Travel, tourism, and hospitality research: a handbook for managers and researchers
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Wiley
1994
|
Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
Beschreibung: | XXIV, 614 S. graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0471582484 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804123994428801024 |
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adam_text | PART ONE
A Managerial Perspective
CHAPTER 1 3
A Perspective on the Purpose and Nature
of Tourism Research Methods
Clare A. Gunn
The Variety of Tourism Research Needs 3
Role of Objective Research 4
Research Approaches 4
Tourism Requires Multidisciplinary Research 5
Conclusion 8
Suggested Sources of Information 9
CHAPTER 2 13
Roles of Research in Tourism Management
J.R. Brent Ritchie
Research as an Information Source 14
Classification of Management Research 15
Implications of the Research Classification
Framework 16
Conclusion 20
References 21
CHAPTER 3 23
A Decision Design for Tounsm CEOs^ ^
A Typical Example 23
Conclusion 27
References 28
CHAPTER 4 29
Crafting a Destination Vision
J.R, Brent Ritchie
Introduction 29
Level and Nature of Resident Input 30
Strategic Planning and Visioning 31
Crafting a Tourism Vision 31
Crafting a Tourism Vision for Calgary 31
Some Observations on the Crafting
of a Tourism Vision 35
Conclusion 37
References 38
CHAPTER 5 39
Managing the Research Function for Effective
Policy Formulation and Decision Making
Jay Beaman
Scott Meis
Organizational Prerequisites for Effective Research 40
Planning and Resourcing Prescriptions
for the Research Manager 41
Research Coupling Prescriptions 44
Summary and Conclusion 45
References 46
CHAPTER 6 49
International Tourism Policy and Management
David L Edgell, Sr.
Ginger Smith
An Integrative Tourism Policy Decision Making
Model 50
xvii
XVHi Contents
Important Tourism Policy Issues 51
National and International Influences on Tourism
Policy 55
Summary and Conclusion 59
Policy Recommendations 59
References 61
PART TWO
Fundamentals of Travel
and Tourism Research
CHAPTER 7 65
Concepts, Definitions, and Measures Used in
Travel and Tourism Research
Robin A. Chadwick
Travel and Tourism 65
The Movement of People 65
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) 65
A Comprehensive Classification of Travelers 67
Trip Characteristics 69
Units of Measurement in Surveys of Travel and
Tourism 70
Travel and Tourism Industry 72
Travel and Tourism Systems 73
Conclusion 74
References 74
CHAPTER 8 81
Travel and Tourism Information Sources
Charles R. Goeldner
Indexing Services 81
Bibliographies and Finding Guides 82
Data Bases and Documentation Centers 83
Periodicals 84
Trade and Professional Associations 86
Government 86
Yearbooks, Annuals, Handbooks, and Other Sources 87
Some Final Suggestions 88
CHAPTER 9 91
Planning a Tourism Research Investigation
Abraham Pizam
Research Planning—for What Purposes? 91
References 103
CHAPTER 10 105
Demand Forecasting and Estimation
Brian Archer
The Need for Forecasting 105
Choice of Method 105
Forecasting Methods 106
Problems in Tourism and Travel Forecasting 111
Forecasting and Management Decisions 112
References 113
CHAPTER 11 115
Scaling and Attitude Measurement
in Travel and Tourism Research
Gordon H.G. McDougall
Hugh Monro
Attitudes 116
Properties of Scales 118
Attitude Measurement Scales 118
Choosing a Scale 121
Alternative Approaches to Attitude Measurement 124
Special Considerations 125
Attitude Research and Tourism Management 126
Conclusions 127
References 127
CHAPTER 12 131
Issues in Sampling and Sample Design—
A Managerial Perspective
John C. Cannon
Is a Survey Necessary? 131
Types of Samples 132
Applying These Methods 134
Sampling and Nonsampling Errors 135
Issues to Be Considered in Selecting a Sample
