 1977 88/9 159
4B.1 Size distribution of businesses by employment,
pharmaceuticals, Germany and UK, 1988 160
5.1 Sizes of British insurance companies life 164
5.2 Sizes of German insurance companies life 165
5.3 Sizes of British insurance companies non life 166
5.4 Sizes of German insurance companies non life 166
5.5 Leading European insurance companies by gross
premium income, 1988 167
6.1 World shares of machine tool production, 1990 182
6.2 World machine tool production, trade and consumption 183
6.3 Shares of machine tool production in GDP, 1991 184
6.4 Imports of metal working machine tools 185
6.5 Exports of metal working machine tools 186
6.6 The ten largest machine tool companies, 1992 187
6.7 Leading UK machine tool manufacturers, 1991 189
6.8 Structure of the German industry, 1989 191
6.9 Regional distribution of West German machine tool
industry, 1988 192
List of tables xiii
6.10 East west German machine tool company linkages 193
6.11 Machine tool sales by UK manufacturers, 1980 92 195
6.12 Indicators of competitiveness: Germany 197
6.13 Indicators of competitiveness: UK 197
6.14 Productivity growth rates, 1975 89 198
Charts
page
1.1 Importance of barriers by country 9
1.2 Importance of barriers by industry 10
1.3 Opportunities and risks of the internal market 12
1.4 Classification of industrial sectors by potential for impact 22
1.5 The 1992 programme and responses to it by industry 29
1.6 Number of takeovers, acquisitions of minority holdings
and new jointly owned subsidiaries: situation for the
1,000 largest European industrial firms 31
2.1 The determinants of national advantage 41
2.2 Comparison of distribution of total inward FDI in the EC,
1980 9 46
2.3 Infrastructure endowment in the Objective 1 regions
companies assessment 48
2.4 User cost of capital for two types of investment 60
2.5 Net operating surplus as a proportion of the net
capital stock: manufacturing 61
2.6 Net operating surplus as a proportion of the net capital
stock: business sector 62
2.7 The relationship between foreign patent intensity in the
United States and national R D intensity 67
2.8 Position of the sensitive industries allocation of
employees by industries with different trends in
European demand 73
2.9 Farrell production frontier 75
3.1 Market shares of purchasing groups, 1988 126
6.1 Annual percentage change UK GDP, capital goods and
machine tools 180
xiv
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mayes, David G. 1946-2017 Hart, Peter E. 1928- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128652136 (DE-588)119196530 |
| author_facet | Mayes, David G. 1946-2017 Hart, Peter E. 1928- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Mayes, David G. 1946-2017 |
| author_variant | d g m dg dgm p e h pe peh |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-search | HC256.6.M385 1994 |
| callnumber-sort | HC 3256.6 M385 41994 |
| callnumber-subject | HC - Economic History and Conditions |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)30625157 (DE-599)BVBBV010006159 |
| dewey-full | 338.4/094120 338.4/0941 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338.4/0941 20 338.4/0941 |
| dewey-search | 338.4/0941 20 338.4/0941 |
| dewey-sort | 3338.4 3941 220 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte 1971-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1971-1991 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Germany (West) - Industries Great Britain - Industries Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Germany (West) - Industries Great Britain - Industries Großbritannien Deutschland |
| id | DE-604.BV010006159 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:44:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521471567 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006633638 |
| oclc_num | 30625157 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-945 DE-703 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-706 DE-521 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-945 DE-703 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-706 DE-521 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | XVII, 243 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers |
| series2 | National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers |
| spelling | Mayes, David G. 1946-2017 Verfasser (DE-588)128652136 aut The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany David Mayes and Peter Hart 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1994 XVII, 243 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers 47 A comparison of British and German industries' reaction to the opportunities and threats offered by the Single European Market (SEM) is presented here. The book outlines the effect that the SEM was expected to have on the two countries and contrasts this with actual progress, based on published data and a detailed study of four industries: retailing, pharmaceuticals, insurance and machine tools. It shows that while indeed the single European market has had an impact, many measures have had a far weaker effect than expected. The existence of other barriers not tackled by the SEM programme - weakened measures, poor implementation, global business trends and the recent recession - helped to reduce the impact of the SEM. Nevertheless it stands out as one of the most striking influences on British and German industries for many years. Germany, with its geographical advantage, longer-term approach and stronger manufacturing, seems the better placed to benefit overall But the less regulated and, in some respects, more flexible UK economy may have competitive advantages as the pressures increase. It is no accident that it has been chosen so frequently as the best site within the EC for investment by firms from non-EC countries Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1971-1991 gnd rswk-swf Domestic and EEC commerce, marketing and economics sigle Europese integratie gtt Industriepolitiek gtt Europäische Integration Industrie Industries Great Britain Industries Germany (West) Industrial policy Great Britain Industrial policy Germany (West) Europe 1992 Binnenmarkt (DE-588)4145576-9 gnd rswk-swf Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 gnd rswk-swf Germany (West) - Industries Great Britain - Industries Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 b Binnenmarkt (DE-588)4145576-9 s Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g DE-604 Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 s Geschichte 1971-1991 z Hart, Peter E. 1928- Verfasser (DE-588)119196530 aut National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers 47 (DE-604)BV000005293 47 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam026/94021348.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam022/94021348.html Table of contents HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006633638&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mayes, David G. 1946-2017 Hart, Peter E. 1928- The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany National Institute of Economic and Social Research <London>: Occasional papers Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd Domestic and EEC commerce, marketing and economics sigle Europese integratie gtt Industriepolitiek gtt Europäische Integration Industrie Industries Great Britain Industries Germany (West) Industrial policy Great Britain Industrial policy Germany (West) Europe 1992 Binnenmarkt (DE-588)4145576-9 gnd Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)35439-9 (DE-588)4145576-9 (DE-588)4026779-9 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany |
| title_auth | The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany |
| title_exact_search | The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany |
| title_full | The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany David Mayes and Peter Hart |
| title_fullStr | The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany David Mayes and Peter Hart |
| title_full_unstemmed | The single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between Britain and Germany David Mayes and Peter Hart |
| title_short | The single market programme as a stimulus to change |
| title_sort | the single market programme as a stimulus to change comparisons between britain and germany |
| title_sub | comparisons between Britain and Germany |
| topic | Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd Domestic and EEC commerce, marketing and economics sigle Europese integratie gtt Industriepolitiek gtt Europäische Integration Industrie Industries Great Britain Industries Germany (West) Industrial policy Great Britain Industrial policy Germany (West) Europe 1992 Binnenmarkt (DE-588)4145576-9 gnd Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Gemeinschaften Domestic and EEC commerce, marketing and economics Europese integratie Industriepolitiek Europäische Integration Industrie Industries Great Britain Industries Germany (West) Industrial policy Great Britain Industrial policy Germany (West) Europe 1992 Binnenmarkt Germany (West) - Industries Great Britain - Industries Großbritannien Deutschland |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam026/94021348.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam022/94021348.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006633638&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005293 |
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