Geomorphology in the tropics: a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 460 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0471930350 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geomorphology in the tropics |b a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes |c Michael F. Thomas |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 1994 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804124041268690944 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Geomorphology in the tropics
Autor: Thomas, Michael Frederic
Jahr: 1994
Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
INTRODUCTION
1 Geomorphology from a Tropical Perspective 3
Some features of tropical climates 4
Air, soil and groundwater temperatures 4
Rainfall amount and seasonality 4
The problems of climatic geomorphology 5
Climatic regions for geomorphology 5
Global distribution of sediment yield 6
Morphoclimatic and climato-genetic maps 7
Pedogenetic maps and approaches 8
Early ideas in the development of tropical geomorphology 11
Evolutionary geomorphology 13
Themes for a geomorphology of the tropics 14
PART I: PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS OF WEATHERING
2 The Alteration of Rocks under Tropical Conditions 19
Introduction 19
The climatic factor in rock weathering 20
Temperature control over weathering reactions 20
Rainfall amount and rates of weathering 20
Tropical weathering in perspective 20
The origins of deep saprolites 21
The complex nature of residual and transported mantles 21
Partition of the weathering profile 22
Hydrothermal alteration 24
Diagnosing hydrothermal alteration 25
viii Contents
Chemical weathering processes 27
Proton sources or donors 27
Hydrolysis reactions 27
Carbonate weathering 28
Silicate weathering 29
Solubility of compounds in weathering reactions 33
Biogeochemical processes 34
Chelation 35
Weathering products: the formation of new phases 37
Clay minerals 37
Geochemical pathways of weathering 39
Plasmogenic and non-plasmogenic alteration 39
Plasmogenic environments and clay formation 39
Degrees of alteration in the weathering products 41
Non-plasmogenic environments and podzolisation 43
The role of hydromorphic conditions 43
Ferrolysis 45
Case studies of podzolisation in Amazonia and Guyana 45
Rates of chemical weathering 47
Measures of weathering penetration and rock transformation 48
Possible rates of weathering in the humid tropics 50
3 Weathering Profiles and Saprolites 52
The formation of the weathering profile 52
Conditions of weathering at depth 53
The process of ionic diffusion 54
Down-profile changes in saprolite mantles 54
The nature of the weathering front 55
Fissured rocks and microcrack systems 56
The physical properties of saprolites 57
Clay mineralogy 58
Particle-size composition 58
Voids ratio 58
Structure and inter-particle bonding 58
Clay aggregates and permeability 59
Microfabric analysis 60
Permeability 62
Collapsible and expansive tropical soils 62
Dispersive and erodible soils 64
Low-strength discontinuities 64
Weathering depths and profile characteristics 67
Characteristic weathering profiles 67
Duricrusted profiles 67
Distribution and patterns of weathering 69
Controlling factors in weathering penetration 69
Contents ix
The role of regional climate 70
The roles of regional geology and geomorphology 71
The importance of geological outcrop patterns 73
The influence of structure 74
The relief factor 77
Optimal conditions for deep weathering 80
Examples of weathered landscapes 81
The rifted margin of southeast Brazil 81
The interior plateau of central Africa 81
The porphyry copper deposit at La Escondida, Chile 82
The Mesozoic andesitic province of northwest Kalimantan, Indonesia 83
The metamorphic piedmont of Southern Appalachia, USA 83
Conclusion 83
The evolution of weathering profiles 83
The behaviour of weathering profiles through time 84
Groundwater aquifers in weathered rocks 85
The nature of basement aquifers 86
Surface geomorphological indications 86
4 Latentes, Bauxites and Duricrusts 88
Introduction: the scope of the topic 88
Lateritic weathering and duricrusts 88
Latérites and ferricrete 89
Ferrallitic weathering and the lateritisation process 92
The origins of iron in latérites 94
Stages in the formation of latérite 95
Lateritic (residual) bauxites 99
Factors affecting lateritisation and duricrust formation 100
Geological factors 100
Climatic factors 102
Temperature conditions 102
Rainfall regime 103
Biotic factors 103
The importance of microorganisms 104
Hydrologie factors 104
Eh and pH conditions 106
Geomorphic and tectonic history 107
Relationship of ferricrete to bauxite 109
Groundwater and footslope latérites 110
The time factor and the age of latérites 110
Palaeoenvironments and environmental change 112
Bauxites of the Amazon Basin 112
Lateritic ores 113
Ionic scavengers in soils 113
x Contents
Nickeliferous latentes 114
Auriferous latérites 115
Transport mechanisms for gold in lateritic environments 116
Truncation of weathering profiles 117
Hydromorphic dispersion 117
The Baluba Ore Body, Zambian Copperbelt 117
Silcrete 118
Classification of silcretes 118
Geomorphic and stratigraphie setting of silcretes 119
Formation of silcrete 119
Calerete 121
Pedogenetic calcretes 121
