Magmatic systems:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego, Calif. u.a.
Acad. Press
1994
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International geophysics series
57 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 401 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0126050708 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Magmatic systems |c ed. by Michael P. Ryan |
| 264 | 1 | |a San Diego, Calif. u.a. |b Acad. Press |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 401 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a International geophysics series |v 57 | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006550564 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124251350892544 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgment
Prologue
Chapter 1 Mechanics of Flood Basalt
Magmatism
Peler Olson
Overview ............................... 1
Introduction ............................. 2
Continental Rood Basalts. Oceanic Plateaus, and
Mantle Plumes ......................... 2
Constraints from Seismic Tomography and
Geochemistry .......................... 3
Time Variations in Hotspot Activity .......... 4
Holspot Activity and Geomagnetic Reversa!
Frequency ............................. 4
Partial Melting in Thermal Plumes and Diapirs . . 7
The Numerical Model ..................... 8
Melting in Solitary Diapirs ................. 10
Melting in Continuous Plumes ............... 12
Conclusions ............................. 17
References .............................. 17
Chapter 2 Melt Migration and Related
Attenuation in Equilibrated Partial Melts
Tye T. Ciribb. Shanyong Zhang, and Reid F. Oxiper
Overview ............................... 14
Introduction and Theoretical Foundation ....... 20
Experimental Approach .................... 22
Experimental Specimens. Co-MgOlivine-
Basall ......................... 23
Creep Experiments and Specimen Analysis 24
Attenuation Experiments .............. 24
Experimental Results...................... 25
Flexural Creep Experiments ............ 25
Microstructural Analysis ............... 28
Attenuation Measurements ............. 28
Discussion .............................. 28
Creep and Melt Migration .............. 28
Attenuation and Melt Migration ......... 32
Application of the Experimental Observations
to the Earth s Mantle ................ 34
Summary and Conclusions ................. 35
References .............................. 35
Chapter 3 Influence of Basaltic Melt on
the Creep of Polycrystalline Olivine under
Hydrous Conditions
David L. Kohlstedt and Prame N. Chopra
Overview ............................... 37
Introduction ............................. 38
Experimental Procedures.................. . 38
Deformation Results ...................... 41
Microstructural Observations ................ 42
Hot-Pressed Material ................. 42
Deformed Material ................... 43
Infrared Analyses ......................... 49
Discussion .............................. 49
Microstructural Characteristics .......... 49
Rheological Behav lor ................. 50
Conclusions ............................. 52
References .............................. 52
Chapter 4 The Generation and Migration
of Partial Melt beneath Oceanic Spreading
Centers
David W. Sparks and H. M. Parmenlier
Overview
Introduction
55
56
vii
vüi Contents
Melt Migration by Porous Flow ............. 57
The Forces That Drive Porous Flow ..... 57
Decompacting Boundary Layers ........ 58
Effect of Buoyant Mantle Upwelling on Melt
Generation and Migration ............... 61
Three-Dimensional Buoyant Row beneath an
Offset Spreading Center ............ 61
Melt Migration beneath Spreading Centers 65
Implications for Crustal Thickness and
Gravity ......................... 68
Discussion ............................. 74
References ............................. 75
Chapter 5 Dike Patterns in Diapirs
beneath Oceanic Ridges: The Oman
Ophiolite
A. Nicolas, F. Boudier. and B. Ildefonse
Overview .............................. 77
Introduction ............................ 77
Regions of Diapirism and Sub-ridge Flow .... 78
Dike Typology in Relation to Diapiric Areas . . 82
Dike Patterns in the Southeastern Oman Diapirs 85
Dikes in the Plastic Flow Reference Frame 89
Dikes in the Ridge Reference Frame .... 89
Discussion ............................. 91
Conclusions ............................ 94
References ............................. 94
Chapter 6 Neutral-Buoyancy Controlled
Magma Transport and Storage in Mid-ocean
Ridge Magma Reservoirs and Their Sheeted-
Dike Complex: A Summary of Basic
Relationships
Michael P. Ryan
Overview .............................. 97
Introduction ............................ 99
In Situ Density-Depth Relationships ......... 99
Definitions ............................. 100
The Magma Reservoir Environment and the Region
of Neutral Buoyancy ................... 102
Structure of the Ridge Magma Reservoir in Relation
to the Region of Neutral Buoyancy ........ !05
Lithologie Associations in Ophiolite Complexes 110
Region of Negative Buoyancy ......... 110
Region of Neutral Buoyancy ........... Ill
Differentiation and Melt Density ............ 112
Icelandic and Hawaiian Analogs ............ 118
Neutral-Buoyancy Control in Lateral Intrusion
Dynamics: The Sheeted-Dike Complex ..... 122
Notes on Hydrothermal Interactions ......... 131
Summary Relationships and Evolution of the
Oceanic Crust ......................... 133
Comments at Closure: A World without Neutral
Buoyancy ............................ 134
Appendix
References
135
135
