Desertification: natural background and human mismanagement
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin u.a,
Springer
1994
|
Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schriftenreihe: | Springer study edition
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XVI, 314 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 3540577467 0387577467 |
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100 | 1 | |a Mainguet, Monique |d 1937- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)112828515 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Desertification |b natural background and human mismanagement |c Monique Mainguet |
250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
264 | 1 | |a Berlin u.a, |b Springer |c 1994 | |
300 | |a XVI, 314 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Springer study edition | |
650 | 4 | |a Désertification | |
650 | 7 | |a Ecologia humana |2 larpcal | |
650 | 7 | |a Ecossistemas terrestres |2 larpcal | |
650 | 4 | |a Desertification | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Desertifikation |0 (DE-588)4123050-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Trockengebiet |0 (DE-588)4060958-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Desertifikation |0 (DE-588)4123050-4 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
689 | 1 | 0 | |a Trockengebiet |0 (DE-588)4060958-3 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text |
CONTENTS
1.
WHAT
IS
DESERTIFICATION?:
DEFINITIONS
AND
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
.
1
1.1
DEFINITIONS
OF
DESERTIFICATION
.
1
1.2
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
DESERTIFICATION
.
6
1.2.1
THE
AGE
OF
AWARENESS
.
6
1.2.2
THE
AGE
OF
WRONG
PERCEPTION
OR
MISCONCEPTION
.
8
1.2.3
THE
AGE
OF
DOUBT
.
9
1.2.4
THE
MYTH
OF
THE
ENCROACHING
DESERT
.
12
1.2.5
THE
DAWNING
OF
THE
NEW
REALISM
.
15
1.3
GENERAL
CONCLUSION,
CHAPTER
1
.
16
2.
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
OR
LAND
DEGRADATION:
LOCATION
AND
DIMENSION
IN
TIME,
VULNERABILITIY
OF
SOIL
AND
PLANTS
IN
DRYLANDS
.
17
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
17
2.2
LOCATION
OF
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
OR
LAND
DEGRADATION,
THREATENED
AREAS
AND
DROUGHT-PRONE
REGIONS
.
17
2.3
DRYNESS
RATIO
AND
DROUGHT
.
21
2.3.1
DRYNESS
RATIO
.
21
2.3.2
DROUGHT
.
23
2.3.2.1
METEOROLOGICAL
DROUGHT
.
24
2.3.2.2
HYDROLOGICAL
DROUGHT
.
25
2.3.2.3
AGRICULTURAL
DROUGHT
.
32
2.4
THE
DROUGHTS
OF
THE
20TH
CENTURY
THROUGHOUT
THE
WORLD
.
34
2.5
THE
VULNERABILITY
OF
SOILS
IN
DRYLANDS
.
36
2.6
THE
SURVIVAL
OF
PLANTS
IN
DRY
OR
SEASONALLY
DRY
ECOZONES
.
39
2.7
GENERAL
CONCLUSION,
CHAPTER
2
.
41
3.
DIMENSIONS
IN
SPACE
OF
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
OR
LAND
DEGRADATION:
THE
DEGREE
AND
SPECIFICITY
IN
EACH
CONTINENT
.
42
XII
CONTENTS
3.1
INTRODUCTION:
GLOBAL
DIMENSION
IN
SPACE
OF
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
.
42
3.2
SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA:
TRADITIONAL
EXTENSIVE
AGRICULTURE,
UNADAPTED
HIGH
TECHNOLOGY,
AND
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
43
3.2.1
DROUGHTS
IN
THE
SAHEL
.
44
3.2.1.1
PALEO-DROUGHTS
AND
HISTORICAL
DROUGHTS
.
44
3.2.1.2
20TH
CENTURY
DROUGHTS
.
45
3.2.1.3
DROUGHT
AND
SHIFTING
ISOHYETS
IN
EASTERN
MALI.
WHERE
ARE
THE
MOST
SEVERE
EFFECTS
OF
DROUGHT?
.
47
3.2.2
THE
BIOCLIMATOLOGICAL
ECOZONES
.
54
3.2.3
TRADITIONAL
LAND
OCCUPATION.
POTENTIALITIES
AND
AGRICULTURAL
LIMITS
IN
HIGH
CLIMATIC
RISK
DRYLANDS
.
