Gender differentiation and discrimination: a study of Soviet wages
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Göteborg
Univ.
1994
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ekonomiska studier
54 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | VIII, 406 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9188514145 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gender differentiation and discrimination |b a study of Soviet wages |c Katarina Katz |
| 264 | 1 | |a Göteborg |b Univ. |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a VIII, 406 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Ekonomiska studier |v 54 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Western research on tthe employment and earnings of Soviet Women
1.1.1 Problems of sources and data 2
1.1.2 Women s work and wages in the USSR a summary
1.1.2.1 Labour force participation 5
1.1.2.2 Work and children 7
1.1.2.3 Wages 10
1.2. Outline of the thesis 11
Appendix: Wage distributions for men and women 14
Chapter 2. Gender, discrimination and Western economic theory
2.1. Gender wage differentials 17
2.2. Neo classical and efficiency wage theory 23
2.3.Household economics
2.3.1 Mainstream models of the household 27
2.3.2 Division of labour in the market and in the household 30
2.3.3 Limitations of the household production model 32
2.3.4 Feminist criticism 35
2.4 Why do women have lower pay?
2.4.1 Segregation in the labour market 39
2.4.2 Segregation discrimination or preferences?
2.4.2.1 Human capital explanations and earnings differentials 41
2.4.2.2 Tastes and compensating diferentials 46
2.5 Discrimination
2.5.1 The neo classical view of discrimination 49
2.5.2 A broader concept of discrimination
2.5.2.1 How free are free choices ? 53
2.5.2.2 Endogenous preferences 56
2.5.2.3 The measurement of productivity 58
2.5.3 Alternative theories: Segmented labour markets 62
2.6. Modelling wages and discrimination
2.6.1 Estimation of wage functions 63
2.6.2 Quantifying discrimination
2.6.2.1 Decomposing the gender gap 65
2.6.2.2 Interpretation 73
Chapter 3. Soviet wages and salaries
3.1. Issues in wage formation
3.1.1 Purpose of the chapter 79
3.1.2 Labour allocation 81
3.1.3 Issues underlying the exposition
3.1.3.1 Labour shortage and allocation through wage incentives 83
3.1.3.2 The discretion of the enterprise 86
3.1.3.3 Experience and seniority 87
3.1.3.4 Were wage differentials too small? 88
3.1.3.5 Gender differentials 89
3.2. Historical development
3.2.1 The system under Stalin 90
3.2.2 Khrushchev s wage reform 1958 62 92
3.2.3 Further reforms up to 1989
3.2.3.1 Pay scale reforms 94
3.2.3.2 Minimum wages 96
V
3.2.3.3 The Kosygin reform and bonuses 99
3.2.4 The Soviet system of wages and salaries 99
3.3. Workers money wages in industry 101
3.3.1.Intra industry differentials in basic pay
3.3.1.1 Level of qualification of work 103
3.3.1.2. Forms of payment 107
3.3.1.3 Conditions of work 110
3.1.4 Regional coefficients 111
3.3.2 Additions to basic pay
3.3.2.1 Norm fulfillment m
3.3.2.2 Overtime 114
3.3.2.3 Stoppages and defective goods 115
3.3.2.4 Bonuses n%
3.3.3. Inter industry differentials | *?
3.4. White collar workers in industry l~0
3.5. The non productive sphere j~4
3.6. Not just the wage 32
3.6.1 The significance of goods and services provided by employers 133
3.6.2 Elite privileges 34
3.6.3 Workers and employees
3.6.3.1 Non monetary benefits J3°
3.6.3.2 Private side earnings J^O
3.6.4 Job related opportunities for illegal earnings j^
3.6.5 Job satisfaction and prestige j^j
3.6.6 Earnings and old age pensions *
Chapter 4. Women and men in Taganrog and in the USSR
4.1. The data
4.1.1 The choice of Taganrog j ~*
4.1.2 The sampling frame J •
4.2. Demographic composition of the sample , ,
4.2.1 Age and sex composition, compared with census data
4.2.2. Composition of households . ,Q
4.2.2.1 Households with children {£,
4.2.2.2 Single people |°:f
4.2.2.3 Pensioners 1M
4.3. Education , .
4.3.1 Education in the USSR j™
4.3.2 Gender and the school system : ~~
4.3.3 Education in Taganrog and in the sample
4.4. Occupation
4.4.1 Level of employment .«
4.4.1.1 Participation rates in Taganrog and in the USSR „
4.4.1.2 Occupation of mothers
4.4.2 Hours of employment , i
4.4.2.1 Work hours in the USSR |g2
4.4.2.2 Legislation on work hours 104
4.4.2.2 Respondents hours of work ,gc
4.4.2.4 Overtime 10^
4.4.2.5 Working hours of men and women in Taganrog |g7
4.4.2.6 Reduced time and part time
4.4.3 Structure of employment igg
4.4.3.1 Branch and job composition of the sample
4.4.4 Gender division of labour in the USSR
4.4.4.1 Occupational segregation
4.4.4.1.1 Administrative segregation 193
4.4.4.1.2 Horisontal segregation 194
4.4.4.1.3 Vertical segregation 196
4.4.4.2 Domestic labour 197
4.5. Earnings
4.5.1 Distribution of earnings 202
4.5.2 Wages in different branches 205
Appendix I Comparison of respondents with the random sample 208
Appendix II Men s and women s earnings in Taganrog and in the March Census 210
Chapter 5 Wages of Soviet women and men
5.1. The size and quality of the sample 215
5.2. Models and the characteristics of the sample
5.2.1 1 Choice of dependent variables 220
5.2.1.2 Problems of measurement 224
5.2.2 Independent variables
5.2.2.1 Age and experience 228
