Determination of trace elements:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim u.a.
VCH u.a.
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 607 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3527284249 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Determination of trace elements |c ed. by Zeev B. Alfassi |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim u.a. |b VCH u.a. |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 607 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124106161913856 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 1.1 Introduction.............................. 2
1.1.1 General aspects of extreme trace analysis.......... 2
1.1.2 Direct instrumental determination methods......... 3
1.1.3 Multi-stage procedures................... 3
1.1.4 Further general important statements............ 4
1.2 Systematic errors and their avoidance................. 4
1.2.1 Volatilization........................ 6
1.2.2 Adsorption......................... 7
1.2.3 Blanks from vessels, vessel materials and working tools . . 9
1.2.4 Blanks from the reagents.................. 13
1.2.5 Blanks from airborne dust................. 15
1.2.6 Contamination by sample handling............. 18
1.2.7 Problems due to changes of the valency state........ 19
1.3 Systematic errors during the analytical procedure........... 20
1.3.1 Sampling, sample storage and pretreatment......... 20
1.3.2 Decomposition....................... 22
1.3.3 Separation ......................... 27
1.4 Basic rules for the recognition and elimination of systematic errors . 29
1.5 Conclusion.............................. 31
2.1 Introduction.............................. 39
2.2 Errors in analytical results ...................... 40
2.3 Accuracy............................... 41
2.4 Measuring trace concentrations.................... 42
2.5 The problem of detection....................... 42
2.5.1 Random error of blank responses.............. 42
2.5.2 Errors ofthe first kind-the critical level (a posteriori detection) 43
2.5.3 Errors of the second kind - the limit of detection (a priori
detection).......................... 46
2.5.4 Limits to the use of the definitions of Lc and LD...... 48
2.5.5 Regression theory approaches to the problem of detection . 50
2.6 Practical applications......................... 52
2.7 Reporting results at small concentrations............... 53
2.8 Conclusions and recommendations.................. 56
3.1 Introduction.............................. 59
3.2 Changes in trace element composition................ 62
3.2.1 Element specific changes.................. 63
3.2.2 Sample specific changes.................. 76
3.3 Pre-sampling considerations ..................... 77
vn
3.4 Aspects of sampling.......................... 83
3.4.1 Establishment of analytical control............. 89
3.4.2 Sampling error in a test portion............... 89
3.4.3 Uniformity of laboratory samples.............. 92
3.4.4 Uniformity of subsamples ................. 93
3.4.5 The gross sample...................... 93
3.5 Sample decomposition........................ 94
4.1 Separation and preconcentration of trace elements by coprecipitation 110
4.1.1 Introduction......................... 110
4.1.2 Mechanism......................... 110
4.1.3 Coprecipitation with inorganic precipitants......... 112
4.1.4 Coprecipitation with organic collectors........... 113
4.2 Separation and preconcentration of trace elements by flotation .... 114
4.2.1 Introduction......................... 114
4.2.2 Principle.......................... 116
4.2.3 General procedures..................... 117
4.3 Preconcentration and separation of trace elements by solvent extraction 118
4.3.1 Introduction......................... 118
4.3.2 Extraction of trace elements ................ 121
4.4 Separation and preconcentration of trace elements by ion-exchange . 128
4.4.1 Introduction......................... 128
4.4.2 Ion-exchange resins..................... 129
4.4.3 Equilibrium and selectivity................. 130
4.4.4 Practical column operation................. 132
4.4.5 Preconcentration.........,............ 133
4.4.6 Ion chromatography.................... 134
4.5 Separation and preconcentration by sorption............. 137
4.5.1 Introduction......................... 137
4.5.2 Activated carbon...................... 137
4.5.3 Porous polymers...................... 138
4.5.4 Complex-forming adsorbents................ 140
4.5.5 Natural polymers...................... 141
5.1 Introduction.............................. 146
5.2 Literature............................... 147
5.3 Quality of results........................... 148
5.4 Standards and chemicals ....................... 150