Design 136
Selecting a Sample—An Illustration 138
Appendix—Formulae 139
References 142
PART THREE
National, Regional, and
Municipal Perspectives
CHAPTER 13 147
Research in National Tourist Organizations
Gordon D. Taylor
Functions of a National Tourist Organization 147
Research Objectives 148
Stragic and Policy Planning 148
Program Planning 150
Market and Product Analysis 150
Activity Specific 152
Tourism Data Base 152
Research Organization 154
Conclusion 154
CHAPTER 14 155
Tourism Research in European National
Tourist Organizations
Martinus J. Kosters
What Is an NTO? 155
The Changing Packages of Activities of NTOs 156
Relations between the Headquarters and the Office
Abroad 158
Research 158
The European Travel Commission 162
Conclusion 162
References 163
CHAPTER 15 165
Research in State and Provincial Travel Offices
Suzanne D. Cook
Vemon Azucenos
State and Provincial Role in Travel Promotion and
Development 165
Current Levels of State and Provincial Involvement 165
Research Needs at the State and Provincial Level 166
Types of Research Conducted by State and Provincial
Travel Offices 168
Development of a Comprehensive Travel Research
Program 177
References 178
X CHAPTER 16 181
x Research on Urban Tourism Destinations
Uel Blank
Why Research the Urban Area s Tourism Industry? 181
Organizing to Research the Urban Area s Tourism 183
Researching Overall Impact and Markets 184
Putting the Results to Work 189
Contents XIX
Examples of Urban Tourism Research 191
References 192
PART FOUR
Some Disciplinary Perspectives
CHAPTER 17 197
Research on the Geography of Tourism
Lisle S. Mitchell
The Geographic Approach 198
Conceptual Considerations 198
Research Examples 200
Possible Applications 203
Summary 204
Conclusion 204
References 206
CHAPTER 18 209
Developing and Using Psychographics in
Tourism Research
Stanley C. Plog
The Uses and Demands for Psychographic Research 210
Does Personality Research Relate to Travel and
Tourism? 210
Psychographic Research: A Focused Review 211
How to Do Psychographic Research 212
The Inductive/Deductive Method 213
The Sources of Psychographic and Lifestyle
Dimensions 215
The Common Dimensions of Psychographic/Personality
Related Travel Research 216
Conclusion 217
References 217
CHAPTER 19 219
The Political Dimensions of Tourism
Linda K. Rlchter
Host Country Perspectives 219
Political Uses of Tourism 220
Political Problems of Tourism 221
Subnational Political Dimensions of Tourism 223
Host Country Perspectives of the Developing
Nations 224
The Country of Origin 225
XX Contents
International Perspectives 227
Conclusion 229
References 229
CHAPTER 20 233
Anthropological Research on Tourism
Nelson H.H. Graburn
Roland S. Moore
Anthropological Concepts and Methods 233
The Anthropology of Tourists 234
Anthropological Research on the Impacts of Tourism 237
Anthropologists as Consultants 240
References 240
CHAPTER 21 243
Environmental Design and Land Use
Clare A. Gunn
Sustainable Development 244
Environmental Design Criteria 245
Processes 249
Other Environmental Issues 255
Conclusions 257
References 258
PART FIVE
An Industry Sector Perspective
CHAPTER 22 263
Research Needs of Travel Retailers
and Wholesalers
Ed Wohlmuth
Prologue 263
A Changing World 263
The Real World of Research 264
What the Travel Agent Needs to Know 265
Putting Research Opportunities to Work 267
The Research Needs of Wholesalers 270
What the Wholesaler Needs to Know About the
Retailer 271
The Research of Dialogue 272
CHAPTER 23 273
The Convention and Meetings Sector—
Its Operation and Research Needs
James R. Abbey
Carl K. Link
How the Convention Market Operates: Its Size and
Scope 273
What Conventions Mean to a Tourism Area 273
Convention Purchasing—The Buyer s Viewpoint 274
The Seller s Perspective 275