Chapter 7 An Observational and
Theoretical Synthesis of Magma Chamber
Geometry and Crustal Genesis along a Mid-
ocean Ridge Spreading Center
J. Phipps Morgan. A. Harding. J. Orcutt. G. Kent,
and Y. J. Chen
Overview .............................. 139
Introduction ............................ 140
The Seismic Record: Seismic Constraints on
Magma Emplacement and Crustal Accretion at a
Fast-Spreading Ridge Axis .............. 142
Northern East Pacific Rise ............ 143
Correlation between Seismic and Ophiolite
Observations of Crustal Structure ..... 143
Current Seismic Picture of an Oceanic Magma
Chamber at a Fast-Spreading Ridge ... 145
Other Seismic Constraints on Crustal
Accretion at a Fast-Spreading Ridge ... 151
Delivery of Melt from the Mantle to Supply
the Magma Lens .................. 154
Spreading Rate Dependence of the Magma
Lens: Seismic and Gravity Constraints 154
Closure on Observational Constraints on the
Structure of an Axial Magma Chamber 158
A Theoretical Model for Crustal Genesis ..... 158
Introduction ........................ 158
Magma Ascent and Emplacement ...... 161
Hydrothermal Cooling ............... 162
Model Formulation .................. 164
Numerical Determination of Accumulated
Crustal Strain .................... 165
Model Results ...................... 166
Neutral Buoyancy versus Magma Freezing as
a Fundamental Limit to Magma Ascent 172
Geochemical Variability between Ridge
Segments ........................ 173
Closure ................................ 173
References ............................. 175
Chapter 8 Deep Structure of Island Arc
Magmatic Regions as Inferred from Seismic
Observations
Akira Hasegawa and Dapeng Zhao
Overview .............................. 179
Introduction ............................ 179
Three-Dimensional Seismic Velocity Structure 180
P-Wave Velocity Structure beneath the Northeastern
Japan Arc ............................ 182
Three-Dimensional Seismic Atténuation Structure 185
Midcrustal Magma Bodies Detected by Reflected
Seismic Waves ........................ 187
Deep Structure of Arc Volcanoes ............ 19]
References ............................. 193
Chapter 9 Lateral Water Transport across
a Dynamic Mantle Wedge: A Model for
Subduction Zone Magmatism
J. Huw Davies
Overview .............................. 197
Introduction ............................ 197
Thermal Model .......................... 198
Brief Review of Previous Thermal Models 198
Outline of Thermal Model ............ 199
Induced Row in the Mantle Wedge ..... 199
Frictional Heating at the Slab-Wedge Interface 200
Ablation ........................... 200
Trench Migration ................... 201
Theoretical Background and Numerical
Implementation ................... 201
Results of Thermal Modeling .......... 203
Implications of the Results ............ 204
Adiabatic Upwelling ................. 204
Phase Equilibria for Hydrous Peridotite .. 206
Basic Mechanism of Lateral Water Transport .. 207
Discussion of the Lateral Transport Mechanism 209
Transition from Silica-Rich Fluid to a
Hydrous Melt .................... 209
Transport of Water-Dominated Fluid .... 210
Estimate of the Water Flux That Enters the
Mantle Wedge .................... 212
Importance of Hydrous Minerals Other Than
Amphiboles ...................... 213
How Much Amphibole Is Formed? ..... 214
How Much Free Water Is There? ....... 215
Chemistry of Amphiboles ............. 215
Model Predictions ....................... 216
Presence and Location of the Volcanic Front 216
Uncertainties in Geometric Predictions .. 216
Major Element Composition of Primary
Magmas ......................... 217
Slab Trace Element Signature .......... 217
Other Predictions ................... 217
Conclusions ............................ 218
References ............................. 219
Chapter 10 Buoyancy-Driven Fracture
and Magma Transport through the
Lithosphère: Models and Experiments
Moritz Heimpel and Peter Olson
Overview .............................. 223
Introduction ............................ 224
Magma Fracture Models .............. 224
Experiments on Buoyancy-Driven Fracture .... 225
Experimental Method and Results ...... 225
Dimensional Analysis of Results ....... 228
A New Model for the Crack Propagation
Velocity ......................... 229
Shape of Fractures with Constant Fluid
Volume ......................... 230
Shape of Fractures with Constant Fluid Flux 231
Contents ix
Application to Magma Transport ............ 234
Fracture Properties of Country Rock .... 234
Melt Properties ..................... 236
Implications for Magma Ascent Velocities 236
Additional Processes ................. 238
Summary .............................. 238
References ............................. 239
Chapter 11 Accumulation of Magma in
Space and Time by Crack Interaction
Akira Takada
Overview .............................. 241
Introduction ............................ 242
Crack Interactions ....................... 243
Approach to Crack Interaction ......... 243
Summary of Gelatin Experiments ....... 244
Interaction of Two Collinear Cracks ..... 245
Interaction of Two Parallel Offset Cracks 248
Conditions for Crack Coalescence ...... 251
Applications to Magma Accumulation in Space and
Time ................................ 252
Magma Accumulation ................ 252
Variation of a Volcano ............... 253
Conclusions ............................ 255
References ............................. 255
Chapter 12 Generalized Upper Mantle
Thermal Structure of the Western United
States and Its Relationship to Seismic