5.2.2.2 Personal characteristics and family situation 230
5.2.2.3 Work time variables 231
5.2.2.4 Education 233
5.2.2.5 Level of qualification of work 234
5.2.2.6 Branch variables 236
5.2.2.7 Conditions of work variables 237
5.3. Wage functions for hourly wage rates
5.3.1 Model 1 for hourly wage rates 238
5.3.2 Age and experience and personal characteristics 242
5.3.3 Education and qualification levels 244
5.3.4 Work hours 245
5.3.5 Branch and conditions of work 247
5.4.Monthly wages 251
5.5. Results from the decomposition 252
5.6 Beyond Taganrog 260
5.7 Productive and non productive work
5.7.1 Chicken and egg a la Russe 263
5.7.2 Soviet theory 265
5.7.3 Soviet practise 267
Appendix I Definitions and means of variables 271
Appendix II The maximal model and model 2
1. The maximal model 275
2. Generalisations from model 2 280
Appendix III Tests of the model specification 286
Chapter 6 Pay and education
6.1.1 What are returns to education?
6.1.1.1 Western theory and the Soviet context 293
6.1.1.2 Problems in modelling returns to education 294
6.1.1.2.1 Measurement error and sample selection bias 295
6.1.1.2.2 Omitted variable bias 296
6.1.1.2.3 Non pecuniary benefits 298
6.1.1.3 What should be controlled for? 299
6.1.2 Soviet perceptions of returns to education
6.1.2.1 The role of wage differentials as incentives 301
6.1.2.2 Estimates from Soviet surveys 303
6.2. Results from the survey
6.2.1.1 Issues 308
vii
6.2.1.2 Models 309
6.2.2 Results
6.2.2.1 Education, age and experience
6.2.2.1.1 Hourly wages 311
6.2.2.1.2 Monthly wages 313
6.2.2.1.3 Differences in experience earnings profiles 313
6.2.2.2 Interaction of education and levels of qualification 317
6.2.2.3 Interaction of education and reduced work hours 325
6.2.2.4 Work conditions and branch of employment 327
6.2.3 Returns per year of education 329
6.2.4 Conclusions 331
6.3 Returns to education and the debate about levelling
6.3.1 .Was there an official policy of wage levelling ? 333
6.3.2 Demand and supply of educated labour in the USSR
6.3.2.1 Increase in the level of theoretical education 338
6.3.2.2 Demand for, and shortage of, labour power 341
6.3.2.3 Secondary specialists 345
6.3.2.4 What determines the choice of education? 346
6.3.3 Working below one s qualifications
6.3.3.1 Specialists 348
6.3.3.2 The reverse side of the coin praktiki 353
6.3.3.3 Skilled workers in unskilled jobs? 355
6.3.3.4 Some data from Taganrog 356
6.3.4 Conclusion 358
Appendix I Estimates of different specifications of the wage equation 362
Appendix II Problems of measurement and precision 372
Chapter 7 Summary and conclusions
7.1 Theoretical and institutional background 379
7.2 The male/female wage differential 384
7.3 Education and wage differentiation in the USSR 387
7.4 Gender discrimination in the USSR 390
References 393
viii
|
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| isbn | 9188514145 |
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| spelling | Katz, Katarina 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)138270910 aut Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages Katarina Katz Göteborg Univ. 1994 VIII, 406 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ekonomiska studier 54 Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 1994 Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd rswk-swf Lohn (DE-588)4036229-2 gnd rswk-swf Frauenarbeit (DE-588)4018210-1 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik 1950-1990 gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Frauenarbeit (DE-588)4018210-1 s Lohn (DE-588)4036229-2 s Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 s DE-604 Ekonomiska studier 54 (DE-604)BV000011510 54 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006594795&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Katz, Katarina 1953- Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages Ekonomiska studier Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd Lohn (DE-588)4036229-2 gnd Frauenarbeit (DE-588)4018210-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4012472-1 (DE-588)4036229-2 (DE-588)4018210-1 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages |
| title_auth | Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages |
| title_exact_search | Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages |
| title_full | Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages Katarina Katz |
| title_fullStr | Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages Katarina Katz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gender differentiation and discrimination a study of Soviet wages Katarina Katz |
| title_short | Gender differentiation and discrimination |
| title_sort | gender differentiation and discrimination a study of soviet wages |
| title_sub | a study of Soviet wages |
| topic | Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd Lohn (DE-588)4036229-2 gnd Frauenarbeit (DE-588)4018210-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Diskriminierung Lohn Frauenarbeit Sowjetunion Hochschulschrift Statistik 1950-1990 |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000011510 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT katzkatarina genderdifferentiationanddiscriminationastudyofsovietwages |