Present Research Efforts in the Convention Industry 275
Future Trends and Research Needs 278
Conclusion 283
References 283
CHAPTER 24 285
Research Needs for Developing
Established Events and Attractions
Carolyn Carey
Research Techniques 285
Ongoing Marketing Research 286
Special Research Studies 287
The Research Needs of the Events
and Attractions Industry 288
Implementation of the Research Needs for Events
and Attractions 289
References 290
CHAPTER 25 291
A Framework of Tourist Attraction Research
Alan A. Lew
The Tourist Attraction 291
A Comprehensive Framework 292
Application of the Framework to Past Research 297
Conclusion 302
References 302
CHAPTER 26 305
Research Needs of the
Restaurant Industry
Robert P. Olson
Uel Blank
The Role of Restaurants and the Food Service
Industry 305
Definitions: Know What You Are Dealing With! 306
Researching the Individual Restaurant Operation 306
Researching the Restaurant Industry 310
References 313
CHAPTER 27 315
Tourism Research Needs in the Personal
Transportation Modes: A 1990s Perspective
Lawrence F. Cunningham
Introduction 315
Chapter Scope 315
Priorities for Research Issues in Personal Motor Vehicle
Tourism 316
What Are the Major Market Segments among Personal
Motor Vehicle Tourists? 317
Planning and Decision Making 318
Timing of Trips 318
Trip Habits 319
The International Arena 319
Canada and Mexico 319
Conclusion 321
References 322
CHAPTER 28 327
Research Needs in the Intercity Bus
and Rail Transportation Industry
Stuart N. Robinson
Regulation 327
Competition 328
Market Research Responsibilities 328
Market Research Management 331
The Future 332
References 332
CHAPTER 29 335
Research Needs of the Lodging Industry
Stephen J. Hiemstra
Introduction 335
Trends in the Lodging Industry 336
Projections of Sales and Employment 337
Labor Issues 338
Assessment of Impacts of Room Taxes 339
Yield Management Systems 340
Market Segmentation 341
Advertisement and Promotion 342
Summary and Conclusion 342
References 343
CHAPTER 30 345
Research Needs of Small Tourism Enterprises
Tyrrell Marris
Who Is In Tourism? 345
Who Needs Research? 346
Starting to Research: Internal Sources 346
Starting to Research: External Sources 347
Doing Your Own Research 347
Conclusion 349
References 350
Appendix 1 The Mini survey 351
Appendix 2 The Occupancy Survey 353
Record Form for Monthly Occupancies and Arrivals 354
PART SIX
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS
OF TOURISM
CHAPTER 31 359
Assessing the Economic Impacts of Travel
and Tourism—Introduction to Travel Economic
Impact Estimation
Douglas C. Frechtling
Direct and Other Impacts 360
Economic Models 360
Definitions and Data 360
Travelers and Visitors 360
Impact Estimation Approaches 361
Criteria for Evaluating Economic Impact Methods 361
Economic Benefits of Travel and Tourism 362
Economic Costs of Travel and Tourism 363
Uses of Economic Impact Studies 365
References 365
CHAPTER 32 367
Assessing the Impacts of Travel and Tourism—
Measuring Economic Benefits
Douglas C. Frechtling
Travel Expenditure Estimation Methods 367
Simulation Models of Travel s Economic Benefits 375
Secondary Economic Benefits 382
Tourism Impact Multipliers 382
Multiplier Estimation Methods 384
Other Issues 387
Conclusion 387
References 388
CHAPTER 33 393
Assessing the Impacts of Travel and Tourism—
Measuring Economic Costs
Douglas C. Frechtling
Incidental Costs 393
Secondary Incidental Costs 394
Distributional Effects 396
Measurement 396
Other Issues 399
Comparing Benefits and Costs 400
The Social Rate of Discount 400
Conclusions 401
References 402
CHAPTER 34 403
Evaluating the Human Resource
(Employment) Requirements and Impacts
of Tourism Developments
Randyl D. Elkin
Randall S. Roberts
Introduction 404
Job Analysis 405
Projections and Forecasts 406
Travel Employment Impact Models 411
