An historical geography of France:
France, under its modern name, was born around the year 1000 AD; but its territory, loosely delineated by the natural boundaries of mountains and rivers, was first marked out and unified by the Roman Conquest. For centuries it was only the strong tradition of national feeling that united this large...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English French |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge u.a.
Cambridge Univ. Press u.a.
1994
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge studies in historical geography
21 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | France, under its modern name, was born around the year 1000 AD; but its territory, loosely delineated by the natural boundaries of mountains and rivers, was first marked out and unified by the Roman Conquest. For centuries it was only the strong tradition of national feeling that united this large amorphous body. France of the Modern Age was little more than an ideological concept. Its development as a more complex geographical area was not achieved until a relatively late date The industrial revolution, the development of transportation, and increasing centralization led to the emergence of agricultural and industrial specialization, and the appearance of hierarchically ordered urban networks. The homogenization of the top cultural stratum had been assured by the Counter-Reformation and the main royal routes, but beneath this there was a profound diversity of popular culture. The fragmentations caused by the traumas of revolution brought about a religious and electoral geography which had astonishing cultural stability. Maximum diversification was achieved between 1875 and 1914 despite political centralization. In the twentieth century the picture becomes simpler The second agricultural revolution has put paid to many regional specializations, and the triumph of the audiovisual is bringing about a profound unification of cultures and behaviours. The resulting unity will overwrite the fragmentations of the past |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 563 S. zahlr. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521322081 2735105350 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Cambridge studies in historical geography |v 21 | |
| 520 | 3 | |a France, under its modern name, was born around the year 1000 AD; but its territory, loosely delineated by the natural boundaries of mountains and rivers, was first marked out and unified by the Roman Conquest. For centuries it was only the strong tradition of national feeling that united this large amorphous body. France of the Modern Age was little more than an ideological concept. Its development as a more complex geographical area was not achieved until a relatively late date | |
| 520 | |a The industrial revolution, the development of transportation, and increasing centralization led to the emergence of agricultural and industrial specialization, and the appearance of hierarchically ordered urban networks. The homogenization of the top cultural stratum had been assured by the Counter-Reformation and the main royal routes, but beneath this there was a profound diversity of popular culture. The fragmentations caused by the traumas of revolution brought about a religious and electoral geography which had astonishing cultural stability. Maximum diversification was achieved between 1875 and 1914 despite political centralization. In the twentieth century the picture becomes simpler | ||
| 520 | |a The second agricultural revolution has put paid to many regional specializations, and the triumph of the audiovisual is bringing about a profound unification of cultures and behaviours. The resulting unity will overwrite the fragmentations of the past | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123950669627392 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | AN HISTORICAL
GEOGRAPHY OF FRANCE
XAVIER DE PLANHOL
University of Paris-Sorbonne
with the collaboration of
PAUL CLAVAL
University of Paris-Sorbonne
translated by
JANET LLOYD
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
EDITIONS DE LA MAISON DES SCIENCES DE L HOMME
Contents
List of figures page xviii
Preface xxi
Part I The genesis of France 1
1 The isthmus of Gaul 3
The Celtic space 5
Before the Celts: prehistoric civilizations S
Celts, Ligurians, Iberians 6
Gaul 8
The geographical face of Gaul: The peoples; The frontiers;
Population density; Rural settlement and agrarian
landscapes; The social structure and system of
land-ownership; The towns 10
A united Gaul? 22
Marseilles and the tin routes 25
The earliest trading routes between the Mediterranean and
north-western Europe 26
The geographical significance of the foundation of Marseilles 26
The expansion of Marseilles and its colonies 27
Marseilles, trade and the tin routes 29
Greek influence in Gaul 32
2 The impact of Rome 34
The spatial organization of Gaul 34
The Province 34
The Rhine frontier 35
The network of roads 37
Internal subdivisions: The Three Gauls; Peoples and cities 39
Adjustments to the urban fabric: New creations; Site
switches; Changes in the hierarchy of cities 41
The unification of Gaul - 45
xi
xii Contents
Rome and the geographical face of Gaul 46
The structure and design of the cities 46
The mark left by Rome upon the rural landscape: The
