The Dutch and Quaker colonies in America: 2
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER X.
THE ENGLISH
AUTOCHATS.
Peaceful transfer of New Netherland to English rule
. . 1
Admirable character of Governor Nicolls
. . . . 2,3
Carr's shameful conduct at New Amatel
. . . . 3, 4
Fall of the republic of New Haven
.
б
The Connecticut boundary
. 5, 6
Yorkshire, Dukes County, and Cornwall
. 6
Cartwright sails for England, but lands in Spain
. . . 7
Pleasant Saturday evenings in Boston
. . . 8, 9
Maverick moves to New York
.9
Settlements west of the Hudson Eiver
. 10
The grant to Berkeley and Carteret
. 10, 11
Founding of
Elizabethtown
.12
The name New Jersey (Nova
Csarea)
. . . .12
Unwillingness of New Haven leaders to be annexed to Con¬
necticut
.13
Exodus
from New Haven to New Jersey
. . . .14
Robert Treat and Abraham Pierson
.14
Constitutional troubles in New Jersey
. . . . .15
Lord Berkeley sells out his interest to a party of Quakers
16
Nicolls returns to England, and is succeeded by Francis
Lovelace
.17
Abolition of the distinction between great and small burgh¬
ers
.18
The first mail on the American continent, monthly between
New York and Boston, starts on New Year's Day,
1673 19, 20
The postman's route
.21
The English towns on Long Island protest against arbitrary
taxation
.22,23
Charles II. abandons the Triple Alliance, and joins with
Louis
XIV.
in attacking Holland
.24
iv CONTENTS.
Admiral Evertsen's fleet in the West Indies
. . . .24
Evertsen captures the city of New York, and names it New
Orange
.25
Anthony Colve is appointed governor of New Netherland
. 25
The English towns on Long Island are refractory
. . 26
Danger of an attack by the New England Confederacy
. 27
How Governor Colve pulled down houses to improve his
fort
.27-31
Lovelace's purchases and debts
. 81, 32
Schemes of Louis
XIV.33
Ingenious double-dealing of Charles II.
. 34, 35
The treaty of Westminster restores New York to the Eng¬
lish
.35
Conflicting grants and claims
.36
The duke sends Edmund
Anđros
to govern New York
. 37
Character of Andros
.37
His early life
.38
Anthony Brockholls and William Dyer
. . . .38
Arrival of Andros in New York
. 39
The English towns on Long Island declare that they belong
to Connecticut, but in vain
.39
The oath of allegiance
;
protest of leading· burghers
. 40, 41
Andros showed a want of tact in this affair
. . . .42
Demand for a representative assembly
;
the duke's letters
42, 43
Andros's zeal for municipal improvements
. 44
He tries in vain to reform the currency
.45
And fulminates against excessive tippling
. 45
He lays claim to Connecticut for the duke
. . . .46
King Philip's War breaks out
.47
Connecticut prepares to resist Andros, and Captain Bull
baffles him at Saybrook
.48, 49
Invasions of the Mohawk country by the French
. . 50, 51
Jesuit intrigues with the Long House
.52
Mistaken policy of the Duke of York
. 53
Journey of Andros into the wilderness
. . . . .54
Arendt
van
Corlear
and his melancholy fate
. 54
Corlear's village, Schenectady
. 54
Andros arrives in the Oneida country and holds a grand pow¬
wow with the Indians
.55, 56
He organizes a Board of Indian Commissioners
. . .56
Robert Livingston
.57
Andros's relations with New England
. . . . .58
King Philip in the Berkshire mountains
. . .59
CONTENTS. V
War with the Tarratines
.60
Andros visits England, is knighted, and returns to New York
61
CHAPTER XL
NEW YORK IN THE YEAB
1680.
