Biochemistry of microbial degradation:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 590 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0792322738 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biochemistry of microbial degradation |c ed. by Colin Ratledge |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123743538118656 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | biochemistry of microbial
degradation
Edited by
COLIN RATLEDGE
Department of Applied Biology, University of Hull, Hull, U K
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Contents
Preface xvii
1 Biodegradation of components of petroleum
P Morgan and R J Watkinson 1
I Introduction 1
A Composition of petroleum 1
B Biodegradation of crude oil and oil products 2
II Uptake of hydrocarbons by microorganisms 5
III Degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons 7
A Aerobic degradation 7
1 n-Alkanes 7
2 Branched alkanes 9
3 Alkenes 11
B Anaerobic degradation 12
1 Alkanes 12
2 Alkenes 13
IV Degradation of cycloaliphatic compounds 14
V Degradation of nitrogen-, sulphur- and oxygen-containing •
components (NSO) of petroleum 17
A Aerobic degradation • 17
1 Sulphur-containing compounds 17
2 Oxygen-containing compounds 19
B Anaerobic degradation 19
VI Genetics of biodegradation 21
A Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons 21
B Sulphur-and oxygen-containing compounds 23
VII Relevance of petroleum component biodegradation 24
A Fate of oil in the environment 24
B Biotechnological applications 24
VIII Conclusions 25
vi Contents
2 Microbial metabolism and transformation of selected monoterpenes
P W Trudgill 33
I Introduction 33
II Current studies 34
III Cytochrome P450 oxygenases and monoterpene metabolism 36
IV l,8-Cineoleandl,4-cineole 37
A Metabolism of 1,8-cineole by Pseudomonas flava 38
1 Metabolite accumulation 38
B Metabolism of 1,8-cineole by Rhodococcus Cl 38
1 Metabolite accumulation 38
2 1,8-Cineolehydroxylation 40
3 6-£ndo-hydroxycineoledehydrogenase 40
4 Further metabolism of 6-oxocineole 40
5 Reaction with partially purified 6-oxocineole oxygenase 40
6 Chemical Baeyer--Villiger oxygenation of 6-oxocineole 41
7 2,5-Diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase and 6-oxocineole 41
8 Reaction sequence and ring cleavage 42
C Metabolism of 1,4-cineole 44
D Biotechnological applications of microbial cineole metabolism 44
V a-Pinene and car-3-ene 45
A Introduction 45
B Early studies of a-pinene metabolism by Pseudomonas strains 46
C a-Pinene metabolism by P fluorescens NCIMB 11671 47
D a-Pinene metabolism by Nocardia sp strain P18 3 48
E Distribution of catabolic pathways for a-pinene 48
F a-Pinene epoxide lyase 50
1 Purification from Nocardia P18 3 50
2 Purification from P putida PX1 50
3 Inhibition studies with atebrin and related compounds 51
G Industrial application and biotechnological manipulation 52
VI Metabolism of monoterpenes by fungi 53
A Biotransformations by fungi cultured in rich media 53
B Transformations by fungi in the environment 54
1 Armillariella mellea, other fungi and bark beetle pheromones 54
2 Botrytis cinerea, monterpenes and wines 57
3 Formation and function of biosurfactants for degradation of
water-insoluble substrates
R K Hommel 63
I Introduction 63
II Structures of extracellular amphiphiles 64
A Bioemulsifiers 64
B Structures of biosurfactants 65
1 Glycolipids 65
2 Acylpolyols 68
3 Lipopeptides 70
Contents vii
III Biosynthetic routes to biosurfactants 70
A Glycolipids ~ 71
B Acylpolyols 73
C Lipopeptides 74
IV Microbial growth and kinetics of biosurfactant formation 76
A Models of alkane uptake 76
B Growth and biosurfactant production 77
V Biosurfactants in natural habitats 80
4 Biodegradation of oils, fats and fatty acids
C Ratledge 89
I Introduction 89
II Microbial utilization of oils and fats 91
A Utilization of triacylglycerols 91
B Utilization of fatty acids 94
C Assimilation of fatty acids from triacylglycerols 97
III Lipases and phospholipases 101
A Lipases 101
1 Reactions of lipases 102
2 Genetic studies 106
3 Molecular structures 108
B Phospholipases 110
IV Uptake and oxidation of fatty acids 112
A Transport processes 112
B Activation of fatty acids 114
C (J-Oxidation of saturated fatty acids 115
1 Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase/oxidase 115
2 2,3-Enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase) 117
3 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 117
4 3-Oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (thiolase) 117
