Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks: handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich
Publicis-MCD-Verl.
1994
|
| Ausgabe: | 2., rev. and enl. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Früher u.d.T.: Schmelcher, Theodor: Low voltage handbook |
| Beschreibung: | 659 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 3895780006 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV009821262 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20100920 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 940905s1994 gw ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 941920739 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 3895780006 |9 3-89578-000-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)37004342 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV009821262 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 1 | |a eng |h ger | |
| 044 | |a gw |c DE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-91 |a DE-12 |a DE-210 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a TK2821 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 621.317 | |
| 084 | |a ELT 819f |2 stub | ||
| 130 | 0 | |a Schalten, Schützen, Verteilen in Niederspannungsnetzen | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks |b handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems |c [ed.: Siemens-Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin and Munich. Authors: Petra Belzner ... Ed. Georg Schöllhorn. Transl.: Jan Dommisse] |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Switching, protection and distribution in low-voltage networks |
| 250 | |a 2., rev. and enl. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Publicis-MCD-Verl. |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a 659 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Früher u.d.T.: Schmelcher, Theodor: Low voltage handbook | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Laagspanning |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric networks |x Equipment and supplies | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric switchgear | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Niederspannungsanlage |0 (DE-588)4128588-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Niederspannungsschalter |0 (DE-588)4130716-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Niederspannungsverteiler |0 (DE-588)4171868-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Niederspannungsschalter |0 (DE-588)4130716-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Niederspannungsverteiler |0 (DE-588)4171868-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Niederspannungsanlage |0 (DE-588)4128588-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Belzner, Petra |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Schöllhorn, Georg |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)113270976 |4 oth | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Siemens Aktiengesellschaft |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)2114358-4 |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006502253&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006502253 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1807774173459644416 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
LOW-VOLTAGE
DEVICES
AND
SWITCHGEAR
ASSEMBLIES
.
15
1.1
NOMENCLATURE
OF
THE
STANDARDS
AUTHORITIES
.
15
1.2
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
AND
DEVICES
.
.
17
1.2.1
SUMMARY
OF
SPECIFICATIONS
AND
APPROVALS
.
17
1.2.2
REGULATIONS
AND
APPROVALS
IN
EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES
.
17
1.2.3
STANDARDS
AND
APPROVALS
IN
THE
U.S.A.,
CANADA
AND
AUSTRALIA
.
22
1.3
TYPE-TESTED
AND
PARTIALLY
TYPE-TESTED
SWITCHGEAR
ASSEMBLIES
(TTA
AND
PTTA)
.
26
1.3.1
SUMMARY
OF
SPECIFICATIONS
AND
STANDARDS
.
26
1.3.1.1
CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS
.
26
1.3.1.2
GENERIC
SPECIFICATIONS
.
31
1.3.1.3
EQUIPPING
SPECIFICATIONS
.
31
1.3.1.4
ERECTION
SPECIFICATIONS
.
32
1.3.1.5
RELEVANT
DIN
STANDARDS
FOR
SWITCH
GEAR
ASSEMBLIES
.
33
1.4
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONS
AND
MATERIAL
ASSETS
.
33
1.4.1
PROTECTION
AGAINST
DIRECT
CONTACT.
.
.
33
1.4.1.1
PROTECTION
AGAINST
ELECTRICAL
SHOCK
TO
DIN
VDE
0100
.
33
1.4.1.2
PROTECTION
AGAINST
ELECTRICAL
SHOCK,
POSITIONING
OF
OPERATING
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
VICINITY
OF
PARTS
WHICH
ARE
DANGEROUS
TO
TOUCH
.
34
1.4.1.3
MEASURES
TO
BE
TAKEN
IN
THE
MODIFICATION
OR
EXTENSION
OF
SWITCH
GEAR
ASSEMBLIES
ALREADY
IN
SERVICE
.
.
38
1.4.1.4
"
SAFETY
SEPARATION
"
WITH
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
.
38
1.4.2
PROTECTION
AGAINST
INDIRECT
CONTACT
.
.
40
1.4.2.1
COMMENTS
RELATED
TO
THE
PROTECTIVE
MEASURES
SPECIFIC
TO
THE
NETWORK
CONFIGURATION
.
42
1.4.3
PROTECTION
BY
TOTAL
INSULATION
.
53
1.4.4
ERECTION
AND
CONNECTION
OF
SWITCH
AND
DISTRIBUTION
BOARDS
.
54
1.4.5
CLEARANCES
AND
CREEPAGE
DISTANCES
.
.
56
1.5
EQUIPPING
SPECIFICATIONS
AND
RELEVANT
STANDARDS
.
57
1.5.1
MAIN
SWITCHES
.
58
1.5.2
EMERGENCY-OFF
APPARATUS
.
58
1.5.3
SAFETY
DISCONNECTING
SWITCHES
FOR
MECHANICAL
MAINTENANCE
(SERVICE/REPAIR
SWITCHES)
.
60
1.5.4
THE
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPPING
OF
INDUSTRIAL
MACHINERY
SCHEDULED
FOR
EXPORT
TO
COUNTRIES
OUTSIDE
GERMANY
.
60
1.5.5
COLOURS
FOR
PUSHBUTTONS,
ILLUMINATED
PUSHBUTTONS
AND
INDICATOR
LIGHTS
.
62
1.5.6
IP
DEGREES
OF
PROTECTION
AGAINST
CON
TACT
WITH
LIVE
PARTS,
INGRESS
OF
FOREIGN
BODIES
AND
INGRESS
OF
LIQUID
.
63
1.5.6.1
IP
DEGREES
OF
PROTECTION
TO
DIN
AND
IEC
.
63
1.5.6.2
DEGREES
OF
PROTECTION
ACCORDING
TO
OTHER
NATIONAL
SPECIFICATIONS
.
64
1.6
OPERATING
AND
AMBIENT
CONDITIONS
.
.
65
1.6.1
NORMAL
CONDITIONS
.