The great comet, and how it was regarded in New York
. 62
Approach to New York from the harbour
;
Fort James
. 63
Pearl Street and Broad Street
.64
The Water Gate and Maiden Lane
.65
Shoemaker's Land
;
the Land Gate
. . . . .66
Bowery Lane and the Common
. 67
The Collect, or Fresh Water
;
Wolfert's Marsh
. . 68
The Kissing Bridge
;
the Bowery Village
. 69
Kip's Bay and Turtle Bay
.70
Harlem
.71
The Great Kill, and Lispenard's Meadows
. . . .71
Origin of Canal Street
.72
Sappokanican, or Greenwich
;
Minetta Brook
. . .73
Visit of the Labadist missionaries, Dankers and Sluyter
. 74
Their experience at the custom-house
. .75
They cross the East River and pass through Brooklyn
. 76, 77
They are entertained at Gowanus hy Simon
de Hart . . 78
They proceed to Najack (Fort Hamilton)
. 79
Their description of an Algonquin household
. . 80-82
They pass a hilarious night at Harlem, where they meet
James Carteret
.83
They are charged a high fare for crossing Spuyten Duyvil
. 84
They compliment the good beer of Greenwich
. 85
But are not pleased with the New York dominies
. . 86
Rev. James Wolley praises the
elimate
of Manhattan
. 37
His Latin supper with the
Calvinist
and Lutheran parsons
. 88
Charges of heresy brought against Dominie Van Rensselaer
89
Estates and revenues of New York
. 90
Formation of an independent
Classis
. . . . .91
The flour monopoly
.91, 92
Affairs in New Jersey
.92, 93
Andros asserts sovereignty over East Jersey
. 93
Carteret resists, and Andros deposes him
. . . .94
Shameful arrest of Carteret
. 95
His trial, acquittal, and return to
Elizabethtown
. . .96
The duke relinquishes East Jersey to the Carterets
. . 97
vi
CONTENTS.
And West Jersey to Byllinge and his friends
. . .98
Which brings William Penn upon the scene
. 98
CHAPTER
XII.
pekn's holy experiment.
Religious liberty in Pennsylvania and Delaware
. . .99
Causes of intolerance in primitiye society
;
identity of civil
and religious life
.100
Military need for conformity
.100, 101
Illustration from the relations of the Antinomians to the
Pequot War
.101, 102
The notion of corporate responsibility
.102
Political and religious persecutions
. 103
Reasons for the prolonged vitality of the persecuting spirit
104,
105
Evils of persecution
;
importance of preserving variations
. 105
From a religious point of view the innovator should be
greeted with welcome
. 106
Sir Henry Vane's
"
heavenly speech
" . . . . . 107
Cromwell's tolerance
. 108
Quietists and Quakers
.108
Career of George Fox
.109, 110
Origin of the epithet,
"
Quaker
".110
James Naylor and other crazy enthusiasts
. . .
Ill
Missionary zeal of the early Quakers
. 112
Their great service in breaking down the Massachusetts the¬
ocracy
.113
Charles II. and the oath of allegiance
.113
Early years of William Penn
. 114
His conversion to Quakerism
. . . . . .115
It makes trouble for him at home
. . . . .116
Penn's services to Quakerism
. . . . . . 117
His steadfastness and courage
. 118
Some of his writings
: "
Innocency with her Open Face
" . 118
If you will not talk with me, says Penn, I must write
. 119
You call names at me instead of using argument
. . . 120
If you do not blame Luther for asserting the right of private
judgment, why blame me
?.120
When you persecute others, you assume your own infalli¬
bility, as much as the Papists do
. 121
But you cannot hurt us, for if God is with us, who can be
against us
?.121
CONTENTS.