Groundwater calcretes 122
PART II: DENUDATION PROCESSES
5 Surface Processes in Tropical Climates 125
Rainfall in the tropics 125
Water balance studies 125
Concentration and seasonality of rainfall 125
Intensity and erosivity of rainfall 126
High magnitude rainfall events 128
Infiltration and pipe now 129
Infiltration 129
Pipe flow 131
Runoff generation 134
Runoff coefficients in the tropics 134
Base flow discharges 137
Runoff and sediment yield 137
Surface flows and sediment yield 137
Sediment yield from catchment studies 140
Sediment yield and rate of denudation 142
Some rates of accelerated erosion 143
Gully erosion 145
Piping and gully formation 145
Lavaka gullies in Madagascar 146
Gullying in the rampa complexes of Eastern Brazil 146
Gullies on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria 147
Fluvial erosion 147
The efficacy of fluvial erosion 147
Downstream changes in fluvial activity 151
The petrology of river sands 152
Fluvial deposition and floodplain formation 154
Floodplain depositional processes 154
The importance of palaeofloods and palaeoenvironments 156
Floodplain evolution 156
Contents xi
Dissolved load and chemical denudation by rivers 157
Solute concentrations in tropical rivers 157
Studies from the Amazon Basin 157
Suspended and solute loads 158
Problems of data interpretation 159
Chemical denudation rates 161
Catchment studies 161
Morphological evidence, the etching of valley floors 162
Chemical denudation on slopes 163
6 Landsliding and Other Mass Movement 165
Landslides in tropical environments 165
Landslides and earthquake shocks 165
Tropical rainfall and landsliding 166
Landslides in eastern Brazil 166
Landslides in Sierra Leone 167
Rainfall magnitude and frequency of landsliding 168
Landslides in Hong Kong 168
Landslide recurrence intervals 169
Vegetation and slope stability 171
Mechanical and hydrological effects of vegetation 172
Landslide types 173
Landslide processes 176
Behaviour of slopes in residual soils 176
Causes of slope failure 179
Landsliding in the weathered mantle 179
Repeated failures of old landslides 182
The role of colluvium in landslide activity 183
Hillslope hollows and debris flows 183
The wider significance of colluvial slope materials 184
The importance of pore-water pressure 186
The role of slope in landslide activity 187
Earthquakes as a trigger mechanism 187
Some conclusions about landsliding in the tropics 188
Soil creep I89
Rates of soil creep in the tropics 189
PART III: QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT
7 Quaternary Environmental Change in the Tropics 193
The evidence for environmental change 193
Geomorphology and environmental change 195
xii Contents
Development of research on the tropical quaternary 195
Glacial cycles and tropical climates—inferences from models 197
Glacial cycles and tropical climates—empirical evidence 200
The pattern of quaternary climate change in the tropics 203
Upland and lowland temperatures at the last glacial maximum (LGM) 206
The question of ice-age aridity 209
Evidence from closed lake basins and mires 209
Evidence from southern hemisphere transitional climates 215
Southern Africa 215
South America 216
Sub-tropical Australia 217
Evidence from deltaic and marine deposits 218
The Niger Delta 218
The River Nile 219
The Congo and Amazon estuaries 220
Windblown sediments in the North Atlantic 220
Degrees of aridity during the last glacial dry phase 220
The evidence from palaeodunes 221
The nature of early holocene climates 221
Mid-Holocene fluctuations of climate 222
Evidence from large palaeofloods 223
Some conclusions and problems 224
8 Landforms and Deposits Associated with Environmental Change 225
The nature of the field evidence 225
River regimes and climate change 225
Problems of interpretation 226
Case studies 229
Central Sierra Leone—the River Bafi headwaters 229
The Middle Birim River, Ghana 232
Alluvial sediments in Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo 233
Formation of placer deposits in the Quaternary 236
Climate and placer formation 237
Placer formation in the Quaternary 237
Optimal conditions for placer formation 239
Hillslope erosion and colluvial deposition 240
Problems of interpretation 241
Hillslope forms and colluvial deposits 242
Some features of hillslopes in Sierra Leone, West Africa 244
Pediments and other piedmont slopes 244
The interpretation of slope forms and deposits 247
Colluvial deposits and stratigraphy 250
Colluvium in the forested tropics of southeastern Brazil 251
Studies of colluvium in West Africa 254
Contents
Xlll
Arid zone deposits and colluvium in the Savanna tropics
The existence of sand dunes
The occurrence of pans
Alluvial fans
Stone-lines
Theories and processes of stone-line origin
The action of termites and ants
Dynamic lowering of the landsurface
The action of soil creep and colluvial processes
The impact of climate change
Channelless valleys (dambos)
Dambos as zero order basins
Processes of dambo formation
Cut-and-fill processes
Etching processes
The wider landscape context of dambo formation
Some conclusions about dambo geomorphology
Podzolised white sands
White sands as hydromorphic podzols
White sands, lithology and relief
White sands in coastal plain alluvium
The formation of white sand horizons