65
1.6.1.1
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE
.
65
1.6.1.2
ALTITUDE
.
65
1.6.1.3
ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES
.
66
1.6.1.4
PARAMETERS
AND
POLLUTION
LEVELS
OF
THE
CLIMATE
CLASSES
TO
IEC
721
AND
THE
SIEMENS
STANDARD
SN
29070,
PART
1
.
68
1.6.1.5
PROTECTION
AGAINST
CORROSION,
TYPE
OF
FINISH
FOR
TECHNICAL
PRODUCTS
.
68
1.6.1.6
DECONTAMINABILITY
.
69
1.6.1.7
CLIMATIC
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
FOR
ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT
.
70
1.6.2
ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS
FOR
TRANSPORT,
STORAGE
AND
OPERATION
.
72
1.6.2.1
ARDUOUS
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
.
72
1.6.2.2
INFLUENCE
OF
A,
JI
AND
Y
RADIATION
.
.
.
72
1.6.2.3
STRESSING
DUE
TO
VIBRATIONS
AND
IMPACT
.
73
1.6.2.4
MEASURES
AGAINST
THE
EFFECTS
OF
INDUCED
VIBRATION
.
73
CONTENTS
1.6.2.5
RESISTANCE
TO
TERMITES
.
74
1.6.2.6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ACCEPTABILITY
.
74
1.6.2.7
SUPPRESSION
OF
RADIO
INTERFERENCE
.
.
74
2
NETWORK
DATA
AND
DUTY
TYPES
.
76
2.1
NETWORK
DATA
.
76
2.1.1
NOMINAL
VOLTAGES
AND
FREQUENCIES
.
.
76
2.1.2
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT
.
79
2.1.3
TYPES
OF
SHORT-CIRCUITS
.
81
2.1.3.1
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT
BY
CONNECTED
MOTORS
.
83
2.1.4
EFFECTS
OF
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENTS
.
84
2.1.5
DIAGRAMS
FOR
DETERMINING
RESISTANCE
VALUES
AND
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENTS,
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
"
KUBS
"
FOR
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CALCULATIONS
AND
PRODUCT
SELECTION
.
85
2.1.6
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TRANSFORMERS
AND
CONDUCTORS
ON
THE
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT
.
96
2.2
DUTY
TYPES
.
98
2.2.1
CONTINUOUS
OPERATION
DUTY
.
98
2.2.2
SHORT-TIME
OPERATION
DUTY
.
98
2.2.3
INTERMITTENT
PERIODIC
DUTY
.
99
2.2.4
OPERATION
AT
INCONSISTENT
LOADING
.
.
102
3
SELECTION
CRITERIA
FOR
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
IN
MAIN
CIRCUITS
.
104
3.1
NETWORK
AND
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
.
.
104
3.1.1
RATED
VOLTAGE
AND
RATED
FREQUENCY
.
.
104
3.1.2
RATED
SHORT-CIRCUIT
STRENGTH
AND
RATED
SWITCHING
CAPACITY
.
104
3.1.3
RATED
CURRENTS
.
106
3.2
SWITCHING
TASKS
AND
CONDITIONS
.
106
3.2.1
SWITCHING
TASKS
.
106
3.2.1.1
DISCONNECTION
.
106
3.2.1.2
OFF-LOAD
SWITCHING
.
107
3.2.1.3
ON-LOAD
SWITCHING
.
107
3.2.1.4
MOTOR
SWITCHING
.
107
3.2.1.5
POWER
SWITCHING,
SWITCHING
OF
SHORT
CIRCUITS
.
107
3.2.2
SWITCHING
OF
COMPONENTS
IN
AN
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
.
110
3.2.2.1
STARTING
OF
LOW-VOLTAGE
MOTORS
.
.
.
ILL
3.2.2.2
SWITCHING
OF
HIGH-VOLTAGE
MOTORS
.
.
114
3.2.2.3
SWITCHING
OF
CAPACITORS
.
114
3.2.2.4
SWITCHING
OF
ELECTRIC
HEATING
EQUIPMENT
.
115
3.2.2.5
SWITCHING
OF
LAMPS
IN
LIGHTING
INSTALLATIONS
.
115
3.2.2.6
SWITCHING
OF
LOW-VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS
117
3.3
SWITCHING
FREQUENCY
AND
SERVICE
LIFE.
.
117
3.3.1
PERMISSIBLE
SWITCHING
FREQUENCY
.
.
.
117
3.3.2
MECHANICAL
SERVICE
LIFE
.
118
3.3.3
ELECTRICAL
SERVICE
LIFE
.
118
3.3.4
SELECTION
IN
TERMS
OF
UTILIZATION
CATEGORIES
.
118
3.3.4.1
SELECTION
OF
CONTACTORS
.
118
3.3.4.2
SELECTION
OF
LOAD
SWITCHES,
DISCONNECTORS,
ON-LOAD
DISCONNECTORS
AND
COMBINATION
FUSE
SWITCH
UNITS
.
121
3.4
PROTECTION
AGAINST
OVERCURRENT
AND
EXCESSIVE
TEMPERATURE
RISE
.
122
3.4.1
GENERAL
FUNCTIONS
.
122
3.4.1.1
PROTECTION
AGAINST
OVERLOAD
.
122
3.4.1.2
PROTECTION
AGAINST
THE
EFECTS
OF
SHORT-CIRCUITS
.
123
3.4.1.3
PROTECTION
AGAINST
EXCESSIVE
TEMPERATURE
RISE
.
123
3.4.2
SPECIFICATIONS
.
123
3.4.2.1
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
OVERLOAD
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
123
3.4.2.2
SERVICE
FACTORS
IN
TERMS
OF
UL
AND
CSA
SPECIFICATIONS
.
124
3.4.2.3
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
125
3.4.2.4
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
TEMPERATURE
DEPENDENT
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
125
3.4.3
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
125
3.4.3.1
FUSES
.
125
3.4.3.2
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
.