vii
"
No Cross no Crown
".122
Religion
thrives not upon outward show
. 122
It is but a false cross that comports with self-indulgence
. 123
Religion is not a fetish, but a discipline
. 123
Better resist temptation than flee from it
. . 124
The wholesomeness of solitude
.125
The follies of fashion
.126
"
Thee
"
and
"
thou
".127
The use of
"
you
"
in place of
"
thou," says Penn, is undemo¬
cratic
.128
Memorable scene in the Lord Mayor's court
;
futile attempt
to browbeat a jury
.129, 130
The recorder declares that England will never prosper until
it has a Spanish Inquisition
.130
Penn's marriage, and charming home in Sussex
. . 131
He goes on a missionary tour in Holland and Germany
131, 132
Elizabeth, the Princess Palatine
.132
Anna Maria, Countess of Homes
.132
Penn preaches to the servants in the palace
. 133
At the inn he meets a young merchant of Bremen
. . 133
Penn tells the ladies of his conversion
. 134
At which a Frenchwoman of quality is deeply moved
. 134
A meeting on Sunday at the palace
;
emotion of the princess
135
Penn takes leave, and goes to preach in Frankfort and neigh¬
bouring towns
.136
At Duyshurg he gets a gruff greeting from Count
von Falk¬
enstein .137
At
Leeuwarden
he has a talk with
"
an ancient maid," Anna
Maria
Schurmann.138
He rebukes some fellow-travellers
.138
Historic significance of the journey
.139
How Penn became interested in West Jersey
. . . 140
The founding of Salem on the Delaware
. 140
Beginnings of a Quaker colony in West Jersey
. . 141
Peremptory demeanour of Andros
. 141, 142
Founding of Burlington
.142
Thomas Hooton's letter to his wife
. 143
Penn's idea of
a
democratie
constitution
. 144
High tariffs and
"
spoils of office
"
have introduced new
phases of tyranny unforeseen by Penn
. 144
Andros claims West Jersey for the Duke of York
. . 145
Penn's ingenious though defective argument
. . 145, 146
Final release of the Jerseys
. 146
vin
CONTENTS.
Penn's claim against the crown
. 147
How he conceived the
"
holy experiment
". 148
Boundaries of Penn's province
;
seeds of contention
. 148-150
Name of the new commonwealth
.150
The charter of Pennsylvania compared with that of Mary¬
land
. .151
Significance of the contrast
.152
Influence of the king's experience with Massachusetts
. 152, 153
Penn's humane and reasonable policy
. 153
His letter to the colonists
.154
A Quaker exodus
.155
Penn comes to the New World
.156
How Chester got its name
. 156
The founding of Philadelphia
.157
Penn's opinion of the country
. 157, 158
The Shackamaxon treaty
;
Penn's skill in dealing with In¬
dians
.158, 159
Some incorrect impressions regarding the purchase of Indian
lands
.160
Not only in Pennsylvania and New Netherland, but in all the
New England colonies, in Virginia, in Maryland, and in
New Sweden, the colonists paid the Indians for their
lands
.160-162
The price paid to four Delaware chiefs for the tract between
the Delaware and the Susquehanna
. . . 162, 163
Increase Mather's
' '
confusion of title
" . . . . 164
Unstinted credit is due to the Quakers for their methods of
dealing with the red men
;
nevertheless in the long peace
enjoyed by Pennsylvania the controlling factor was not
Quaker justice so much as Indian politics
. . 164-166
Penn's return to England
.167
CHAPTER
XIII.
DOWNFALL OF THE STUAKTS.
Andros returns to England, and in his absence the duke's
customs' duties expire
.168
And the collector, William Dyer, for insisting upon the pay¬
ment of duties, is indicted for treason
. 169
The demand for a representative assembly is renewed
. 170
The duke grants the assembly, and sends out Thomas Don-
gan as governor
.170, 171
CONTENTS. ix
Meeting
of the first assembly in Fort James
. . ,
111
Death of Charles II.
;
the duke becomes king
. . .172
Dongán
and the Marquis Denonville play a game of diplo¬
macy with the Long House
.172, 173
Louis
XIV.