56
3.2.3.1
HUNTING
.
57
3.2.3.2
FISHING
.
57
3.2.3.3
DOMESTICATED
STOCK-KEEPING
.
58
3.2.3.4
AGRICULTURE
IN
SUB-SAHARAN
DRYLANDS
.
59
3.2.4
WHAT
ARE
THE
RISKS
AND
HOW
CAN
THEY
BE
AVOIDED?
.
61
3.2.4.1
IN
THE
SAHEL
.
61
3.2.4.2
IN
THE
SUDANIAN
ZONE
.
65
3.2.4.3
THE
SUDANO-GUINEAN
SUBZONE
.
65
3.2.5
ENVIRONMENTAL
DIFFICULTIES
OF
DEVELOPMENT.
DISASTERS:
WHAT
DISASTERS?
.
66
3.2.5.1
OVERGRAZING
.
67
3.2.5.2
OVERCROPPING
AND
DEFORESTATION
.
68
3.2.6
CONCLUSION
.
69
3.3
EGYPT:
AN
EXAMPLE
OF
THE
MISAPPLICATION
OF
HIGH
TECHNOLOGY
LEADING
TO
MAN-MADE
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
.
70
3.3.1
CAUSES
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
70
3.3.2
PROCESSES
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
71
3.3.2.1
WATER
TABLE
RISING
.
71
3.3.2.2
ABSENCE
OF
NILE
ALLUVIUM
RESULTING
IN
WIND
EROSION
.
71
3.3.2.3
LOSS
OF
NUTRIENTS
.
71
3.3.3
EFFECTS
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
72
3.3.4
CONCLUSION
.
72
3.4
CHINA:
A
SOPHISTICATED
TRADITIONAL
INTENSIVE
AGRICULTURE
BEGINNING
TO
BE
MODIFIED
BY
HIGH
TECHNOLOGICAL
METHODS
AND
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
OR
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
72
3.4.1
INTRODUCTION:
THE
AGRICULTURAL
ORIGIN
OF
LAND
AND
DEGRADATION
IN
CHINA
.
72
3.4.2
CLASSIFICATION
OF
THE
DESERTIFIED
AREAS
IN
CHINA
.
77
CONTENTS
XIII
3.4.2.1
DESERTED
LAND
AND
DESERTIFIED
LAND
IN
THE
ARID
ECOSYSTEMS
.
78
3.4.2.2
A
SECOND
TYPE
OF
DESERTIFIED
OR
DEGRADED
LAND
IN
CHINA
IN
SEMI-ARID
AND
DRY
SUBHUMID
STEPPES
.
84
3.4.3
THE
MAJOR
INDICATORS
OF
DEGRADATION
.
86
3.4.3.1
CHANGES
IN
TOPOGRAPHY
.
86
3.4.3.2
CHANGES
IN
COMPOSITION
OF
THE
VEGETATIVE
COVER
.
86
3.4.3.3
CHANGES
IN
TEXTURE
OF
THE
TOP
SOIL
.
88
3.4.4
HUMAN
FACTORS
LEADING
TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE
IN
SEMI-ARID
AND
DRY
SUBHUMID
ZONES
IN
CHINA
.
88
3.4.4.1
OVERCULTIVATION
AND
DEGRADATION
.
90
3.4.4.2
OVERGRAZING
AND
DEGRADATION
.
92
3.4.4.3
FIREWOOD
COLLECTION
AND
DEGRADATION
.
94
3.4.4.4
LAND
DEGRADATION
BY
MISUSE
OF
WATER
RESOURCES
.
94
3.4.4.5
LAND
DETERIORATION
AND
NONRURAL
HUMAN
ACTIVITIES
.
96
3.4.5
CONCLUSION
.
96
3.5
TRANSITION
FROM
TRADITIONAL
LOW
TECHNOLOGICAL
TO
HIGH
INDUSTRIAL
AGRICULTURE
AND
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
THE
FORMER
USSR
.
97
3.5.1
DRY
ECOZONES
IN
THE
FORMER
USSR
.
97
3.
.5.2
ARIDITY
AND
OTHER
PHYSICAL
FACTORS
LEADING
TO
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
98
3.5.2.1
THE
CLIMATIC
FACTORS
.
98
3.5.2.2
SOILS
.
102
3.5.2.3
THE
VEGETATION
RESOURCES
.