128
3.4.3.3
LINE-PROTECTION
(MINIATURE)
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
.
130
3.4.3.4
OVERLOAD
RELAYS
.
131
3.4.3.5
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
138
3.4.3.6
INSTANTANEOUS
ELECTROMAGNETIC
OVER
CURRENT
RELAYS
.
139
3.4.4
SWITCHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
.
139
3.4.4.1
SWICHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
WITH
FUSES
.
.
139
3.4.4.2
SWITCHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
WITHOUT
FUSES
.
141
3.4.4.3
SWITCHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
WITH
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
143
3.4.4.4
PROTECTION
PROPERTIES
OF
SWITCHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
.
144
3.4.4.5
COMPARISON
BETWEEN
THE
PROTECTION
PROPERTIES
OF
SWITCHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
146
CONTENTS
3.4.4.6
SELECTION
OF
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
FOR
POWER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
WITH
OR
WITHOUT
FUSES
.
148
3.4.5
PROTECTION
OF
PLANT
COMPONENTS
.
.
.
150
3.4.5.1
PROTECTION
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
150
3.4.5.2
PROTECTION
OF
CONDUCTORS
AND
CABLES
OUTSIDE
THE
SWITCHGEAR
COMBINATIONS
.
159
3.4.5.3
PROTECTION
OF
TRANSFORMERS
.
160
3.4.5.4
PROTECTION
OF
CAPACITORS
.
163
3.4.6
DISCRIMINATIVE
PROTECTION
(SELECTIVITY)
.
163
3.4.6.1
DISCRIMINATION
IN
RADIAL
NETWORKS
.
.
164
3.4.6.2
USE
OF
DISCRIMINATION
TABLES
.
172
3.4.6.3
DISCRIMINATION
IN
MESHED
NETWORKS
.
174
3.5
PROTECTION
AGAINST
OVERVOLTAGE
.
175
3.5.1
OVERVOLTAGE
TRANSIENTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
VACUUM
SWITCHGEAR
.
175
3.5.2
HIGH
VOLTAGE
VACUUM
CONTACTORS,
TYPE
3TL6,
FOR
THE
SWITCHING
OF
THREE
PHASE
INDUCTIVE
MOTORS
WITH
SLIP-RINGS
OR
SHORT-CIRCUITED
ROTORS
OVER
1
KV
UP
TO
12
KV
.
177
3.5.3
VACUUM
CONTACTORS,
TYPE
3TF6,
FOR
THE
SWITCHING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
SLIP-RING
OR
SHORT
CIRCUITED
ROTORS
UP
TO
1000
V
.
.
.
.
182
3.6
LEAKAGE-CURRENT
AND
EARTH-FAULT
PROTECTION
.
183
3.6.1
CONSTRUCTION
AND
METHOD
OF
OPERATION
.
183
3.6.2
LEAKAGE-CURRENT
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
FOR
A.C.
AND
PULSING
D.C.
LEAKAGE
CURRENTS
.
184
3.6.3
DISCRIMINATIVE
LEAKAGE-CURRENT
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
.
184
3.6.4
PRODUCT
RANGE
OF
SIEMENS
LEAKAGE
CURRENT
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
AND
TRIPPING
DEVICES
.
184
3.7
APPLICATION
OF
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
IN
MAIN
CIRCUITS
.
185
3.7.1
PARALLEL
AND
SERIES
CONNECTION
OF
CURRENT
PATH
ASSEMBLIES
.
185
3.7.2
APPLICATION
OF
FOUR-POLE
SWITCHGEAR
.
186
3.7.3
INFLUENCE
OF
NETWORK
FREQUENCY
AND
HARMONIC
CURRENTS
ON
THE
OPERATION
OF
SWITCHING
DEVICES
.
187
3.7.3.1
THERMAL
LOAD
CARRYING
CAPACITY
OF
THE
CURRENT
PATH
ASSEMBLIES
AND
CONDUCTORS
IN
DEPENDENCE
OF
THE
NETWORK
FREQUENCY
.
187
3.7.3.2
SWITCHING
CAPACITY
AT
NETWORK
FREQUENCIES
OTHER
THAN
50
HZ
.
.
.
.
188
3.7.3.3
CONTACT
SERVICE
LIFE
.
189
3.7.3.4
TRIPPING
RESPONSE
OF
RELEASES
AND
RELAYS
.
189
3.7.3.5
THE
EFFECT
OF
HARMONIC
CURRENTS
ON
THE
TRIPPING
RESPONSE
OF
OVERLOAD
RELEASES
AND
RELAYS
.
191
3.7.3.6
ELECTRICAL
OPERATING
MECHANISMS
FOR
SWITCHGEAR
.
191
3.7.4
USE
OF
A.C.
SWITCHGEAR
IN
D.C.
NETWORKS
.
192
3.7.4.1
LOAD
CARRYING
CAPACITY
OF
THE
CURRENT
PATH
ASSEMBLIES
.
192
3.7.4.2
CONTACT
SERVICE
LIFE
.
193
3.7.4.3
DIRECT-CURRENT
SWITCHING
CAPACITY
.
.
193
3.7.5
USE
OF
A.C.
CONTACTORS
IN
NETWORKS
WITH
SQUARE-WAVE
VOLTAGES
.
194
3.7.6
SWITCHGEAR
FOR
THE
SWITCHING
OF
THREE-PHASE
CAPACITORS
.
195
3.7.6.1
SWITCHING
OF
CAPACITORS
WITH
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
.
195
3.7.6.2
SWITCHING
OF
CAPACITORS
WITH
CONTACTORS
.
195
3.7.6.3
SWITCHING
ON
OF
SINGLE
CAPACITORS
.
.
195
3.7.6.4
SWITCHING
OF
CAPACITOR
BANKS
.
195
3.7.6.5
SWITCHING
OF
CAPACITORS
WITH
LOWER
POWER
RATINGS
.