Attenuation, Heat Flow, Partial Melt, and
Magma Ascent and Emplacement
Hiroki Sato and Michael P. Ryan
Overview .............................. 259
Introduction ............................ 260
Laboratory Seismic Data for Mantle Peridotite 261
Seismic Velocity of Mantle Peridotite ... 261
Seismic Anelasticity of Mantle Peridotite 263
Generalized Thermal Structure beneath the Western
United States from Seismic Anelasticity Data 265
Upper Mantle Anelasticity Structure .... 265
Volcanic Setting .................... 266
Upper Mantle Temperature and Partial Melt
Fraction ......................... 268
Comparison with Previous Temperature
Estimates ........................ 272
Surface Heat Flow in the Western United
States ........................... 273
Comparison with Heat Flow Temperature-
Depth Profiles .................... 274
Generalized Thermal Structure beneath the Western
United States from Seismic Velocity Data . .. 277
General Temperature Distributions ...... 277
Regional Temperature Distributions ..... 277
A Remark on Melt Retention and the Effective
Melt Content of a Source Region ..... 278
X Contents
Comparison with Heat Flow-Derived
Temperatures ..................... 279
On Discontinuous Magma Ascent and the
Mechanics of Basaltic Underplating ....... 279
Inherently Discontinous Nature of the Ascent
Path ............................ 280
Penetration of the Mantle-Crust Transition
Zone by a Buoyancy-Driven Crack .... 281
Penetration of the Mantle-Crust Transition
Zone by a Constant Fluid Pressure Crack 284
Penetration of a Material Transition Zone by a
Fluid-Pressurized Crack with Differential
Boundary Loading ................ 284
Closing Discussion ....................... 285
References ............................. 286
Chapter 13 Aspects of Magma Generation
and Ascent in Continental Lithosphère
George W. Bergantz and Ralph Dawes
Overview .............................. 291
Introduction ............................ 291
Melt Generation ......................... 294
Modeling the Physical Interaction of Basalt and
Crust ................................ 297
Rheology of Suspensions ............. 297
Numerical Model of Basaltic Underplating 299
Melt Collection and Ascent ................ 306
Melt Convection in a Porous Medium ... 306
Compaction ........................ 307
Diapirism and Diking ................ 308
Tectonic Regimes and Magma Ascent ... 309
References ............................. 312
Chapter 14 Two-Component Magma
Transport and the Origin of Composite
Intrusions and Lava Flows
Charles R. Carrigan
Observations of Composite Flows, Dikes, and
Conduits ............................. 321
Basalt and Rhyolite Systems ........... 321
Rhyodacite and Rhyolite Systems ....... 323
Models of the Origin of Mafic-to-Silicic Zoning 326
Sequential Magma Transport .......... 326
Simultaneous Transport of Different Magma
Types ........................... 327
Fluid Dynamics of the Simultaneous Flow of Two
Magmatic Components ................. 330
Polymer Coextrusion Experimental Analogues 331
Numerical Models of Encapsulation and Self-
Lubrication ...................... 334
Analytical Modeling of Lubricated Magma
Transport ........................ 336
A Rational Model for Magma Chamber Withdrawal 346
A Physical Model for the Contemporaneous
Eruption of Three Domes in the Inyo Volcanic
Chain, Long Valley, California ........... 349
Summary and Conclusions ................ 351
References ............................. 352
Chapter 15 Fluid and Thermal
Dissolution Instabilities in Magmatic
Systems
}. A. Whitehead and Peter Kelemen
Overview .............................. 355
Introduction ............................ 356
Thermal Erosion ......................... 358
Transition of One-Dimensional Flows to
Oscillations: An Experimental Study . . 358
Stability of Thermally Eroded Flows ___ 362
Experiments with Paraffin ............. 369
Magma Flow Instabilities from Chemical Corrosion 371
References ............................. 377
Overview
Introduction
319
320
Author Index
Geographic Index
Subject Index
381
389
393
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:42:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0126050708 |
| language | English |
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| series2 | International geophysics series |
| spelling | Magmatic systems ed. by Michael P. Ryan San Diego, Calif. u.a. Acad. Press 1994 XXII, 401 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International geophysics series 57 Magmatismus (DE-588)4131258-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Magmatismus (DE-588)4131258-2 s DE-604 Ryan, Michael P. 1943- Sonstige (DE-588)133016420 oth International geophysics series 57 (DE-604)BV000005107 57 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006550564&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Magmatic systems International geophysics series Magmatismus (DE-588)4131258-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4131258-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Magmatic systems |
| title_auth | Magmatic systems |
| title_exact_search | Magmatic systems |
| title_full | Magmatic systems ed. by Michael P. Ryan |
| title_fullStr | Magmatic systems ed. by Michael P. Ryan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magmatic systems ed. by Michael P. Ryan |
| title_short | Magmatic systems |
| title_sort | magmatic systems |
| topic | Magmatismus (DE-588)4131258-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Magmatismus Aufsatzsammlung |
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