104
3.5.2.4
WATER
RESOURCES
.
104
3.5.3
HUMAN
ACTIVITIES
AND
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
106
3.5.3.1
OLD
OASES
.
107
3.5.3.2
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
DESERT
RANGELANDS
.
108
3.5.3.3
ECOLOGICAL
IMPLICATION
OF
IRRIGATION
IN
DRYLANDS
.
ILL
3.5.3.4
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
OF
INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
IN
DRYLAND
OF THE
FORMER
USSR
.
117
3.5.4
AEOLIAN
ACTION
AND
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
THE
SANDY
DESERTS
OF
THE
FORMER
USSR
.
118
3.5.5
CONCLUSION
.
120
3.6
HIGH
TECHNOLOGICAL
CAPITAL-INTENSIVE
PASTORALISM
AND
LAND
DEGRADATION
OR
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
IN
A
DRY
CONTINENT:
AUSTRALIA
.
122
3.6.1
HUMAN
CAUSES
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
ARID
AUSTRALIA
.
122
3.6.2
GRAZING
AND
OTHER
AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES
IN
SEMI-ARID
AUSTRALIA
.
123
3.6.3
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
IRRIGATED
AREAS
.
125
3.6.4
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
NONAGRICULTURAL
AREAS
.
125
XIV
CONTENTS
3.6.4.1
IMPACT
OF
URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
.
125
3.6.4.2
IMPACT
OF
MINING
.
127
3.6.5
CONCLUSION
.
128
3.7
HIGH
TECHNOLOGICAL
CAPITAL-INTENSIVE
AGRICULTURE
AND
SOIL
DEGRADATION
OR
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
IN
NORTH
AMERICA
.
128
3.7.1
LOCATION
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
IN
THE
DRYLANDS
OF
THE
USA
.
129
3.7.2
THE
CAUSES
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
131
3.7.2.1
EXCESSIVE
WATER
CONSUMPTION:
FIRST
CAUSE
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
131
3.7.2.2
OVERGRAZING:
SECOND
CAUSE
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
132
3.7.2.3
SALINIZATION:
THIRD
CAUSE
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
136
3.7.2.4
PHYSICAL
SOIL
EROSION:
FOURTH
CAUSE
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
137
3.7.2.5
COMBINED
CAUSES
AND
MECHANISMS
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION
.
139
3.7.3
CONCLUSION
.
145
3.8
GENERAL
CONCLUSION,
CHAPTER
3
.
147
4.
PROCESSES
LEADING
TO
SOL
DEGRADATION
AND
"
DESERTIFICATION
"
.
151
4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
151
4.2
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
OF
DEGRADATION
.
153
4.2.1
POTENTIAL
MODIFICATIONS
AND
DECAY
OF
SOIL
STRUCTURE
.
153
4.2.2
LEACHING
.
154
4.2.2.1
ASPECTS
OF
DEGRADATION
BY
LEACHING
IN
THE
UPPER
HORIZONS
OF
THE
SOIL
.
155
4.2.2.2
ASPECTS
OF
DEGRADATION
BY
LEACHING
IN
THE
LOWER
HORIZONS
OF
THE
SOIL
.
155
4.2.3
WATERLOGGING
.
156
4.2.4
SALINIZATION
AND
ALKALINIZATION
.
157
4.2.4.1
PROCESSES
.
157
4.2.4.2
CASE
STUDIES
OF
SALINIZATION:
AN
AGE-OLD
IRRIGATION
PROBLEM
.
158
4.2.5
CONCLUSION
.
161
4.3
PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION:
WATER
EROSION
.
162
4.3.1
SOIL
LOSS
.
162
4.3.2
DETERIORATING
MECHANISMS
OF
WATER
ACTION
.
165
4.3.3
RAINDROP
AND
SPLASH
EFFECT
.
165
4.3.4
RUNOFF
ACTION
.
167
4.3.5
CONCLUSION
.
169
CONTENTS
XV
4.4
PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
OF
LAND
DEGRADATION:
WIND
EROSION;
WHERE
IS
THE
DANGER?
.
170
4.4.1
WHAT
IS
WIND?
.
171
4.4.2
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
TOPOGRAPHY
ON
WIND
CONDITIONS
.