196
3.7.7
SELECTION
OF
3TF
AND
3TB
CONTACTORS
IN
TERMS
OF
CONTACT
SERVICE
LIFE
AND
UTILIZATION
CATEGORY
.
197
3.7.8
SELECTION
OF
3TF
CONTACTORS
FOR
SHORT-TIME
AND
INTERMITTENT
PERIODIC
DUTY
.
201
3.7.9
SELECTION
OF
CONTACTORS
FOR
THREE
PHASE
POLE-CHANGING
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
204
3.7.10
SELECTION
OF
3TF
AND
3TK
CONTACTORS
AS
WELL
AS
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
FOR
THE
SWITCHING
OF
LAMPS
.
206
3.7.11
SWITCHING
OF
THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
UP
TO
1000
V
WITH
3TF
CONTACTORS
.
210
3.7.12
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
SLIP-RING
ROTORS
.
210
3.7.12.1
3PA3
OIL-COOLED
STARTERS
.
211
3.7.12.2
STARTER
AND
START-CONTROL
SWITCHES
.
.
219
3.7.13
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
STATOR-RESISTANCE
STARTERS
.
219
3.7.14
DIRECT-ON-LINE
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
TYPE
3TW
MOTOR
STARTERS
.
223
CONTENTS
3.7.15
A.C.
SEMICONDUCTOR
MOTOR
CONTROLLERS
AND
STARTERS,
SIKOSTART
3RW22
.
223
4
SELECTION
CRITERIA
FOR
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
IN
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
.
.
233
4.1
OPERATING
VOLTAGES
IN
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
.
233
4.1.1
CONTACT
RELIABILITY
IN
THE
CASE
OF
LOW-VOLTAGES
.
233
4.1.2
VOLTAGE
INSTABILITY
IN
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
233
4.2
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
.
234
4.2.1
UTILIZATION
CATEGORIES
TO
DIN
VDE
AND
IEC
.
234
4.2.2
SPECIAL
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
THE
SELECTION
AND
THE
USE
OF
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
IN
CANADA
AND
THE
USA
.
234
4.2.3
SHORT-CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
IN
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
.
236
4.2.4
SHORT-CIRCUIT
AND
OVERLOAD
PROTECTION
OF
CONTROL
TRANSFORMERS
.
237
4.2.5
THERMISTOR
PROTECTION
IN
CONTROL
TRANSFORMERS
.
237
4.3
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
FOR
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
IN
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
.
237
4.3.1
PREVENTION
OF
OPERATIONAL
DOWN-TIME
IN
CONTACTOR
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
.
237
4.3.2
LONG
CONTROL
CONDUCTORS
-
PROBLEMS
AND
SOLUTIONS
.
242
4.3.3
LIMITING
OF
OVERVOLTAGE
SPIKES
CAUSED
BY
THE
SWITCHING
OFF
OF
CONTACTORS
(OVERVOLTAGE
SUPPRESSION)
.
248
4.3.3.1
CAUSES
OF
OVERVOLTAGES
.
248
4.3.3.2
OVERVOLTAGE
SUPPRESSION
WITH
RC
ELEMENTS
.
249
4.3.3.3
OVERVOLTAGE
SUPPRESSION
WITH
DIODES
.
253
4.3.3.4
OVERVOLTAGE
SUPPRESSION
WITH
VARISTORS
.
253
4.3.4
THE
USE
OF
CONTACTOR
RELAYS
IN
SAFETY
CIRCUITS
.
254
4.3.5
SELECTION
CRITERIA
FOR
LOW-VOLTAGE
CONTROL
TRANSFORMERS
.
257
4.3.5.1
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
.
257
4.3.5.2
DUTY
TYPES
.
259
4.3.5.3
TRANSFORMER
TYPES
.
260
4.3.6
APPLICATION
AND
SELECTION
OF
POSITION
SWITCHES,
TYPE
3SE
.
266
4.3.6.1
POSITION
SWITCHES
WITH
SAFETY
FUNCTION
.
271
5
INSTALLATION,
OPERATION
AND
MAIN
TENANCE
OF
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
.
273
5.1
INSTALLATION
.
273
5.1.1
MOUNTING
AIDS
.
273
5.1.2
MOUNTING
POSITION
.
274
5.1.3
CLEARANCE
FOR
SWITCHING-ARC
GASES
.
.
275
5.2
TERMINATION
.
275
5.2.1
SIGUT
TERMINATION
TECHNIQUE
.
.
.
.
275
5.2.2
TAB
CONNECTORS
.
276
5.2.3
BOX
TERMINALS
.
277
5.3
OPERATION
.
277
5.3.1
MANUAL
OPERATION
.
277
5.3.2
POWERED
OPERATION
.
279
5.4
MEASURES
TO
FACILITATE
THE
CHECKING/
REPLACEMENT
OF
PARTS
AND
MAINTENANCE
WORK
.
279
5.5
CHECKING
THE
CONDITION
OF
CONTACT
PIECES
IN
3TF
CONTACTORS;
ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA
.
280
6
TRANSDUCING
SENSORS
AND
SIGNAL
PROCESSING
SYSTEMS
.
282
6.1
SELECTION
CRITERIA
FOR
BERO
PROXIMITY
SWITCHES
.
283
6.1.1
INDUCTIVE
AND
CAPACITIVE
PROXIMITY
SWITCHES
FOR
OPERATING
DISTANCES
UP
TO
65
MM
.
283
6.1.2
OPTO-BERO
PHOTOELECTRIC
PROXIMITY
SWITCHES
.
286
6.1.3
SONAR-BERO
ULTRASONIC
PROXIMITY
SWITCHES
.
287
6.2
ELECTRONICALLY
COMPATIBLE
CONTROL
AND
SIGNALLING
BY
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHGEAR
.
291
6.2.1
RELIABLE
OPERATION
BY
ELECTRONIC
OUTPUT
STAGES
.
291
6.2.2
ADAPTATION
OF
THE
OPERATING
VOLTAGE
TOLERANCES
.
292
6.2.3
OVERVOLTAGE
SUPPRESSION
.