centuriation system; The spread of large estates (yillae);
The rural Gallo-Roman countryside: the predominance of
open fields 47
New types of cultivation: the slow expansion of vineyards 53
From Gaul to France 58
The evolution of settlement 58
The new linguistic frontier to the north and the east 58
Germanic settlement beyond the linguistic frontier: The
archaeological data; The evidence of toponymy; Local
situations: conclusions 60
The impact on land use and the landscape 67
The decrease in population and its consequences 67
The stability and the decline of towns: name changes 68
Changes in the rural landscape 70
The new organization of the territory 73
The fragmentation of the Late Empire 73
The persistence of Aquitaine 75
The state of the Burgondes and the origins of Burgundy 76
The Franks: a shift in the centre of political gravity 79
Peripheral constructions of an ethnic nature: The failures: the
Saxons and the Muslims; The successes: the Bretons and
the Normans 83
The birth of France 90
The Verdun division 90
A vertical division 90
Was the aim to achieve a geographical balance? 91
Or was it purely a matter of historical chance? 92
France: the name and the image 93
The name 93
The concept: its territorial evolution 94
The scholarly and religious aspects of the concept 98
The image and its symbols 101
The emergence of a sense of nationhood 104
The frontiers of France 108
The frontier of the four rivers 108
The absence of any idea of a natural frontier in the Middle
Ages and at the beginning of the modern period 109
The natural frontiers: the concept and the realization 111
An artificial boundary: the northern and north-eastern frontier 115
Conclusion to Part I 117
Contents xiii
Part II The traditional organization of the territory of France 119
5 The major divisions 122
The great cultural divisions 122
Linguistic zones: The medieval genesis of the written
languages; The linguistic map of France; Langue d oc and
langue d o il; Franco-Provencal and the concept of a
mid-Roman area of influence; The structure of the langue
d o il dialects; The langue d oc dialects 122
North and south 129
The establishment of the major contrasts in landscape and
settlement 134
The development of the openfield community system: factors
and processes 135
The geographical extension and limits of the communal
openfield system 137
The west and the south: Residual landscapes of dispersed
medieval settlement; Late medieval forms of collective
organization in settlements in the west and the south; Two
particular regional cases: southern Aquitaine and Brittany;
The special features of the Mediterranean countryside: the
development of hilltop settlements; Plot-patterns and
landscapes 141
Social and economic repercussions 151
Literacy 152
Societies and living standards: regions of affluence and
regions of poverty 153
6 The secondary divisions 159
Spatial organization: territorial units 159
Two levels of organization: pays and provinces 159
The historic pays : from the pagus to the pays 163
The provinces: From the Gallo-Roman cities to the
provinces; The structure of the historic regions; the model
of northern France A productive central area with
unproductive margins; The structure of the historic
regions: the ill-defined area of Aquitaine and its margins;
The structure of the historic regions: route intersections in
the Rhone valley and the Alps; The structure of the
historic regions: between the mountains and the
Mediterranean 167
The range of a jurist and the range of a horseman 186
Perceived space 197
The organization of space as it was perceived by its
inhabitants 197
xiv Contents
Natural names: Unnamed space; The meaning and resonance
of natural names; From the territory as officially organized
to the natural territory as humanly perceived; Conclusion:
a utilitarian concept 197
The spatial framework of daily life 206
The framework of rural life 206
The framework of life for city-dwellers Relations between
town and countryside; The distribution of property owned
by urban landlords; The basins of demographic attraction;
Commercial fields of influence and sources of supply; The
loose control exercised by the towns over the countryside 208
The beginnings of agricultural specialization 216
Monoculture and polyculture 216
Areas devoted to staple crops: The earliest estates under
cereal cultivation: wheat, rye and buckwheat; The maize
revolution ; The chestnut groves; The potato 217
Sectors of specialized agriculture: The necessary conditions
for the introduction of specialized crops; Flanders; Alsace;
The Loire valley; Urban agricultural regions 223
The evolution of regions devoted to viticulture: The early
Middle Ages: the vineyards survived but trade declined or
disappeared; The revival of south-north trade in the late
Middle Ages: the first high-quality vineyards; The
maritime expansion of northern sources of supply: the
Atlantic seaboard and the development of the vineyards of
Bordeaux; The absence of commercial viticulture in
Mediterranean regions up until the modern period; The
decline of the northern vineyards in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries; The origin of the greatest wines 226
Dispersed industry 233
Spontaneous industry and organized industry 233
The distribution of the principal branches of industry 234
The industrial scene in the regions 237