plans the conquest of New York
. . . 174
But the warriors of the Long House checkmate him by in¬
vading Canada
. 175
James II. undertakes to improve the military strength of the
northern colonies by uniting them under a single govern¬
ment
.176
And sends out Sir Edmund Andros as viceroy
. . . 177
New York is accordingly annexed to New England
. . 177
Tyrannical rule of Andros in Boston
. 178
Dr. Mather detains King William's letter
. . . .179
Overthrow and imprisonment of Andros
. 179
The old governments restored in New England
. . 180
New York is disturbed by rumours of war
. 181
Causes of the anti-Catholic panic
.182
Jacob
Leisler
refuses to pay duties
. 183
Character of
Leisler.183, 184
Popular discontent in New York
. 184, 185
Fears of a French attack upon the city
. 186
Nicholson's rash exclamation
.186
Leisler
takes command of Fort James, and issues a
"
Decla¬
ration"
.187
Nicholson sails for England
. . 187
Leisler
proclaims William and Mary, and Fort James becomes
Fort William
.188
King William's letter arrives in New York
. . 188, 189
A committee of safety appoints
Leisler
to be commander-in-
chief
.189
He assumes the title of lieutenant-governor
. . . 190
He needs revenue and revives the Colonial Act of
1683 . 191
His authority is defied
.191, 192
His friend Jacob Milborne returns from a visit to England
192
The French war parties
.193
The situation at Scheneetady
.194
The massacre
.195
Albany yields to
Leisler.195, 196
Election of an assembly
; Leisler
calls together the first
American Congress, May,
1690.196
Unsuccessful attempt to invade Canada
. 197
Frontenac
attacks the Long House
.197
χ
CONTENTS.
The king sends Henry Sloughter to be governor of New
York, with Richard Ingoldsby for lieutenant-governor
. 198
Leisler
loses popularity
.199
Two historical novels
.199, 200
The marriages of Leisler's daughters
. . . 200,201
Arrival of Ingoldsby
. 201
Leisler
refuses to surrender Fort William
. . , 202
Ingoldsby therefore waits
.202
Leisler
fires upon the king's troops
.203
Governor Sloughter arrives, and arrests Milborne and
Leis¬
ler .203, 204
Trial and sentence of the Leislerites
.204
Execution of
Leisler
and Milborne
.205
Leisler's purpose was unquestionably honest
. . . 206
His motives
.207
The execution was ill-advised
.208
CHAPTER
XIV.
THE CITADEL OF AMERICA.
Commanding position of the Dutch and Quaker colonies
. 209
The war with France
.210, 211
Some effects of the accession of William and Mary
. . 211
Sloughter's representative assembly
.212
Death of Sloughter
;
Benjamin Fletcher comes to govern
New York
.213
Peter Schuyler, and his influence over the Mohawks
. 213, 214
He defeats
Frontenac
.215
Party strife between
"
Leislerians
"
and
"
Aristocrats
" . 215
Fletcher rebukes the assembly
.216
His experience in Philadelphia
. 217
And at Hartford
.218
Causes leading toward the Stamp Act
. . . .219
Penn's plan for a Federal Union
.220, 221
The golden age of piracy
. 222
The pirates' lair on the island of Madagascar
. . . 223
Enormous profits of the voyages
. 224
Effects in the city of New York
.225, 226
William Kidd, and his commission for arresting pirates
226, 227
Fletcher is accused of complicity with the pirates, and is
superseded by Lord Bellomont
. 228
More party strife
;
Bellomont's levelling tendencies
. . 229
The election of
1699.230
CONTENTS. xi
Strange
rumours about Kidd
;
Bellomont goes to
Boston,
where he receives a message from him
. 231
How Kidd turned pirate
.232
The King's proclamation
;
Kidd's desperate situation
. . 233
He lands in Boston
;
is arrested and sent to London
. . 234
His trial and execution
. 235
Death of Bellomont
.235
Violent proceedings of the Leislerians
.236
The Aristocrats petition the crown
. 237
Shameful trial of Bayard and Hutchings
. 237
The air is cleared by the arrival of Lord Cornbury
. . 238
The question as to a treasurer for the assembly
. . . 239
The governorship of New Jersey is united with that of New
York
.239,240
Disputes over salaries
.240
Lord Cornbury's debauchery and debts
. 241
A bootless expedition against Canada
. 241, 242
Visit of five Iroquois chiefs to Queen Anne's court
. . 242
Arrival of Robert Hunter as governor
. 242, 243
Another abortive attempt against Canada
. 243
Difficulty of raising money for military purposes
. . . 244
Constitutional discussions
.244, 245
Hunter is succeeded by William Burnet
. 245
The Caughnawagas and their trade
.246
Its dangers
.247
Founding of Oswego, and closer relations with the Mohawk
valley
.247,248
William Cosby comes out as governor, and has a dispute
with Rip van Dam
.248
William Bradford and John Peter Zenger
;
their newspapers
249
Persecution of Zenger
. 250
An information is filed against him for libel, and his counsel,
William Smith and James Alexander, are disbarred for
contempt of court
. 250, 251
Whereupon the venerable Andrew Hamilton comes from
Philadelphia to defend him
.251
The words of Zenger's alleged libel
.252
Departing from the English law of that time, Hamilton con¬
tends that the truth of a so-called libel is admissible in
evidence
.253
Great importance of the step thus taken
. 254
Extract from Hamilton's speech
. 254, 255
His peroration
.256
Triumphant acquittal of Zenger
.257
XU CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XV.