5.5 Sample preparation.......................... 152
5.6 Theory ................................ 154
VIII
5.7 Major components of the instrument................. 155
5.8 Radiation sources........................... 156
5.9 Wavelength selection system..................... 159
5.10 Atomization by flame......................... 164
5.11 Instruments.............................. 172
5.12 Electrothermal atomization...................... 173
5.13 Hydride generation.......................... 178
5.14 Interferences ............................. 180
5.15 Instrumental background corrections................. 183
5.16 Modifiers............................... 187
5.17 Automation.............................. 188
6.1 Atomic spectrometry with plasma sources .............. 192
6.1.1 Historical development................... 192
6.1.2 Optical emission spectrometry............... 194
6.1.3 Plasma mass spectrometry................. 199
6.2 Plasma sources and sampling..................... 201
6.2.1 Arc and spark sources ................... 202
6.2.2 Flames........................... 203
6.2.3 DC plasma jets....................... 204
6.2.4 Inductively coupled plasmas................ 205
6.2.5 Microwave discharges................... 207
6.2.6 Sample introduction for plasma spectrometry ....... 209
6.2.7 Discharges under reduced pressure............. 215
6.3 Plasma optical emission spectrometry................. 217
6.3.1 Atomic emission spectrometry............... 217
6.3.2 ICP-Atomic emission spectrometry............. 220
6.3.3 MIP-Atomic emission spectrometry............ 223
6.3.4 Glow discharges...................... 224
6.3.5 Conclusion......................... 226
6.4 Plasma mass spectrometry...................... 226
6.4.1 ICP mass spectrometry................... 227
6.4.2 Glow discharge mass spectrometry............. 239
6.5 Conclusion.............................. 241
6.5.1 Power of detection..................... 241
6.5.2 Interferences........................ 242
6.5.3 Economic aspects...................... 243
7.1 Introduction.............................. 254
7.2 Basic nuclear physics......................... 255
DC
7.2.1 Nuclides.......................... 255
7.2.2 Radioactive decay ..................... 256
7.2.3 Kinetics of decay of radioactive nuclides.......... 260
7.2.4 Kinetics of formation of radioactive nuclides by irradiation 261
7.2.5 The chart of the nuclides.................. 265
7.3 Gamma detection systems....................... 267
7.3.1 NaI(Tl) - scintillation detector............... 268
7.3.2 Solid-state ionization detector............... 268
7.3.3 The shape of 7 spectrum.................. 273
7.4 Irradiation............................... 278
7.4.1 Neutron sources ...................... 278
7.4.2 Samples introduction.................... 279
7.5 Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)........... 280
7.5.1 Techniques......................... 280
7.5.2 Calculation......................... 280
7.5.3 Nuclear interferences.................... 284
7.5.4 A test case - INAA of trace elements in silicon....... 285
7.5.5 Epithermal INNA...................... 288
7.5.6 Fast neutrons INAA .................... 296
7.5.7 Cyclic INAA........................ 299
7.5.8 Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) . . 301
7.5.9 Depth profiling by INAA.................. 302
8.1 Introduction.............................. 309
8.2 Samples dissolution.......................... 312
8.2.1 Geological samples..................... 312
8.2.2 Metal samples ....................... 312
8.2.3 Biological samples..................... 313
8.3 Radiochemical separations...................... 316
8.3.1 Radiochemical separations in material sciences ...... 317
8.3.2 RNAA of geological and environmental samples...... 326
8.3.3 RNAA of biological samples................ 340
9.1 Introduction.............................. 359
9.2 General review of X-ray photoelectron and auger electron spectroscopies362
9.2.1 Basic principles....................... 363
9.2.2 Surface sensitivity and depth profiling........... 369
9.2.3 Chemical-state information................. 374
9.2.4 Quantitative analysis.................... 375
9.3 XPS/AES applications in trace element determination........ 384
9.4 Summary and conclusions ...................... 389
10.1 Introduction.............................. 393
10.2 Anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry.............. 394
10.2.1 Electrodes ......................... 395
10.2.2 Stripping waveforms.................... 397
10.2.3 Film snipping........................ 399
10.2.4 Cathodic stripping..................... 400
10.2.5 Interferences........................ 400