D (3-Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids 118
E Non-mitochondrial organization of (3-oxidation cycle enzymes 120
F Other routes of fatty acid oxidation 123
1 Formation of methyl ketones in fungi 123
2 a-Oxidation 124
3 a -Oxidation 125
4 (w-l)and(a)-2)-Oxidation 127
5 Mid-chain Oxidations 128
5 Biodegradation of anionic surfactants and related molecules
G F White and N J Russell 143
I Introduction 143
II An overview of surfactant biodegradation 145
III Biodegradation pathways, enzymes and mechanisms 148
viii Contents
A Alkyl sulphates 148
1 Pathways of primary and ultimate biodegradation 148
2 Enzymology of alkyl sulphate biodegradation 150
3 Primary alkylsulphatases 151
4 Secondary alkylsulphatases 153
5 Alkylsulphatase mechanism 154
6 Alkylsulphatase regulation 158
7 Conclusions 160
B Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates 161
1 Overall biodegradation pathway 161
2 Alkyl chain biodegradation 161
3 Desulphonation and ring cleavage 163
4 Consortia 166
5 Genetics 166
C Aliphatic sulphonates 167
D Alkyl ethoxy sulphates 169
IV Postscript 171
6 Biochemistry and physiology of the degradation of nitrilotriacetic
acid and other metal complexing agents
T Egli 179
I Introduction 179
II Nitrilotriacetic acid 180
A NTA-degrading microorganisms 180
B Biochemistry of NTA degradation 181
1 Transport of NTA 181
2 Initial oxidation of NTA 183
3 NTA monooxygenase 183
4 NTA dehydrogenase 186
5 Iminodiacetate dehydrogenase 188
C Growth physiology of NT A-degrading bacteria 189
III Other chelating agents 191
A Aminopolycarboxylic acids • 191
B Phosphonates 192
7 Enzymes and mechanisms involved in microbial cellulolysis
T M Wood and V Garcia-Campayo 197
I Introduction 197
II Fungal cellulases 198
A Cellulases of aerobic fungi 198
1 Composition of the cellulase system 198
2 Classification of the enzymes 199
3 Distinguishing features of cellobiohydrolases type I and II 200
4 Mode of action of the cellobiohydrolases 202
5 Properties of the endoglucanases 204
Contents ix
6 Oxidative enzymes 206
7 Synergism between enzyme components 207
B Cellulases of anaerobic fungi 211
C Cellulases of bacteria 212
III Structure/functional relationships in fungal and
bacterial cellulases 216
IV Stereochemical course of hydrolysis by cellulases 222
V Conclusions 222
8 Biodegradation of lignin and hemicelluloses
T W Jeffries 233
I Introduction 233
II Hemicellulose 234
A Assay systems 234
B Classification 237
C Thermophilic hemicellulases 238
D Alkaline active xylanases 239
E p-Xylosidase 239
F Mannanases and galactanases 239
G Accessory enzymes for hemicellulose utilization 240
III Lignin 242
A Lignin-degrading enzymes 244
B Lignin degradation in whole cell cultures 245
C Degradation by cell-free enzyme systems 247
D Role of glycosides in lignin degradation 248
IV Lignin-carbohydrate complexes 250
A Fractionation of lignin and carbohydrate in wood 251
B Isolation of LCCs 252
C Chemical characteristics of LC bonds 253
D Ferulic and p-coumaric ester side chains 257
E Frequency and stability of LC bonds 259
F Residual lignin in kraft pulp ~ 259
G Biodegradation of LCCs 261
1 Residual LC structures after exhaustive enzymatic digestion 263
2 Solubilization of LCC by microbial activity 264
V Enzymatic treatments of pulps 266
VI Conclusions 267
9 Physiology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan
G W Gooday 279
I Introduction: chitin and chitosan 279
II Pathways of chitin degradation 281
III Identification and assay of chitinolytic activities 282
IV Autolytic and morphogenetic chitinolysis 283
V Nutritional chitinolysis 286
x Contents
A Bacteria 286
B Fungi 289
C Slime moulds, protozoa and algae 289
VI Chitinolysis in pathogenesis and symbiosis 290
VII Degradation of chitosan 293
VIII Biotechnology of chitinases and chitosanases 294
A Cloning of chitinase genes 295
B Uses of chitinases and chitosanases 297
C Uses of chitinolytic organisms in biocontrol 298
IX Specific inhibitors of chitinases 298
X Sequence homologies of chitinases 299
XI Conclusions 302
10 Biodegradation of starch and a-glycan polymers
M V Ramesh, B C Saha, S P Mathupala, S Podkovyrov
andJ G Zeikus 313
I Introduction 313
A Starch and related polymers 313
B Microbes degrading a-glycans 314
C Comparison of amylosaccharidase activities 316
II Microbial amylosaccharidase synthesis, regulation, and localization 318
A Aerobic fungi and bacteria 318
B Thermophilic anaerobic bacteria 320
III Biochemistry of amylosaccharidases 322