KKIOKERBOCKBB SOCIETY.
The city of New York
in 1735 . 258
The farm of Anneke
Jans.259
Narrow
limits of the province
.260
Some causes of its slowness of growth
. 261
Comparative weakness of the assembly
. 261
Whigs and Tories
.262
Great value of New York at the present day as a
"
doubtful
State
".263
The colonial aristocracy
. .264
The Connecticut type of democracy
. 264
Peasantry and populace of New York
. 265
The manors and their tenantry
. 266
Mrs. Grant's description of the Schuyler manor
. . . 267
The mansion
.268, 269
The servants' quarters
. 269
The bedrooms
. . . ».270
The approaches
.270
The spacious barn
.270, 271
Mrs. Grant's description of Albany
. 272-274
A Flatbush country-house
. 274, 275
The stoop
.275
The dining-room
. 276
The cellar
.277
The sideboard
.277
Chests and secretaries
.278
Beds
.279
A specimen inventory
.280
Dress
.281
Cheerfulness of New York
.282
Amusements and holidays
.283
Clubs and inns
. 284
Reading and literature
. . 284
William Smith and Cadwallader Colden
. 285
White servants
.286
Negro slaves
.286, 287
The negro plot of
1712.288
The
"
Great Negro Plot
"
of
1741 . 288-293
Dread of Catholic priests
.289
The war with Spain
.290
CONTENTS. xiii
Hughson's Tavern, and the informer, Mary Burton
. . 290
Alarms of fire
. 291
The alleged conspiracy
;
wholesale executions
. . . 292
Revulsion of feeling
. 293
CHAPTER
XVI.
THE QUAKER COMMONWEALTH.
Friendship between William
Perni
and James II.
. . . 294
Maeaulay's hasty charges against Penn
. 295
The
Maidä
of Taunton
.296
Maeaulay's discreditable blunder
.29*7
Penn was not awake to James's treacherous traits
. . 298
The affair of the Seven Bishops
.299, 300
Penn's lack of sympathy with the popular feeling
. . 301
Absurd stories about him
. 302
Suspected of complicity with Jacobite plots
. 302
Anecdote of Penn and Locke
.303
William III. deprives Penn of his proprietary government
. 304
George Keith's defection
.304
The King restores Penn's government
.305
His return to Philadelphia
.306
His home and habits
.306
Some democratic questions
.307
Disagreements between Delaware and Pennsylvania
. . 309
The revised charter
. 309-311
Reasons why Penn could not fully sympathize with William
III
.311
Could Quakers fight in self-defence
? . 311
Penn returns to England, leaving John Evans as deputy-
governor
. 312
Evans's folly
.313
Powder money
.314
Penn's wretched son
. 315
Misdeeds of the Fords
.315, 316
Penn's long illness and death
. 316
Character and accomplishments of James Logan
. . 317, 318
David Lloyd
.318
How Benjamin Franklin sought and found a more liberal
intellectual atmosphere in Philadelphia than that of Boston
319
Attitude of Quakers toward learning
.320
The first schools in Pennsylvania
. . . . .321
xiv
CONTENTS.
