Child poverty and public policy:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
Urban Inst. Press
1993
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 351 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0877666091 0877666105 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Child poverty and public policy |c Judith A. Chafel, ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC |b Urban Inst. Press |c 1993 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Foreword xix
1 Child Poverty: Overview and Outlook Judith A.
Chafel 1
Overview of Chapters 2 through 10 4
2 Profiles of Children and Families in
Poverty Judith S. Musick 9
Background, Method, Sample, and Sources 10
Background 10
Method 11
Sample Characteristics 12
Sources 13
Case Study 1. Lessons of Sex Are Lessons of Self:
Growing up Female in Poverty 14
Description 14
Analysis of the Problem 15
Supports and Resources Available to Families 20
Unresolved Issues 22
Next Steps in Policymaking 22
Lessons from Heart to Heart 23
Case Study 2. Being Better than Good: The Role of
Parents in an Environment of Risk 28
Description 28
Analysis of the Problem 29
Supports and Resources for Poor Parents and
Children: The Case of the School 32
Unresolved Issues 42
Policy Implications 43
Challenges for Public Policy 44
Appendix 2.A: Data Sources 47
xii Contents
3 Who Are the Poor? A Demographic
Perspective WiJIiam H. Scarbrough 55
How is Poverty Defined and What Does it Mean? 56
Problems in Measuring Poverty 58
Composition of Poverty Population and Historical
Trends 63
Age 64
Race/Ethnicity 66
Family Structure 70
Family Size 73
Geographic Locale 75
Dynamics of Child Poverty: Depth and Duration 78
Depth of Child Poverty 78
Duration of Poverty 79
What Does All this Mean? 82
Issues Emanating from the Analyses 84
Poverty Measurement 84
Poverty and Growing Cultural Diversity 85
Policies for Children and Families 86
4 Children of Poverty: Why Are They
Poor? Suzanne M. Bianchi 91
Macroeconomic Conditions and the Trend in Child
Poverty 92
Growing Inequality in Earnings 95
Changing Family Structure 98
Government Income Transfers and Taxation 103
Factors that Decreased Childhood Poverty 105
Urban Ghetto Poverty and the Rural Poor 106
Antipoverty Programs: Cause or Cure of Poverty? 107
Challenges for Public Policy 111
Summary and Conclusion 116
5 Childhood Poverty and Child Maltreatment
Joan I. Vondra 127
Major Findings on Child Maltreatment 129
Poverty as Risk 130
Parental Psychology as Risk 131
Community Resources and Societal Values as
Risk 134
Sociocultural Considerations 136
Contents xiii
Implications for Public Policy 139
Prevention or Intervention? 139
When to Intervene? 146
Goals of Intervention 147
Policy Questions for Future Research 149
Agreeing on Definitions 149
Setting the Scope of Intervention 151
Demonstrating Cost Effectiveness 153
Fostering Collaboration on Solutions 154
Challenges for Public Policy 157
Conclusion 159
6 The Child in Poverty: Enduring Images and
Changing Interpretations Elsie G. J. Moore 167
Deficient Child Perspective 171
Deficient Environment Equals Deficient
Development Perspective 171
Low IQ Equals Hereditary Inadequacy Perspective 177
Culturally Different Child Perspective 182
The At Risk/Vulnerable Child: Deficient Child
Revisited 187
Deficient Child Perspective: Myth in Service of
Inequaltiy 191
Challenges for Social Policy 193
Conclusions 194
7 The 101st Congress: An Emerging Agenda for
Children in Poverty Sandra L. Hofferth 203
The Issues: Low Income Children and Their
Families 203
Self Sufficiency 203
Child Health and Development 204
Window of Opportunity 205
Evolution of Child Care Legislation 206
Setting the Agenda 206
Summary 216
Legislative History of Child Care and Early
Education Provisions in Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1990 217
Early Phase: Writing the ABC Bill and Forming
the Alliance 217
Garnering Support 220
xiv Contents
Middle Phase: Compromise, Division, and Defeat 221
The Final Push—Holding Public Attention and
Making Compromises 224
Child Care and Early Education Legislation Passed
by 101st Congress 22g
Expansion of Tax Credits 226
Child Care and Development Block Grant 227
At Risk Child Care Program 228
Child Care Improvement Grants 228
Head Start 22g
Coordinated Services for Children, Youth, and
Families ^
Child Care and Early Education Legislation Passed
by 102nd Congress 230
Ready to Learn Television Act 23q
Head Start Quality Improvement Act 230
Family Resource Centers 230
Technical Amendments to Child Care and
Development Block Grant 230
Summary 231
Challenges for Public Policy and Clinton
Administration
Challenge of Quality 232
What Are the Priorities for Head Start and Other
Federal Programs? 233
Challenges of Coordination 234
Challenge of State Implementation 234
Parental Leave
Summary and Conclusions 235
Implementation
Coordination
Quality 23g
Conclusion 23g
8 Human Capital: The Biggest Deficit Harold Watts 245
What is Human Capital?