10.3 Non-stripping methods........................ 405
10.4 Potentiometric stripping........................ 405
10.5 Adsorptive stripping voltammetry................... 408
10.6 Conclusion.............................. 416
11.1 Introduction.............................. 426
11.2 Analytical information from interfaced chromatography with specific
element detection........................... 427
11.2.1 Interelement selectivity................... 428
11.2.2 Elemental sensitivity and limits of detection........ 428
11.2.3 Dynamic measurement range................ 428
11.3 Element-selective gas chromatographic detection........... 429
11.3.1 Non-spectroscopic detectors................ 429
11.3.2 The Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) .......... 431
11.3.3 Atomic spectroscopic detectors............... 431
11.3.4 Flame emission detection.................. 432
11.3.5 Atomic absorption detection................ 432
11.3.6 Atomic plasma emission spectroscopy (APES)....... 433
11.4 Classes of atomic plasma emission chromatographic detectors .... 434
11.4.1 The microwave-introduced electrical discharge plasma
(MIP) detector....................... 434
11.4.2 The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) discharge ..... 435
11.4.3 The Direct-Current Plasma (DCP) discharge........ 435
11.4.4 The Alternating-Current Plasma (ACP) discharge..... 436
11.4.5 The Capacitively Coupled Plasma (CCP) discharge .... 436
11.4.6 The plasma electrodeless discharge afterglow ....... 436
11.5 The plasma-chromatograph interface................. 436
11.5.1 Gas chromatographs.................... 436
11.6 Analytical GC applications...................... 438
11.6.1 GC-AED detection of non-metallic elements........ 438
11.6.2 GC-MIP detection..................... 444
XI
11.6.3 GC-DCP and ICP detection................. 448
11.7 Liquid chromatographic applications................. 448
11.7.1 HPLC-ICP detection.................... 448
11.7.2 HPLC-DCP detection.................... 450
11.7.3 HPLC-MIP detection.................... 451
11.8 Supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) applications........ 452
11.9 Chromatographic detection by plasma-mass spectrometry...... 453
11.9.1 HPLC-plasma mass spectrometry (MS) .......... 453
11.9.2 GC-plasma mass spectrometry............... 454
11.10 Future directions for trace analysis.................. 455
12.1 Introduction.............................. 462
12.1.1 Purpose........................... 462
12.1.2 Definition.......................... 463
12.1.3 Inventarisation....................... 463
12.1.4 Organization of this chapter ................ 471
12.2 Principles of radiotracer methods................... 471
12.2.1 Basic equations of radiotracer experiments in a closed system
and their applications.................... 471
12.2.2 Isotopic exchange in one phase............... 474
12.2.3 Isotopic exchange between a solid and an aqueous solution
in a closed system ..................... 474
12.2.4 Net mass transport in a closed system ........... 476
12.2.5 Combination of net mass transport and isotopic exchange in
a closed system....................... 477
12.2.6 Conclusion......................... 478
12.3 Spatial (surface) speciation by nuclear techniques .......... 479
12.3.1 Survey........................... 479
12.3.2 Ion-beam applications ................... 479
12.3.3 Thermal neutron depth profiling.............. 485
12.3.4 Depth profiling by activation analysis ........... 488
12.3.5 Proton induced X-ray analysis (PIXE) and proton induced
7-ray spectrometry (PIGE)................. 489
12.3.6 Depth profiling by radiotracer methods........... 490
12.4 Phase speciation and the use of radioanalysis............. 493
12.4.1 Survey........................... 493
12.4.2 Sampling and separation of sea- and surface water and the
determination of trace elements in the isolated fractions . . 495
12.4.3 Determination of exchangeable phosphate in fresh water
sediments.......................... 499
XII
12.4.4 Leaching experiments on granular solids by means of radio-
tracers and a previously radioactivated aliquot....... 499
12.4.5 Measurement of the in situ diffusion coefficient and distribu-
tion constant in (partly) wetted soils and granular wastes . . 501
12.5 Chemical speciation of trace elements ................ 504
12.5.1 Survey........................... 504
12.5.2 Radiometric determination of conditional extraction constants 510
12.5.3 Trace element speciation in human serum ......... 513
12.5.4 A case in point: Arsenic speciation in aqueous samples by
selective As(III)/As(V) preconcentration and hydride evap-
oration AAS ........................ 518