292
6.2.4
CONTACT
RELIABILITY
.
293
6.3
ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA
FOR
ELECTRO
MECHANICAL
AND
ELECTRONIC
CONTROLS
.
.
297
7
TYPE-TESTED
SWITCHGEAR
ASSEMBLIES
(TTA)
.
299
7.1
GENERAL
.
299
7.1.1
VERSIONS
AND
DESIGNS
.
299
7.1.2
TYPES
OF
CONSTRUCTION
.
302
7.1.3
SELECTION
CRITERIA
.
306
CONTENTS
7.2
SWITCHBOARDS
IN
STANDARDIZED
DESIGN
.
308
7.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
308
7.2.2
STANDARD
SWITCHBOARDS
TYPE
8PU.
.
.
313
7.2.3
TRANSFORMER
LOAD
CENTRE
(S)
SUBSTATIONS
FOR
UP
TO
24
KV
AND
1250
KVA
.
320
7.3
DISTRIBUTION
BOARD
SYSTEMS
.
328
7.3.1
8HS
SHEET-STEEL
ENCLOSED
DISTRIBUTION
BOARDS
.
328
7.3.2
8HU
SHEET-STEEL
ENCLOSURES
.
329
7.3.3
8HP
INSULATED
DISTRIBUTION
BOARD
SYSTEM
.
329
7.3.4
8PL
INSULATED
BUSBAR
TRUNKING
SYSTEM
(L-SYSTEM)
.
330
7.3.5
8L.
MOUNTING
AND
WIRING
SYSTEMS
FOR
CONTROL
CIRCUITS
.
331
7.3.6
8MF
CUBICLE
SYSTEM
FOR
SWITCH,
DISTRI
BUTION
AND
CONTROL
BOARDS
.
332
7.4
GUIDELINES
FOR
PROJECT
PLANNING
OF
LOW
VOLTAGE
SWITCH,
DISTRIBUTION
AND
CONTROL
BOARDS
OR
SYSTEMS
.
333
7.4.1
GENERAL
.
333
7.4.2
8PU
LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCHBOARDS
.
.
.
338
7.4.3
8HS,
8HP
AND
8HU
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
.
340
7.4.4
8L.
MOUNTING
SYSTEMS
FOR
CONTROL
CIRCUITS
.
340
7.4.5
DOMESTIC
AND
UTILITY
DISTRIBUTION
BOARDS
.
340
7.4.5.1
8GB
SMALL
DISTRIBUTION
BOARDS
.
.
.
343
7.4.5.2
8GD
AND
8GA
STAB
WALL-MOUNTING/
SIKUS
FLOOR-STANDING
DISTRIBUTION
BOARD
SYSTEMS
.
344
7.4.5.3
8GA
SIKUS
FREE-STANDING
DISTRIBU
TION
BOARD
CUBICLES
.
346
7.4.5.4
SIPRO
UNIVERSAL
SYSTEM
METER
CABI
NETS,
METER/DISTRIBUTION
CUBICLES,
DISTRIBUTION
CABINETS,
FREE-STANDING
DISTRIBUTION
BOARDS
.
348
7.4.5.5
8MB,
8MM
AND
8GR
CABLE,
DISTRIBU
TION
AND
METER
CUBICLES
FOR
OUTDOOR
USE
.
350
7.4.6
AIR-CONDITIONING
OF
INSTALLATIONS,
SWITCHBOARDS
AND
CUBICLES
.
351
7.4.6.1
GENERAL
.
351
7.4.6.2
8ME78
HEAT
EXCHANGERS
.
354
7.4.6.3
8MR11
FILTERED
FANS
.
355
7.4.6.4
8MR17
REFRIGERATION
UNITS
.
356
7.4.6.5
8MR21
HEATING
UNITS
.
357
7.4.6.6
TEMPERATURE
RISE
INSIDE
INSULATION
MATERIAL
AND
SHEET
STEEL
ENCLOSURES
.
.
358
7.4.7
DEGREES
OF
PROTECTION,
CLIMATIC
AND
OTHER
AMBIENT
CONDITIONS
.
360
7.4.8
POWER
FACTOR
CORRECTION
IN
NETWORKS
WITH
OR
WITHOUT
HARMONICS
.
363
7.4.8.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
363
7.4.8.2
TYPES
OF
POWER
FACTOR
CORRECTION
(REACTIVE
POWER
COMPENSATION)
.
365
7.4.8.3
POWER
FACTOR
CORRECTION
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
AND
TRANSFORMERS
.
367
7.4.8.4
PROJECT
PLANNING
.
369
7.4.8.5
VOLTAGE
RISE
CAUSED
BY
CAPACITORS
.
.
372
7.4.8.6
COMPENSATION
IN
NETWORKS
WITH
HARMONICS
.
373
7.4.8.7
THE
USE
OF
AUDIO-FREQUENCY
REMOTE
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
.
377
7.4.8.8
RANGE
OF
PRODUCTS
FOR
POWER
FACTOR
CORRECTION
.
380
7.5
CHARGING
UNITS
FOR
STATIONARY
STANDBY
BATTERY
INSTALLATIONS
.
382
7.6
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
.
385
7.6.1
BASIC
DESIGNS
.
385
7.6.2
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
FOR
SPECIFIC
APPLICATIONS
.
386
7.6.2.1
INTERPOSING
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
.
.
.
386
7.6.2.2
SUMMATION
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS.
.
.
386
7.6.2.3
THREAD-THROUGH
(OR
PIN-WOUND)
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
.
388
7.6.2.4
CABLE
OR
BUSBAR
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
(SPLIT-CORE
C.T.
'
S)
.
388
7.6.2.5
CAST
RESIN
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
.
.
.
388
7.6.2.6
EXPLOSION-PROTECTED
CURRENT
TRANS
FORMERS
AND
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
FOR
MINING
APPLICATIONS
.
388
7.6.2.7
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
FOR
PROTECTION
PURPOSES
.