References 412
CHAPTER 35 413
The Social Impact of Tourism on Developing
Regions and Its Measurement
Louise Crandall
The Potential Social Impacts of Tourism on Developing
Nations 414
Methodologies of Social Impact Assessment 417
Summary and Conclusion 421
References 422
CHAPTER 36 425
Frameworks for Assessing Tourism s
Environmental Impacts
Peter W. Williams
Introduction 425
Tourism and Environmental Impact 426
Methodological Constraints 427
Methodological Approaches 427
Techniques of Analysis 428
Summary 431
Carrying Capacity 431
Future Carrying Capacity Research Directions 433
Conclusion 434
References 434
CHAPTER 37 437
Event Tourism: Evaluating the Impacts
Donald Getz
Introduction 437
Approaches to Assessing Event Impacts 437
Common Misleading Presumptions about Event
Impacts 439
Use and Abuses of Multipliers 442
Recommended Impact Evaluation Process 444
Conclusion 449
References 449
PART SEVEN
DATA COLLECTION METHODS OF
PARTICULAR RELEVANCE
CHAPTER 38 453
En Route Surveys
Fred Hurst
Introduction 453
Household Surveys vs. En Route Surveys 454
En Route Methodology 454
Considering a First Survey 456
Sleuthing for Bias 458
Summary 462
An Example of the En Route Survey Method 462
Questionnaire Design 464
Sampling Plan 466
Sample Size 468
Nonresponse Problems 469
Sampling Error 470
References 470
CHAPTER 39 473
The Delphi Technique: A Tool for Long Range
Travel and Tourism Planning
George H. Moeller
Elwood L Shafer
Why Study the Future? 473
The Uncertainty Barrier 474
Futures Methodologies 474
The Delphi Technique 475
An Example—Application of Delphi to Recreation
Evaluation 477
Implications of Futures Perspectives 479
References 479
CHAPTER 40 481
Using Panels for Travel and Tourism Research
Wilbur F. LaPage
Panels for Trend Monitoring 481
Panels for Test Marketing 482
Panels for Future Assessment 483
Advantages and Disadvantages of Panels 483
Design and Maintenance of Panels 484
Summary and Conclusions 485
References 486
CHAPTER 41 487
Qualitative Research Methods for the Travel
and Tourism Industry
Karen Ida Peterson
What Is Qualitative Research? 487
What Purposes Does Qualitative Research Serve? 487
What Are the Limitations of Qualitative Research? 488
What Are the Techniques of Qualitative Research? 489
What Makes Good Qualitative Research Studies? 489
References 491
CHAPTER 42 493
The Nominal Group Technique—Applications
in Tourism Research
J.R. Brent Ritchie
Nominal Group Technique 493
An Application of NGT to Tourism Research and
Planning 494
Analysis of NGT Data 495
Other Applications of NGT 496
Strengths and Weaknesses of NGT as a Planning and
Research Methodology 498
Conclusion 501
References 501
CHAPTER 43 503
Model Building and Simulation
James M. Rovelstad
Scope and Limitations 503
What is Modeling? 503
Uses of Models in Travel 505
Examples of Modeling Applications 507
Models and Management 509
Conclusion 511
References 511
CHAPTER 44 513
Conjoint Analysis in Travel Research:
A Manager s Guide
John D. Claxton
UserTrade Offs 513
Conjoint Analysis 514
Travel Related Applications 517
A Manager s Perspective 518
References 522
CHAPTER 45 523
Multidimensional Scaling and Tourism
Research
Mark Fenton
Philip Pearce
Introduction 523
Measures of Proximity 524
MDS Studies in Tourism Research 527
References 531
PART EIGHT
SPECIAL MARKETING
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 46 537
Assessing the Effectiveness of Persuasive
Communications in Tourism
Thomas Lea Davidson
What is Advertising Evaluation Research? 537
Conversion Studies: An Exception 538
What Does the Marketing Manager Need? 539
What Are the Key Questions for the Marketing
Manager? 539
Conclusion 542
An Addendum 542
References 543
CHAPTER 47 545
Improving Advertising
Conversion Studies
Arch G. Woodside
Ilkka A. Ronkainen