Traditional industry and the countryside 240
Conclusion to Part II: The beginnings of a territory with a
spirit of its own? 240
Part III The centralization and diversification of the French space 245
7 Paris and the Parisian centralization 247
The development of Paris 247
The geographical conditions: The gap routes; The route
across the Seine 247
Stages in the city s political destiny: Paris before the
Germanic invasions; After the Germanic invasions: the
emergence of a political role; The Capetian capital 251
Contents xv
The heart of France 254
Paris sphere of influence: the formation of its population 256
The geographical impact of the growth of Paris 259
The Parisian agricultural sphere of influence: A fruit- and
vegetable-producing belt; The evolution of the vineyards;
The market for dairy produce: butter and cheeses; The
large agricultural units of the Ile-de-France; The large
wooded massifs of the Parisian region 259
The centralization of communication routes: The roads; The
railways 269
Paris, the cultural capital of France 273
Conclusion 275
Cultural action and reaction: unity and diversity 276
The achievement of cultural unity 276
Songs and stories 276
Enlightenment and language 279
Rationalized space: the organization of the departments 281
The Tour of France 285
The differences 293
Variations on a theme: the arts, costumes and dances:
Popular art; Costumes; Dances 293
From regional cultures to regionalism: Local cultures and
regional cultures; The birth and development of peripheral
cultures; The appearance of cultural regionalism; The late
emergence of political regionalism and its significance 307
The emergence of different regional and political attitudes:
The map of religious practices; The map of political
attitudes; A tentative interpretation 326
Rejections: Protestantism in the Cevennes; The revolts in the
west: Vendee 338
The economic differentiation of space 345
A new map of land use: the development of agricultural
specializations 346
Transformations in the agriculture of southern France 346
The development of the vineyards of Languedoc: Before the
end of the seventeenth century: hillside vineyards designed
to supply local needs; The first extension of the vineyards:
the beginnings of large-scale trade; The appearance of
vineyards on a massive scale (1830-75); The phylloxera
crisis and the definitive establishment of mass vineyards 348
Repercussions on the vineyards of northern France 350
Dairy farming and livestock rearing: The selection of
pastoral areas; Systems of pastoral production; The
establishment of different breeds of animals 353
xvi Contents
Reafforestation: The mountains of southern France; The
plains; The Landes of Gascony; The Sologne area; The
Orleans forest and the Champagne plain 359
From dispersed industry to industrial regions 365
The decline of dispersed industry 366
The new industrial centres 369
The large urban industrial complexes 371
A great market: the geographical development and
establishment of commercial brands 374
The development of the fame of local products 374
The expansion of manufacturing areas 377
10 The rural exodus and urbanization 380
The completion of the urban network 380
The modern period: providing a frame for the national
territory 380
The nineteenth and twentieth centuries: industrial towns and
leisure towns 383
From the countryside to the towns 385
Temporary migrations 385
The rural exodus: Rural depopulation; Emigration and
natural population change; The rhythms of migration 393
The geographical aspects of urban growth 400
The process of urbanization: rhythms and categories 400
The factors of urbanization 402
Geographical consequences: new regional dynamism 405
The formation of the urban networks 406
The historical development of the process 406
The principles of hierarchical development 410
Conclusion: The France of Ardouin-Dumazet 412
11 The France of large organizations (by Paul Claval) 415
Modernization: the specific features of the French experience 416
Conditions of unequal favourability 416
Under the Second Empire, advantages began to be exploited 417
Enduring social divisions and modernization 418
Complex and relatively divided elite groups: The land was
still an essential source of wealth and prestige; The
nineteenth-century elites included some civil servants; For
a long time, trade constituted a world apart; The
manufacturing world 419
Strategies of continuity and survival 422
Popular classes passionately devoted to independence yet
with little ambition 423
Checks upon the homogenization of the territory 426
The stages of social decongestion 428
A new geography of political attitudes 430
Contents xvii
The geographical conditions of modernization 432
Specialization and social structures 432
The role of the local environment 433
The effects of historical legacies and accidents 435
The stages of progressive modernization and the
establishment of big business: The hesitancies of the early
nineteenth century; The turning point of the beginning of
the Second Empire; 1865-85: twenty difficult years; The
major wave of innovations: 1885-1914; The First World
War and the inter-war period 438
The glorious thirty years or France at last won over to
modernity 442
Eminently favourable circumstances 442
The new face of agriculture 444
An industrial France at last 449
A new universe of movement and communications 453