172
4.4.3
THE
WIND
ACTION
SYTEM
.
174
4.4.3.1
SOURCE
AREA
.
174
4.4.3.2
TRANSPORT
AREA
.
177
4.4.3.3
DEPOSIT
AREA
AND
DUNE
FORMATION
.
180
4.4.4
THE
EFFECTS
OF
WIND
ON
VEGETATION
.
190
4.4.5
AEOLIAN
SOIL
EROSION
.
193
4.5
GENERAL
CONCLUSION,
CHAPTER
4
.
198
5.
PREVENTION
AND
REMENDIES
.
199
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
199
5.2
POSSIBILITIES
FOR
OVERCOMING
CLIMATIC
RISKS
IN
DRYLANDS
.
201
5.2.1
CLOUD
SEEDING
AN
WEATHER
MODIFICATIONS
.
201
5.2.2
STRENGTHENING
OF
METEOROLOGICAL
SERVICES
.
201
5.3
AVOIDING
THE
THREAT
TO
VEGETATION
.
202
5.3.1
VULNERABILITY
OF
DRYLAND
VEGETATION
.
202
5.3.2
HOW
TO
OBTAIN
BIOLOGICAL
RECOVERY
.
203
5.3.2.1
NATURAL
RECOVERY
.
203
5.3.2.2
ARTIFICIAL
RECOVERY
.
204
5.3.3
SOLUTIONS
TO
AVOID
GRAZING
EFFECTS
.
210
5.3.3.1
CARRYING
CAPACITY
.
210
5.3.3.2
MOBILE
RESOURCES
FOR
NOMADIC
PASTORALISM
.
211
5.3.3.3
GAME
RANCHING
INSTEAD
OF
CATTLE
.
212
5.3.3.4
FODDER
HARVESTING
.
212
5.4
SOME
SOLUTIONS
TO
IMPROVE
DRYLANDS
AGRICULTURE
.
213
5.4.1
DROUGHT-ADAPTED
PLANTS
.
213
5.4.2
INTRODUCTION
OF
LESSER-KNOWN
PLANTS
.
214
5.4.3
RECLAIMING
SALTY
SOILS
AND
WATER
.
217
5.4.4
PLANT
BREEDING
.
219
5.5
MORE
INTEGRATED
RURAL
ACTIVITIES
FOR
AGRICULTURE
AMELIORATION
.
220
5.5.1
MULTICROP
AGRICULTURE
.
220
5.5.2
NATURAL
BUSHLAND
EXPLOITATION
.
224
5.5.3
SOIL
DEGRADATION
AND
REHABILITATION
OF
AN
AGROPASTORAL
LAND
IN
TANZANIA.
HOPEFUL
"
DE-DESERTIFICATION
"
:
CASE
STUDY
.
224
5.5.3.1
DEGRADATION
.
224
5.5.3.2
RESULTS
OF
THE
HADO
PROJEKT
"
DE-DESERTIFICATION
"
IN
TANZANIA
.
227
XVI
CONTENTS
5.6
WATER
CONSERVATION
MEASURES
.
228
5.6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
228
5.6.2
DIFFICULTIES
IN
OBTAINING
WATER
.
229
5.6.2.1
HIGH
TECHNOLOGY
SOLUTIONS:
A
MITIGATED
SUCCESS
.
229
5.6.2.2
LOW
TECHNOLOGY
IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
AND
WATER
CONSERVATION
MEASURES
.
232
5.6.2.3
THE
BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
OF
IRRIGATION
.
232
5.6.2.4
DEEP
BOREWELLS
.
234
5.6.3
WATER
HARVESTING
.
234
5.6.4
DESALINIZATION
TECHNIQUES
IN
THE
SEARCH
FOR
FRESHWATER
.
241
5.6.5
CONCLUSIONS
.
243
5.7
MAINTAINING
SOIL
QUALITY
.
244
5.7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
244
5.7.2
HALTING
WATER
EROSION
.
247
5.7.2.1
CONTROL
OF
SHEET-WASH
AND
RILLWASH
.
247
5.7.2.2
GULLY
RECLAMATION
.
249
5.7.3
CONTROL
OF
DAMAGING
WIND
EFFECTS
.
249
5.7.3.1
METHODS
FOR
PREVENTING
PROGRESSION
OF
THE
BARCHANS
.