Improving Advertising Conversion Studies 545
The Research Process 548
Data Analysis 551
Applications 551
Conclusion 554
References 556
CHAPTER 48 559
Evaluating Tourism Advertising Campaigns:
Conversion vs. Advertising Tracking Studies
William Siegel
William Ziff Levine
The Conversion Model 560
The Advertising Tracking Model 560
The Advertising Tracking Study 562
Conclusion 563
References 564
CHAPTER 49 565
Methods of Accountability Research
for Destination Marketing
Richard R. Perdue
Barry E. Pitegoff
Marketing Communications in Tourism 565
Overall Guidelines for Accountability Research 566
Evaluating Promotional Efforts Aimed at Influencing the
Consumer Prior to Leaving Home 567
Evaluating Promotional Efforts Aimed at Influencing the
Consumer While En Route to the Destination
Area 569
Evaluating Promotional Efforts Aimed at Influencing the
Consumer after Arriving in the Destination Area 569
Conclusion 570
References 570
CHAPTER 50 573
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Travel
Trade Shows and Other Tourism Sales
Promotion Techniques
Abraham Pizam
Prevalence of Sales Promotion in the Industry 573
Proposed Methods of Measuring Promotion
Effectiveness 575
Conclusion 581
References 581
CHAPTER 51 583
Guidelines for the Study of International
Tourism Demand Using Regression Analysis
Geoffrey I. Crouch
Understanding the Demand for International Tourism 583
Choosing a Regression Technique 584
Model Form 587
Selecting and Defining Variables 588
Locating Data 590
Interpreting Results 591
Conclusion 592
References 593
CHAPTER 52 597
Estimating the Potential of International
Markets
Don Wynegar
Definitions 598
Quantitative Factors Index 598
Qualitative/Refining Factors Index 603
Cumulative Market Evaluation Index 605
Other Evaluative Factors 606
References 606
INDEX 607
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spelling | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers eds.: J. R. Brent Ritchie ... 2. ed. New York u.a. Wiley 1994 XXIV, 614 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Hospitalité ram Recherche ram Tourisme - Recherche Tourisme ram Voyages ram Tourism Research Tourismusforschung (DE-588)4218983-4 gnd rswk-swf Tourismusforschung (DE-588)4218983-4 s DE-604 Ritchie, J. R. Brent 1942- Sonstige (DE-588)128567139 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006381343&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers Hospitalité ram Recherche ram Tourisme - Recherche Tourisme ram Voyages ram Tourism Research Tourismusforschung (DE-588)4218983-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4218983-4 |
title | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers |
title_auth | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers |
title_exact_search | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers |
title_full | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers eds.: J. R. Brent Ritchie ... |
title_fullStr | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers eds.: J. R. Brent Ritchie ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers eds.: J. R. Brent Ritchie ... |
title_short | Travel, tourism, and hospitality research |
title_sort | travel tourism and hospitality research a handbook for managers and researchers |
title_sub | a handbook for managers and researchers |
topic | Hospitalité ram Recherche ram Tourisme - Recherche Tourisme ram Voyages ram Tourism Research Tourismusforschung (DE-588)4218983-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Hospitalité Recherche Tourisme - Recherche Tourisme Voyages Tourism Research Tourismusforschung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006381343&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT ritchiejrbrent traveltourismandhospitalityresearchahandbookformanagersandresearchers |