Some concluding remarks
256
258
258
259
263
264
264
268
269
270
273
275
277
277
278
278
279
279
280
280
281
281
282
PART IV: THE EVOLUTION OF TROPICAL LANDSCAPES
9 Etching Processes and Landform Development
The concept of the etched plain
Biidel and the concept of doppelten Einebnungsflächen
Conditions for etchplanation according to Biidel
Further studies of weathered landscapes
Extensions of the etchplain concept
Bremer s principle of divergent weathering
Etch processes on escarpments
Etchplains in different environments
Weathered landscapes and etched plains in high latitudes
Etchplains, peneplains and pediplains
The role and relations of pediment landforms
Links between etchplanation and pediplanation
A study of the Koidu etchplain, Sierra Leone
Etching and the differentiation of relief
Relief differentiation during the last 100 Ma
Comparisons between Africa and South America
Rates of denudation in cratonic regimes
287
287
288
288
290
291
294
296
298
298
299
300
300
301
303
304
304
306
xiv Contents
Towards an integrated theory of etching and etchplanation 307
The behaviour of weathering profiles 309
The role of sedimentary covers 310
10 Erosional Terrain and Residual Hills 311
Terrain units in tropical landscapes 311
Slope and drainage characteristics 311
Weathering and regional landform systems 314
Regolith terrain mapping 314
Residual hills in tropical landscapes 315
Erosional forms in the residual mantle 316
Saprolite hills 316
Duricrusted residual hills 317
Processes of duricrust fragmentation 319
Duricrusted benches or terraces 320
Duricrusts on mafic rocks 320
Erosional forms in rock—inselbergs 321
Categories of inselberg 324
Granite inselbergs 325
Boulder inselbergs (tors) 325
Domed inselbergs (bornhardts) 328
Factors in inselberg location 332
Lithological factors 334
Structural factors 334
Tectonic controls 334
Inselbergs in multicycle landscapes 335
Inselbergs and the tropical environment 337
Small-scale surface forms on inselbergs 340
Climate change and inselberg development 342
Karst residuals (karst-inselbergs) 346
The range of karst landforms 347
Cockpit karst 348
Tower karst 348
Parallels between karst relief and granite relief 351
11 Long-term Landform Evolution 353
Introduction 353
Plate tectonic movement 353
One hundred million years of changing environments 354
Debates about planation 356
Factors affecting long-term landform evolution 358
Geodynamic and tectonic models 359
Extensive planation and the ages of landsurf aces 361
Contents xv
Pianation surfaces in Africa and South America 362
Pianation in Australia 363
Major erosional events on the Gondwana continents 365
The concept of a cratonic regime 365
The formation and role of escarpments 367
Models of relief reduction 369
Vertical lowering of the landsurface 371
Evidence of groundsurface lowering in tropical landscapes 373
Heavy mineral accumulation and ferricrete 373
Surface gravels and stone-lines 374
Sandplains 374
Etching of valley floors 375
Karst and pseudo-karst landforms 375
Bedrock control over topography 379
The behaviour of slopes in the tropical landscape 380
Slope retreat concepts 381
Hillslopes and rock pediments 382
References 389
Author Index 435
Subject Index 443
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:39:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471930350 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006412489 |
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| spelling | Thomas, Michael F. Verfasser aut Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes Michael F. Thomas Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 1994 XIX, 460 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geomorfologie gtt Géomorphologie - Régions tropicales Verwering gtt Geomorphology Tropics Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd rswk-swf Tropen (DE-588)4060997-2 gnd rswk-swf Tropen (DE-588)4060997-2 g Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006412489&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Thomas, Michael F. Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes Geomorfologie gtt Géomorphologie - Régions tropicales Verwering gtt Geomorphology Tropics Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130684-3 (DE-588)4060997-2 |
| title | Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes |
| title_auth | Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes |
| title_exact_search | Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes |
| title_full | Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes Michael F. Thomas |
| title_fullStr | Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes Michael F. Thomas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes Michael F. Thomas |
| title_short | Geomorphology in the tropics |
| title_sort | geomorphology in the tropics a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes |
| title_sub | a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes |
| topic | Geomorfologie gtt Géomorphologie - Régions tropicales Verwering gtt Geomorphology Tropics Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geomorfologie Géomorphologie - Régions tropicales Verwering Geomorphology Tropics Geomorphologie Tropen |
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