Printing, and the Bradfords
. 322
The first American drama
.323
Beginning's of the theatre
.324
Agriculture, commerce, and manufactures
. . . 324
Redemptioners
. 325
Negro slaves
;
Quaker opposition to slavery
. . . 326
Crimes and punishments
.327
Philanthropy
.327
Andrew Hamilton's tribute to Penn
.328
Significance of Pennsylvania's rapid growth
. . 328, 329
CHAPTER
XVII.
THE MIGRATIONS OF SECTS.
New York and Pennsylvania were the principal centres of
distribution of the non-English population of the thirteen
colonies
.330
The Jews
;
their fortunes in Spain
. 331, 332
Their migration to the Netherlands
.333
Arrivals of Jews in New Netherland and Khode Island
333, 334
The synagogue in New York
.335
Jews in Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Georgia
. . 336
Huguenots
;
causes of their failure in France
. . . 337
Effect of the extermination of the Albigenses
. . 338, 339
Defeat of Coligny's schemes for a Huguenot colony in Amer¬
ica
.389
First arrivals of Huguenots in New Netherland
. . 340
Arrivals of Waldenses and Walloons
. 340, 341
Walloon settlements on the Hudson River
. . . 341
Decrees of Louis
XIV.
against Huguenots
. . . 341, 342
The
dragonnades
.342
The Huguenot exodus, and its lamentable results for France
342,
343
Huguenots in Massachusetts
.344, 345
Huguenots in New York
;
beginnings of New
Rochelle
345, 346
The Jay family of
Rochelle,
and their migration to New
York
.346,347
Jay,
Laurens,
and Boudinot
.347
Benjamin's West's picture of the Commissioners
. . 348
Dimensions of the Quaker
exodus
from England
. . . 348
Migration of Mennonites and
Dunkers
to Pennsylvania
. 349
The Ephrata Community
.350
CONTENTS. xv
Migration
of Palatines to New York and Pennsylvania
. 350, 351
Specimen of the Pennsylvania German dialect
. . 351, 352
The name
"
Scotch-Irish
".352
The Scotch planting of Ulster
.353
Exodus of Ulster Presbyterians to America
. 354
Difference between Presbyterians in Scotland and in Ireland
354
Union of the Palatinate and Ulster streams of migration in
the Appalachian region
.354, 355
Fruitfulness of Dutch ideas
.855, 556
Appendix I. Some
Leisler
Documents.
A. Affidavits against Nicholson
.357
B. Leisler's Commission to be Captain of the Fort
. 358
С
Leisler's Commission to be Commander-in-Chief
358, 359
D. Schuyler's Protest against Milborne
. . . 359, 360
E.
Leisler
to the Officers of
Westehester . . .361
F. Leisler
to his Commissioners at Albany
. . 362, 363
6. Leisler
to Governor Sloughter
. 363, 364
H. Dying Speeches of
Leisler
and Milborne
. . 364-369
Appendix II. Chaetek fob the Pkovince of Penn¬
sylvania,
1681.370-386
Index
.387
MAPS.
The Duke's Plan, or a Map of New Amsterdam, in
1661 . 62
From a facsimile in Harvard University Library. The
original manuscript is in the British Museum. A MS.
facsimile, made from the original in
1858
for Dr. G. H.
Moore, is now in the possession of the New York His¬
torical Society, and is the source of all the facsimiles
printed in America.
John Miller's Map of New York in
1695 . 86
From a facsimile in Harvard University Library.
The original MS. is in the British Museum.
Part of Holme's Map of Pennsylvania,
1683 . . . .158
From Winsor's America. The original was printed
and published in London in
1683,
and it has been repub-
lished in Philadelphia in
1846,
and again in
1870.
James Lyne's Map of New York in
1728 . 258
From an original kindly lent by General James Grant
Wilson. I am informed by Mr. Wilberforce Eames that
xvi CONTENTS.
Mr. W.
L.
Andrews has an original without the date,
which corroborates a suspicion that the date
1728
may
have been absent from the map as first issued. Mont-
gomerie's Ward, which appears on the map, was not
created until
1731. |
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