389
7.6.2.8
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
FOR
POWER
FACTOR
CORRECTION
CONTROLLERS
.
389
7.6.3
ACCURACY
CLASSES
OF
CURRENT
TRANS
FORMERS
.
390
7.6.4
SECONDARY
CURRENTS
OF
CURRENT
TRANS
FORMERS
.
391
7.6.5
RATED
OUTPUT
POWER
AND
OVERCURRENT
FACTOR
OF
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
.
391
7.6.6
VOLTAGES
ACROSS
THE
SECONDARY
TERMI
NALS
OF
A
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
.
392
7.6.7
SELECTION
CRITERIA
FOR
CURRENT
TRANS
FORMERS
.
394
7.6.8
POWER
CONSUMPTION
AND
LOSSES
IN
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
SECONDARY
CIRCUITS
.
394
CONTENTS
8
FUNDAMENTAL
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAMS
.
.
397
8.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
.
397
8.1.1
TERMINAL
DESIGNATIONS
.
397
8.1.2
GRAPHIC
SYMBOLS
ACCORDING
TO
DIN,
ANSI,
BS
AND
IEC
.
400
8.1.3
DESIGNATION
OF
EQUIPMENT,
CONDUCTORS
AND
GENERAL
FUNCTIONS
.
408
8.1.4
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAMS
.
410
8.1.4.1
TYPES
OF
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAMS
.
410
8.1.4.2
MAKING
USE
OF
THE
FUNDAMENTAL
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAMS
OR
MODIFYING
THEM
.
412
8.1.5
SWITCHING
VIA
CONTACTORS
.
412
8.1.5.1
CONTACTORS
WITH
DROP-OUT
DELAY
UNIT
FOR
FLUTTERING
COMMAND
SIGNALS
.
.
.
412
8.1.5.2
EXTENDED
(EARLY-MAKE
/
LATE-BREAK)
AUXILIARY
CONTACTS
IN
CONTACTORS
(MAINLY
FOR
D.C.
EXCITATION
OF
THE
COILS)
.
414
8.1.5.3
DROP-OUT
DELAY
UNITS
FOR
CONTACTORS
.
414
8.1.5.4
CONTACTOR
SAFETY
COMBINATIONS
.
.
.
414
8.2
DIRECT
SWITCHING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
415
8.2.1
SWITCHING
ON
AND
OFF
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
415
8.2.2
SWITCH-OVER
OF
A
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
FROM
ONE
SUPPLY
NETWORK
TO
ANOTHER
.
416
8.2.3
AUTOMATIC
SEQUENTIAL
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
.
.
.
418
8.2.4
REVERSING
THE
DIRECTION
OF
ROTATION
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
(REVERSING
STARTERS)
.
420
8.2.5
SWITCHING
OF
POLE-CHANGING
THREE
PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
422
8.2.5.1
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
ONE
WINDING
(DAHLANDER
CONNECTION),
TWO
SPEEDS,
ONE
DIRECTION
OF
ROTATION
.
422
8.2.5.2
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
ONE
WINDING
(DAHLANDER
CONNECTION),
TWO
SPEEDS,
TWO
DIRECTIONS
OF
ROTATION
.
424
8.2.5.3
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
TWO
SEPARATE
WINDINGS,
TWO
SPEEDS,
ONE
DIRECTION
OF
ROTATION
.
426
8.2.5.4
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
TWO
SEPARATE
WINDINGS,
TWO
SPEEDS,
TWO
DIRECTIONS
OF
ROTATION
.
428
8.2.5.5
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
THREE
SPEEDS,
ONE
DIREC
TION
OF
ROTATION,
ONE
WINDING
IN
A
DAHLANDER
CONNECTION,
AND
ONE
SEPARATE
WINDING
FOR
LOW
SPEED
.
.
.
430
8.2.5.6
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
THREE
SPEEDS,
ONE
DIREC
TION
OF
ROTATION,
ONE
WINDING
IN
A
DAHLANDER
CONNECTION,
ONE
SEPARATE
WINDING
FOR
THE
INTERMEDIATE
SPEED
.
.
432
8.2.5.7
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
THREE
SPEEDS,
ONE
DIRECTION
OF
ROTATION,
ONE
WINDING
IN
A
DAHLANDER
CONNECTION,
ONE
SEPARATE
WINDING
FOR
HIGH
SPEED
.
434
8.2.5.8
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
THREE
SPEEDS,
TWO
DIRECTIONS
OF
ROTATION,
ONE
WINDING
IN
A
DAHLANDER
CONNECTION,
ONE
SEPARATE
WINDING
FOR
LOW
SPEED
.
.
.
436
8.2.5.9
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
FOUR
SPEEDS,
ONE
DIRECTION
OF
ROTATION
AND
TWO
SEPARATE
WINDINGS
.
440
8.3
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
444
8.3.1
STAR-DELTA
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
STAR
CONTACTOR,
DELTA
CONTACTOR
AND
LINE
CONTACTOR
.
444
8.3.2
CLOSED
TRANSITION
STAR-DELTA
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
.
.
446
8.3.3
FOUR
STAGE
STAR-DELTA
STARTING
.
448
8.3.4
STAR-DELTA
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
IN
TWO
DIRECTIONS
OF
ROTATION
.
450
8.3.5
STAR-DELTA
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
POWER
FACTOR
CORRECTION
.
452
8.3.6
AUTOMATIC
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
SQUIRREL-CAGE
MOTORS
VIA
A
SINGLE-POLE
STATOR-RESISTOR
(KUSA
CONNECTION)
USING
A
TIME
RELAY
.
454
8.3.7
AUTOMATIC
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
VIA
A
THREE-POLE
STATOR-RESISTOR
USING
A
TIME
RELAY.
.
.
456
8.3.8
AUTOMATIC
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
SLIP-RING
MOTORS
.
458
8.3.9
CLOSED
TRANSITION
AUTOTRANSFORMER
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
SQUIRREL-CAGE
MOTORS
(KORNDORFER
CONNECTION)
.