13.1 Introduction.............................. 544
13.2 Need for trace element analysis of biomaterials............ 545
13.2.1 BTER, a multi-disciplinary science............. 546
13.2.2 Trace element speciation and bioavailability........ 548
13.3 Biological standardization ...................... 549
13.3.1 The Bio sources of analytical errors........... 549
13.3.2 Presampling factors..................... 550
13.4 Analytical standardization ...................... 556
13.4.1 Analytical quality assurance................ 557
13.4.2 Harmonization of measurements.............. 559
13.4.3 Trace element determinations................ 559
13.4.4 Multianalyte determinations................ 559
13.4.5 Matrix related problems in sample treatment........ 560
13.4.6 Sample preservation and storage.............. 560
13.4.7 Contamination by trace elements.............. 562
13.4.8 Losses of trace elements.................. 562
13.5 Clinical specimens from human subjects............... 563
13.5.1 Special features of biofluids ................ 563
13.5.2 Medico-legal implications................. 564
13.5.3 Sampling and preparation.................. 565
13.6 Environmental biomonitoring for toxicants.............. 567
13.6.1 Chemicals in the environment............... 567
13.6.2 Bioenvironmental surveillance............... 570
13.6.3 Real time and long-term biomonitoring........... 571
13.6.4 Human specimens for biomonitoring............ 571
13.6.5 Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB)........... 572
13.6.6 Proven applications of ESB................. 574
Xffl
13.7 Biomineral imbalances and health effects............... 575
13.7.1 Nutritional and metabolic factors.............. 575
13.7.2 Nutritional surveillance of trace elements.......... 576
13.7.3 Recommended dietary allowances (RDA)......... 576
13.8 Trace elements and high altitude populations............. 577
13.8.1 Iodine and selenium .................... 579
13.9 Reference values for trace elements in human specimens....... 580
13.9.1 Reference values vs normal values............. 580
13.9.2 Reference concentrations in clinical specimens....... 580
13.9.3 Trace element content in Reference Man.......... 581
13.10 Reference parameters for data interpretation............. 586
13.11 The future............................... 586
xrv
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| id | DE-604.BV009758954 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:40:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527284249 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006455551 |
| oclc_num | 246897251 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M347 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-M490 DE-634 DE-B768 |
| owner_facet | DE-M347 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-M490 DE-634 DE-B768 |
| physical | XIV, 607 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | VCH u.a. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Determination of trace elements ed. by Zeev B. Alfassi Weinheim u.a. VCH u.a. 1994 XIV, 607 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd rswk-swf Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 gnd rswk-swf Nachweis (DE-588)4115334-0 gnd rswk-swf Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd rswk-swf Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 s Nachweis (DE-588)4115334-0 s DE-604 Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 s Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 s Alfassi, Zeev B. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006455551&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Determination of trace elements Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 gnd Nachweis (DE-588)4115334-0 gnd Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056593-2 (DE-588)4122795-5 (DE-588)4115334-0 (DE-588)4056595-6 |
| title | Determination of trace elements |
| title_auth | Determination of trace elements |
| title_exact_search | Determination of trace elements |
| title_full | Determination of trace elements ed. by Zeev B. Alfassi |
| title_fullStr | Determination of trace elements ed. by Zeev B. Alfassi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of trace elements ed. by Zeev B. Alfassi |
| title_short | Determination of trace elements |
| title_sort | determination of trace elements |
| topic | Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 gnd Nachweis (DE-588)4115334-0 gnd Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Spurenanalyse Analyse Nachweis Spurenelement |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006455551&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alfassizeevb determinationoftraceelements |