Indicators of Failure and Neglect of Human Capital
Investment
Human Capital Investment and the Parade of
Generations
Social Security Trust Funds—Can We Trust Them? 257
Contents xv
Matching the Surplus with the Deficit 260
A Policy to Redeem Our Promises 263
9 Advocacy for Children in Poverty Judith A.
Chafel and Kevin Condit 273
Advocacy: What Does it Mean? 275
Needed: A Social Policy for Children in Poverty 276
Domestic Agenda Setting 277
Influencing the Legislative Agenda from the Top
Down and the Bottom Up 278
Defining an Issue and Identifying a Target 279
Building a Coalition 281
Creating an Issue Network 282
Coordinating Lobbying Efforts 283
Exerting Pressure on the Legislature 284
Schematic Example: Head Start Teacher Training 286
Philanthropy 288
Recommendations 293
Advocacy Research 293
Reforming Philanthropy 294
Policy Coordination 295
Advocacy Training 296
Conclusion 297
Appendix 9.A: National Organizations Performing
Child Poverty and Child Policy Research and
Advocacy 303
10 Conclusion: Integrating Themes about Child
Poverty in Search of a Solution Judith A. Chafel 327
The Poor Face Remarkable Challenges 328
Poverty Is a Diverse, Complex Phenomenon 332
Empirical Inquiry Is Needed to Illuminate the
Problem of Child Poverty 336
Challenges Exist for Public Policy 340
About the Editor 347
About the Contributors 349
Tables
3.1 Average U.S. Poverty Thresholds by Family Size
and Number of Children Under Age 18: 1991 57
xvi Contents
3.2 Average U.S. Poverty Thresholds: for Four
Person Families, Numbers of Poor Children,
and Poverty Rates Under Alternative Poverty
Measures: 1991 60
3.3 Consequences of Adjusting the Official U.S.
Poverty Measure of Noncash Benefits and
Taxes on the Child Poverty Rate: 1981, 1986,
1991 61
3.4 Cost of Living Indexes and Maximum Monthly
AFDC Benefits for Family of Three in the
United States: 1991 62
3.5 Percentages and Poverty Rates for all Nonwhite
Children and Poor Nonwhite Children, in the
United States: 1960 and 1991 70
3.6 Distribution of all Children and of Poor Children
in the United States by Family Type and Age:
1991 72
3.7 Poverty Rates (and Total Number) for all U.S.
Children by Region and Residence: 1991 76
3.8 Extent of Poverty During First 10 Years of
Childhood for U.S. Children Born in Late
1970s, by Years Spent in Various Living
Arrangements 81
4.1 Children in Mother Only Families by Marital
Status of Mother: United States, 1983 92 99
4.2 Selected Demographic and Socioeconomic
Differences among Children Living with a
Divorced, Separated, or Never Married Mother 100
7.1 Major Federal Programs Supporting Early
Education, Child Care, and Related Services 210
7.2 Major Events in Passage of 1990 Child Care
Legislation 219
Figures
3.1 Poverty Rates, by Age Groups in the United
States: 1959 91 65
3.2 Percentage Distributions of All Children and
Poor Children in the United States by Race/
Ethnicity: 1991 68
3.3 Average Number of Children Living in U.S.
Families by Poverty Status and Year 75
Contents xvii
3.4 Extent of Poverty During First 10 Years of
Childhood for U.S. Children Born Around
1970, by Race 82
4.1 Poverty Rate of U.S. Children: 1939 91 93
4.2 Percentage of Male Workers, Aged 25 to 34, with
Annual Earnings Below Poverty Threshold for
Family of Four: 1969 89 96
9.1 Influencing the Legislative Agenda to Fund Head
Start Teacher Training 287
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| title | Child poverty and public policy |
| title_auth | Child poverty and public policy |
| title_exact_search | Child poverty and public policy |
| title_full | Child poverty and public policy Judith A. Chafel, ed. |
| title_fullStr | Child poverty and public policy Judith A. Chafel, ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Child poverty and public policy Judith A. Chafel, ed. |
| title_short | Child poverty and public policy |
| title_sort | child poverty and public policy |
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