A General features and thermostability 322
B Mechanism of hydrolysis and catalytic residues 324
IV Molecular biology of amylosaccharidases 325
A Gene cloning, expression and gene organization 325
B Homology among amylosaccharidases 331
V Biotechnology of amylosaccharidases 334
A Amylodextrin production 336
B Maltose production 336
C High conversion syrup production , 336
D Dextrose production 337
E Cyclodextrin production 337
F Other product uses 337
VI Future directions 338
11 The physiology of aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria
M R Smith 347
I Introduction 347
II Benzene 349
III Arenes 351
A Mono-alkylbenzenes 351
B Di-alkylbenzenes 355
Contents xi
C Tri-alkylbenzenes 357
D Alkenylbenzenes 358
IV Biphenyl 360
V Tetralin 362
VI Fused-ring aromatic compounds 363
A Naphthalene 363
B Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 365
1 Anthracene and phenanthrene 365
2 Other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 367
VII Mixed substrates 370
VIII Conclusions 372
12 Microbial dehalogenation of haloaliphatic compounds
J H Slater 379
I Introduction 379
II Dehalogenation of Haloalkanoic Acids (HAAs) 380
A Some basic considerations 380
B Dehalogenating microbes 381
C Early studies on the catabolism of 2HAAs by
2HAA dehalogenases 382
D Monofluoroacetic acid dehalogenases sensitive to thiol reagents 383
E Three 2HAA dehalogenases insensitive to thiol reagents 384
F Hydrolytic 2HAA dehalogenase mechanisms 385
G The diversity of 2HAA dehalogenases 386
1 Pseudomonas putidaYYi 386
2 Pseudomonas species 113 388
3 Rhizobium species 389
4 Moraxella species B 389
5 Pseudomonas species A 390
6 Pseudomonas species CBS3 390
7 Pseudomonas cepacia MBA4 391
8 Pseudomonas putida Ail 391
9 Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 392
10 Alcaligenes strain CC1 392
H Environmental influences on the physiology of
2HAA dehalogenases 393
1 Growth rate and growth substrates 393
2 Inhibitory HAAs 393
I HAAR mutants of Pseudomonas putida PP3 396
J Catabolism of other HAAs 397
1 Alcaligenes species CC1 397
2 An unidentified coryneform strain FG41 397
3 3MCPA-degrading microorganisms 398
III Dehalogenation of haloalkanes under aerobic conditions 399
A Some basic considerations 399
Contents xiii
14 Bacterial degradation of /V-heterocyclic compounds
G Schwarz and F Lingens 459
I Introduction 459
II Degradation of pyridine and derivatives 460
A Pyridine and alkylpyridines 460
B Hydroxypyridines 461
C Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine 462
D Pyridine carboxylic acids 463
1 Pyridine 2-carboxylic acid (a-picolinic acid) 463
2 Pyridine 3-carboxylic acid (nicotinic acid) 463
3 5-Chloro-2-hydroxynicotinic acid 466
4 Pyridine 4-carboxylic acid (isonicotinic acid) 467
5 Pyridine 2,6-dicarboxylic acid (dipicolinic acid) 467
E Nicotine 468
III Degradation of quinoline and derivatives 468
A Quinoline 470
B Methylquinolines 470
C Hydroxyquinolines 472
1 2-Oxo-l,2-dihydroquinoline (2-hydroxyquinoline) 472
2 lH-4-Oxo-quinoline (4-hydroxyquinoline) 473
3 6-Hydroxyquinoline 474
D Quinoline carboxylic acids 474
1 Quinoline 2-carboxylic acid (quinaldic acid) 474
2 Quinoline 4-carboxylic acid 474
3 4-Hydroxyquinoline 2-carboxylic acid (kynurenic acid) 476
4 3-Chloroquinoline 8-carboxylic acid 476
IV Isoquinoline 477
V The degradation of indole and derivatives 478
A Indole 478
B Tryptophan 478
VI Concluding remarks 478
15 Biodegradation of inorganic nitrogen compounds
J A Cole 487
I Introduction 487
II Degradation of organic nitrogen compounds by animals 488
A Ammonia as the ultimate degradation product of animals 488
B Degradation of more problematic organic nitrogen compounds 491
III Nitrification in soil and water 493
A Relative merits of ammonia and nitrate as agricultural N-sources 493
B The nitrifying bacteria 493
C Oxidation of ammonia to nitrite 494
D Enzymology of ammonia oxidation to nitrite 495
E Nitrite oxidation to nitrate by Nitrobacter 496
F Heterotrophic nitrification 497
xiv Contents
IV Denitrification 498
A The bacterial denitrification pathway 498
B Characterization of enzymes involved in denitrification:
nitrate reductase 501
C Nitrite reductases 502
D Nitric and nitrous oxide reductases 503
E Nitrification and denitrification in waste water treatment plants:
Catch 22 503
F Future developments to avoid Catch 22 505
G Denitrification during aerobic nitrification 505
V Cyanide production and metabolism 506
A Cyanide production and metabolism by plants and