249
5.7.3.2
CONTROL
OF
SEIF
DUNES
.
251
5.7.3.3
STRATEGIES
FOR
THE
CONTROL
AND
PREVENTION
OF
SAND
ENCROACHMENT
.
253
5.7.3.4
WINDBREAKS,
SHELTERBELTS,
AND
WIND
BARRIERS
.
261
5.7.3.5
ADDITIONAL
METHODS
OF
CONTROLLING
THE
WIND
.
268
5.8
TRAINING
AND
RESEARCH
.
271
5.8.1
TRAINING
.
271
5.8.1.1
WHAT
IS
NOT
WORKING?
.
271
5.8.1.2
WHAT
CAN
TRADITION
BRING?
.
272
5.8.2
RESEARCH
RESULTS
.
272
5.9
GENERAL
CONCLUSION,
CHAPTER
5
.
273
5.9.1
THE
SPECIFIC
SOLUTIONS
FOR
CHINA
.
274
5.9.2
AFRICA
MUST
FIND
ITS
OWN
SPECIFIC
REMEDIES
.
276
6.
GENERAL
CONCLUSION:
THE
NEED
FOR
A
NEW
REALISM
.
278
7.
NEW
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
DESERTIFICATION
(SEPTEMBER
1993)
.
286
7.1
NATURAL
CAUSES:
DROUGHTS
SINCE
THE
BEGINNING
OF
THE
CENTURY
.
290
7.2
HUMAN
CAUSES
.
290
REFERENCES
.
294
AUTHOR
INDEX
.
307
SUBJECT
INDEX
.
311 |
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Mainguet, Monique 1937- |
author_GND | (DE-588)112828515 |
author_facet | Mainguet, Monique 1937- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Mainguet, Monique 1937- |
author_variant | m m mm |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV009790327 |
callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
callnumber-label | GB611 |
callnumber-raw | GB611 |
callnumber-search | GB611 |
callnumber-sort | GB 3611 |
callnumber-subject | GB - Physical Geography |
classification_rvk | RB 10313 RB 10844 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)30319216 (DE-599)BVBBV009790327 |
dewey-full | 551.41/5 |
dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
dewey-raw | 551.41/5 |
dewey-search | 551.41/5 |
dewey-sort | 3551.41 15 |
dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
edition | 2. ed. |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV009790327 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-08-18T00:47:32Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 3540577467 0387577467 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006477447 |
oclc_num | 30319216 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-29 DE-824 DE-188 |
owner_facet | DE-29 DE-824 DE-188 |
physical | XVI, 314 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
publishDate | 1994 |
publishDateSearch | 1994 |
publishDateSort | 1994 |
publisher | Springer |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Springer study edition |
spelling | Mainguet, Monique 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)112828515 aut Desertification natural background and human mismanagement Monique Mainguet 2. ed. Berlin u.a, Springer 1994 XVI, 314 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer study edition Désertification Ecologia humana larpcal Ecossistemas terrestres larpcal Desertification Desertifikation (DE-588)4123050-4 gnd rswk-swf Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 gnd rswk-swf Desertifikation (DE-588)4123050-4 s DE-604 Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 s 1\p DE-604 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006477447&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Mainguet, Monique 1937- Desertification natural background and human mismanagement Désertification Ecologia humana larpcal Ecossistemas terrestres larpcal Desertification Desertifikation (DE-588)4123050-4 gnd Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4123050-4 (DE-588)4060958-3 |
title | Desertification natural background and human mismanagement |
title_auth | Desertification natural background and human mismanagement |
title_exact_search | Desertification natural background and human mismanagement |
title_full | Desertification natural background and human mismanagement Monique Mainguet |
title_fullStr | Desertification natural background and human mismanagement Monique Mainguet |
title_full_unstemmed | Desertification natural background and human mismanagement Monique Mainguet |
title_short | Desertification |
title_sort | desertification natural background and human mismanagement |
title_sub | natural background and human mismanagement |
topic | Désertification Ecologia humana larpcal Ecossistemas terrestres larpcal Desertification Desertifikation (DE-588)4123050-4 gnd Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Désertification Ecologia humana Ecossistemas terrestres Desertification Desertifikation Trockengebiet |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006477447&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT mainguetmonique desertificationnaturalbackgroundandhumanmismanagement |