.
.
460
CONTENTS
8.4
CIRCUITS
WITH
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
.
462
8.4.1
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
WITH
POSITIVE
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
(PTC)
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
.
462
8.4.1.1
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
FOR
A
POLE-CHANGING
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
TWO
SEPARATE
WINDINGS
AND
TWO
SPEEDS
.
462
8.4.1.2
PTC
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
FOR
ALARM
AND
SWITCH-OFF
OF
A
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
WITH
SIX
SENSORS
VIA
A
CIRCUIT-BREAKER
FOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
EQUIPPED
WITH
OVERLOAD
AND
SHORT
CIRCUIT
RELEASES
.
464
8.4.1.3
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
FOR
THE
SWITCHING
OFF
OF
SIX
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
VIA
CONTACTORS
.
.
.
466
8.4.2
THERMISTOR
MOTOR
PROTECTION
WITH
NEGATIVE
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
(NTC)
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
.
468
8.5
CIRCUITS
WITH
MONITORS
.
470
8.5.1
CIRCUITS
WITH
SPEED
MONITORS
.
470
8.5.1.1
DIRECT-ON-LINE
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS.
STOPPING
BY
REVERSE-CURRENT
BRAKING
(PLUG
BRAKING)
470
8.5.1.2
DIRECT-ON-LINE
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS.
STOPPING
BY
REVERSE-CURRENT
BRAKING
(PLUG
BRAKING).
CIRCUIT
WITH
CONTACTOR
RELAY
.
472
8.5.1.3
DIRECT
REVERSAL
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
REVERSE-CURRENT
OR
PLUG
BRAKING
IN
BOTH
DIRECTIONS
OF
ROTATION
.
474
8.5.2
CIRCUITS
WITH
CONVEYOR
BELT
MONITORS
.
476
8.5.3
CIRCUITS
OF
CONTACTOR
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
WITH
PRESSURE
MONITORS
.
478
8.6
CIRCUITS
WITH
POSITION
SWITCHES
.
479
8.6.1
REVERSER
CIRCUITS
WITH
POSITION
SWITCHES
(E.G.
GATE
CONTROL)
.
479
8.6.2
POSITION
SWITCHES
WITH
INDICATOR
LIGHTS
480
8.7
TERMINAL
BLOCKS
.
482
8.7.1
CIRCUITS
WITH
ISOLATING
TERMINAL
BLOCKS
FOR
CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
.
482
8.7.2
CIRCUIT-BREAKER
TERMINALS
FOR
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
.
484
8.8
CIRCUITS
WITH
LEAKAGE-CURRENT
(RESIDUAL-CURRENT)
PROTECTIVE
DEVICES
.
.
486
8.9
INTERFACE
UNITS
.
487
8.10
AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS
INCORPORATING
TIME
RELAYS
.
488
8.10.1
STAR-DELTA
STARTING
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
WITH
STAR
CONTACTOR,
DELTA
CONTACTOR,
LINE
CONTACTOR
AND
TIME
RELAY.
488
8.10.2
FUNCTIONS
OF
THE
MOTOR-DRIVEN
TIME
RELAY
7PR4140
.
490
8.11
SWITCHING
OF
AN
ELECTRICAL
HEATING
SYSTEM
USING
A
THERMOSTAT
AND
CONTACTOR
COMBINATION
.
491
8.12
STAND-BY
POWER
SUPPLY
INSTALLATIONS
.
.
492
8.12.1
THREE-POLE
CHANGE-OVER
FROM
NETWORK
SUPPLY
TO
STAND-BY
SUPPLY
USING
CONTACTORS
(GENERATOR
OPERATION)
.
.
.
493
8.12.2
CHANGE-OVER
FROM
NETWORK
SUPPLY
TO
STAND-BY
SUPPLY
WITH
FOUR-POLE
DISCONNECTION
OF
THE
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
VIA
TWO
THREE-POLE
CONTACTORS
.
494
8.13
PROJECT
PLANNING
AND
ENGINEERING
AIDS
.
496
9
APPENDIX
.
499
9.1
FUNDAMENTAL
EQUATIONS,
CHARACTERISTIC
QUANTITIES
AND
UNITS
OF
ELECTRICITY
.
.
.
499
9.1.1
FUNDAMENTAL
EQUATIONS
OF
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
.
499
9.1.2
CHARACTERISTIC
QUANTITIES
AND
UNITS
OF
ELECTRICITY
IN
ACCORDANCE
WITH
DIN
VDE
AND
IEC
.
500
9.1.3
DIFFERENCES
IN
THE
IEC
157-1
AND
IEC
947-2
PUBLICATIONS
.
502
9.1.4
EQUATION
SYMBOLS
AND
SI
UNITS
INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
(SI)
.
.
503
9.1.5
CONVERSION
OF
INTERNATIONAL,
BRITISH
AND
AMERICAN
UNITS
.
507
9.2
ENCLOSURES
FOR
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
TO
AMERICAN
AND
CANADIAN
STANDARDS
.
.
512
9.3
CLIMATIC
VALUES,
INFLUENCE
OF
TEMPERATURE
AND
THERMAL
CONDUCTION
.
514
9.3.1
CLIMATIC
VALUES
.
514
9.3.2
EFFECTS
OF
TEMPERATURE
AND
THERMAL
CONDUCTION
.
514
CONTENTS
9.4
CURRENT
CARRYING
CAPACITY
AND
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
OF
INSULATED
WIRES,
CABLES
AND
BUSBARS
.
516
9.4.1
COORDINATION
OF
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
.
517
9.4.1.1
OVERLOAD
PROTECTION
.
517
9.4.1.2
SHORT-CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
.
518
9.4.2
CURRENT
CARRYING
CAPACITY
.
521
9.4.3
LOAD
RATINGS
OF
INSULATED
CONDUCTORS
AT
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURES
OF
30
TO
70
C
AND
THE
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CABLE
PROTECTION
FUSES
IN
ACCORDANCE
WITH
USA
AND
CANADIAN
STANDARDS
.