microorganisms 506
B Cyanide degradation 507
VI Summary and conclusions 508
16 Biochemistry of anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds
G Fuchs, M El Said Mohamed, U Altenschmidt, J Koch, A Lack,
R Brackmann, C Lochmeyer and B Oswald 513
I Introduction 513
II Principles 515
III Anaerobic microorganisms 516
IV Channelling reactions 519
A Lyase reactions and p-oxidation of C6-C3 compounds 520
B Decarboxylation 523
C O-Demethylation, aryl ether cleavage 524
D a-Oxidation of phenylacetic acids and oxidation of mandelic
acids to benzoylformate (phenylglyoxylate) 525
E Oxidative decarboxylation 525
F Aromatic alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases i
G Carboxylation 526
H Coenzyme A thioester formation 527
I Reductive dehydroxylation - 528
J Reductive deamination 529
K Reductive dehalogenation 529
L Transhydroxylation 530
M Methyl hydroxylation of p-cresol 530
N Methyl hydroxylation of toluene 531
O Aromatic ring hydroxylation 532
P Nitro group reduction 532
Q Removal of sulpho and sulphonic acid substituents 533
R Polycyclic and oligonuclear compounds 533
V Ring reduction and hydration 533
A Benzoyl-CoA reduction 535
B Phloroglucinol reduction 537
C Resorcinol reduction
D Reduction of other aromatic intermediates
E Resorcinol hydration
VI From alicyclic compounds to central metabolites
VII Chimeric pathways
VIII Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic pathways
17 Biocorrosion: the action of sulphate-reducing bacteria
W A Hamilton
I Introduction
II Biofilms
A Microbial consortia
B Heterogeneities
III Sulphate-reducing bacteria
IV Microbially influenced corrosion
A Generalised mechanisms of corrosion
B Aerobic/anaerobic interface
V Concluding remarks
Index of compounds
Index of organisms
Contents xv
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:34:37Z |
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| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-12 DE-526 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-12 DE-526 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XIX, 590 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publishDateSearch | 1994 |
| publishDateSort | 1994 |
| publisher | Kluwer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Biochemistry of microbial degradation ed. by Colin Ratledge Dordrecht [u.a.] Kluwer 1994 XIX, 590 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biodegradatie gtt Alkanes Metabolism Microbial metabolism Microbial surfactants Stoffwechsel (DE-588)4057699-1 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf Mikrobieller Abbau (DE-588)4039197-8 gnd rswk-swf Bakterien (DE-588)4004296-0 gnd rswk-swf Mikrobieller Abbau (DE-588)4039197-8 s Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 Bakterien (DE-588)4004296-0 s Stoffwechsel (DE-588)4057699-1 s Ratledge, Colin Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006190112&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Biochemistry of microbial degradation Biodegradatie gtt Alkanes Metabolism Microbial metabolism Microbial surfactants Stoffwechsel (DE-588)4057699-1 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd Mikrobieller Abbau (DE-588)4039197-8 gnd Bakterien (DE-588)4004296-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057699-1 (DE-588)4006777-4 (DE-588)4039197-8 (DE-588)4004296-0 |
| title | Biochemistry of microbial degradation |
| title_auth | Biochemistry of microbial degradation |
| title_exact_search | Biochemistry of microbial degradation |
| title_full | Biochemistry of microbial degradation ed. by Colin Ratledge |
| title_fullStr | Biochemistry of microbial degradation ed. by Colin Ratledge |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biochemistry of microbial degradation ed. by Colin Ratledge |
| title_short | Biochemistry of microbial degradation |
| title_sort | biochemistry of microbial degradation |
| topic | Biodegradatie gtt Alkanes Metabolism Microbial metabolism Microbial surfactants Stoffwechsel (DE-588)4057699-1 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd Mikrobieller Abbau (DE-588)4039197-8 gnd Bakterien (DE-588)4004296-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biodegradatie Alkanes Metabolism Microbial metabolism Microbial surfactants Stoffwechsel Biochemie Mikrobieller Abbau Bakterien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006190112&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ratledgecolin biochemistryofmicrobialdegradation |