The art of living and the landscape 457
General conclusion 466
Notes 469
Guide to further reading 504
Bibliography 506
Index 533
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Planhol, Xavier de 1926-2016 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)119480549 |
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| author_role | aut |
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| author_variant | x d p xd xdp |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DC20 |
| callnumber-raw | DC20.5.P5813 1993 |
| callnumber-search | DC20.5.P5813 1993 |
| callnumber-sort | DC 220.5 P5813 41993 |
| callnumber-subject | DC - France, Andorra, Monaco |
| classification_rvk | ND 8040 NK 2000 RN 20820 |
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| dewey-full | 911/.44 911/.4420 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 911 - Historical geography |
| dewey-raw | 911/.44 911/.44 20 |
| dewey-search | 911/.44 911/.44 20 |
| dewey-sort | 3911 244 |
| dewey-tens | 910 - Geography and travel |
| discipline | Geschichte Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-824 DE-703 DE-29 DE-20 DE-521 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-824 DE-703 DE-29 DE-20 DE-521 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXIII, 563 S. zahlr. Kt. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press u.a. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Cambridge studies in historical geography |
| series2 | Cambridge studies in historical geography |
| spelling | Planhol, Xavier de 1926-2016 Verfasser (DE-588)119480549 aut Géographie historique de la France An historical geography of France Xavier de Planhol 1. publ. Cambridge u.a. Cambridge Univ. Press u.a. 1994 XXIII, 563 S. zahlr. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge studies in historical geography 21 France, under its modern name, was born around the year 1000 AD; but its territory, loosely delineated by the natural boundaries of mountains and rivers, was first marked out and unified by the Roman Conquest. For centuries it was only the strong tradition of national feeling that united this large amorphous body. France of the Modern Age was little more than an ideological concept. Its development as a more complex geographical area was not achieved until a relatively late date The industrial revolution, the development of transportation, and increasing centralization led to the emergence of agricultural and industrial specialization, and the appearance of hierarchically ordered urban networks. The homogenization of the top cultural stratum had been assured by the Counter-Reformation and the main royal routes, but beneath this there was a profound diversity of popular culture. The fragmentations caused by the traumas of revolution brought about a religious and electoral geography which had astonishing cultural stability. Maximum diversification was achieved between 1875 and 1914 despite political centralization. In the twentieth century the picture becomes simpler The second agricultural revolution has put paid to many regional specializations, and the triumph of the audiovisual is bringing about a profound unification of cultures and behaviours. The resulting unity will overwrite the fragmentations of the past Historische geografie gtt Human geography -- France Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 gnd rswk-swf Frankreich France -- Historical geography Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 gnd rswk-swf Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 g Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 s DE-604 Cambridge studies in historical geography 21 (DE-604)BV000005439 21 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam025/92045912.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam028/92045912.html Table of contents HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006352113&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Planhol, Xavier de 1926-2016 An historical geography of France Cambridge studies in historical geography Historische geografie gtt Human geography -- France Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4025103-2 (DE-588)4018145-5 |
| title | An historical geography of France |
| title_alt | Géographie historique de la France |
| title_auth | An historical geography of France |
| title_exact_search | An historical geography of France |
| title_full | An historical geography of France Xavier de Planhol |
| title_fullStr | An historical geography of France Xavier de Planhol |
| title_full_unstemmed | An historical geography of France Xavier de Planhol |
| title_short | An historical geography of France |
| title_sort | an historical geography of france |
| topic | Historische geografie gtt Human geography -- France Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Historische geografie Human geography -- France Historische Geografie Frankreich France -- Historical geography |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam025/92045912.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam028/92045912.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006352113&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005439 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT planholxavierde geographiehistoriquedelafrance AT planholxavierde anhistoricalgeographyoffrance |