525
9.4.4
THERMAL
RATINGS
OF
BUSBARS
AND
DEVICE
TERMINALS
.
527
9.4.5
RESISTANCE
OF
COPPER
AND
ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTORS
.
529
9.5
RATED
CURRENTS
OF
THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTORS
.
530
9.6
THREE-PHASE
POWER
TRANSFORMERS
.
.
.
532
9.6.1
GRAPHIC
SYMBOLS
AND
VECTOR
GROUPS
OF
THREE-PHASE
POWER
TRANSFORMERS
.
.
535
9.7
TRIPPING
BEHAVIOUR
OF
LINE
PROTECTION
AND
SWITCHGEAR
PROTECTION
DEVICES
.
.
.
536
9.7.1
TIME-CURRENT
TRIPPING
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS,
MINIATURE
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
AND
OVERLOAD
RELAYS
.
536
9.7.2
PRE-ARCING
TIME-CURRENT
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
FUSES
(OPERATING
CLASSES
GL/GG
AND
AM)
.
536
9.7.3
CHARACTERISTIC
CURVES
AND
TRIPPING
BEHAVIOUR
OF
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
.
539
9.7.4
CURRENT-LIMITING
DIAGRAMS
OF
FUSES
.
.
541
9.7.5
DISCRIMINATION
(SELECTIVITY)
BETWEEN
FUSES
AND
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
.
543
9.8
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENTS.
546
9.8.1
LIMITING
EFFECT
OF
CONDUCTORS
AND
CABLES
ON
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENTS
.
.
.
546
9.8.2
DYNAMIC
FORCES
CREATED
BY
SHORT
CIRCUIT
CURRENTS
.
547
9.9
NUMBER
OF
SWITCHING
OPERATIONS
OF
SWITCHING
DEVICES
SUBJECTED
TO
DIFFERENT
OPERATING
PERIODS
PER
DAY
.
548
9.10
INTERNATIONAL
NETWORK
VOLTAGES
AND
FREQUENCIES
.
549
9.11
EC
GUIDELINES
FOR
LOW
VOLTAGE
EQUIPMENT
.
555
9.12
GLOSSARY
-
BRIEF
EXPLANATIONS
OF
SOME
TECHNICAL
TERMS
.
556
9.13
ADDRESSES
OF
IMPORTANT
SPECIFICATION,
STANDARDS
AND
TESTING
BODIES
.
643
INDEX
645 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)113270976 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV009821262 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TK2821 |
| callnumber-raw | TK2821 |
| callnumber-search | TK2821 |
| callnumber-sort | TK 42821 |
| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_tum | ELT 819f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)37004342 (DE-599)BVBBV009821262 |
| dewey-full | 621.317 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.317 |
| dewey-search | 621.317 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.317 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2., rev. and enl. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV009821262 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-19T00:36:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)2114358-4 |
| isbn | 3895780006 |
| language | English German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006502253 |
| oclc_num | 37004342 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-210 |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-210 |
| physical | 659 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | Publicis-MCD-Verl. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schalten, Schützen, Verteilen in Niederspannungsnetzen Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems [ed.: Siemens-Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin and Munich. Authors: Petra Belzner ... Ed. Georg Schöllhorn. Transl.: Jan Dommisse] Switching, protection and distribution in low-voltage networks 2., rev. and enl. ed. Munich Publicis-MCD-Verl. 1994 659 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Früher u.d.T.: Schmelcher, Theodor: Low voltage handbook Laagspanning gtt Electric networks Equipment and supplies Electric switchgear Niederspannungsanlage (DE-588)4128588-8 gnd rswk-swf Niederspannungsschalter (DE-588)4130716-1 gnd rswk-swf Niederspannungsverteiler (DE-588)4171868-9 gnd rswk-swf Niederspannungsschalter (DE-588)4130716-1 s Niederspannungsverteiler (DE-588)4171868-9 s Niederspannungsanlage (DE-588)4128588-8 s DE-604 Belzner, Petra Sonstige oth Schöllhorn, Georg Sonstige (DE-588)113270976 oth Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Sonstige (DE-588)2114358-4 oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006502253&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems Laagspanning gtt Electric networks Equipment and supplies Electric switchgear Niederspannungsanlage (DE-588)4128588-8 gnd Niederspannungsschalter (DE-588)4130716-1 gnd Niederspannungsverteiler (DE-588)4171868-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128588-8 (DE-588)4130716-1 (DE-588)4171868-9 |
| title | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems |
| title_alt | Schalten, Schützen, Verteilen in Niederspannungsnetzen Switching, protection and distribution in low-voltage networks |
| title_auth | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems |
| title_exact_search | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems |
| title_full | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems [ed.: Siemens-Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin and Munich. Authors: Petra Belzner ... Ed. Georg Schöllhorn. Transl.: Jan Dommisse] |
| title_fullStr | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems [ed.: Siemens-Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin and Munich. Authors: Petra Belzner ... Ed. Georg Schöllhorn. Transl.: Jan Dommisse] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems [ed.: Siemens-Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin and Munich. Authors: Petra Belzner ... Ed. Georg Schöllhorn. Transl.: Jan Dommisse] |
| title_short | Switching, protection and distribution in low voltage networks |
| title_sort | switching protection and distribution in low voltage networks handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear switchboards and distribution systems |
| title_sub | handbook with selection criteria and planning guidlines for switchgear, switchboards and distribution systems |
| topic | Laagspanning gtt Electric networks Equipment and supplies Electric switchgear Niederspannungsanlage (DE-588)4128588-8 gnd Niederspannungsschalter (DE-588)4130716-1 gnd Niederspannungsverteiler (DE-588)4171868-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Laagspanning Electric networks Equipment and supplies Electric switchgear Niederspannungsanlage Niederspannungsschalter Niederspannungsverteiler |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006502253&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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