Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Butterworth Heinemann
1993
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 352 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0750616121 |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Informatieverwerking (computer) |2 gtt | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Kunstmatige intelligentie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Künstliche Intelligenz | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Artificial intelligence | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
List of abbreviations xvii
Part I 1
Chapter 1 — Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence 3
The evolution of computing in business 4
The rise of knowledge processing 5
The origins of knowledge processing 6
Philosophy 7
Mathematics 8
Computing 9
The development of the field of artificial intelligence 10
A shift in focus 11
The evolving sub fields 11
Governmental funding 13
The nature of intelligence 14
Applied artificial intelligence 15
Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence 15
The commercialization of applied artificial intelligence 17
Consolidation and growth 18
The commercial market 19
Moving from data processing to knowledge processing 20
Structure and organization of book 21
Summary 23
Bibliography and suggested readings 24
Notes 25
• Part II — Acquiring, representing, and reasoning with knowledge 29
Chapter 2 — Knowledge based systems and the acquisition of knowledge 31
Digital Equipment Corporation 32
American Express 32
Campbell Soup 33
Structure of knowledge based systems 34
The process of building knowledge based systems 36
Expert systems and knowledge based systems 37
viii
Epistemology and knowledge based systems 37
The definition of knowledge 39
The computer configuration problem 39
The dimensions of knowledge 40
Stages of knowledge 42
Knowledge in a knowledge based system 43
Knowledge acquisition 43
Knowledge engineer guided knowledge acquisition 44
Planning the knowledge acquisition process 45
Automated tools for knowledge acquisition 48
Induction 48
Steps after knowledge acquisition 50
Summary 51
Bibliography and suggested readings 53
Notes 54
* Chapter 3 — Representing and reasoning with knowledge 57
Knowledge representation using rules 58
Complex rules and structured rule based systems 59
Inference procedures in rule based systems 60
Forward chaining 60
Backward chaining 62
A comparison of backward and forward chaining 62
Meta knowledge in rule based reasoning 64
Rule based reasoning under uncertainty 65
Prolog: a simple rule based system 67
The inference procedure of Prolog 67
Benefits and limitations of rule based reasoning 73
Networked representations of knowledge 74
Semantic networks 75
Frame hierarchies 76
Structure of objects 77
Behaviors of objects 80
Communication between objects 82
Comparing frame hierarchies and rules 82
Alternative approaches to knowledge representation 84
Blackboard systems 84
Case based reasoning 86
Summary 88
Bibliography and suggested readings 89
Notes 90
Part III — Implementing strategic knowledge processing applications 93
Chapter 4 — Creating knowledge based systems 95
Creating rule based systems 95
Problem description 95
Problem decomposition 97
Initial prototype 98
Incremental evolution 99
Customization 102
Structured rule based systems 102
Creating hybrid knowledge based systems 104
ix
Problem description 104
Frame hierarchy identification 105
Structure and behavior identification 106
Prototyping and incremental evolution 108
Customization 111
Customizing the user interface 111
Interfaces to databases 114
Tools for building knowledge based systems 116
Types of shell tools 117
Hardware platforms for shell tools 118
Guidelines for the selection of shell tools 119
Commercial market for knowledge based products 120
The database and knowledge based product markets 121
Summary 123
Bibliography and suggested readings 125
Notes 126
Chapter 5 — Strategic and organizational issues in knowledge processing 129
Levels of organizational knowledge 130
Managing knowledge in organizations 130
Knowledge based systems and the management of knowledge 132
Applications of knowledge based systems in organizations 135
The task perspective 135
User support types 136
The systems perspective 137
Activity types 138
Organizational benefits 141
Organizational hazards 143
Impact on industry structures 144
Managing the development process in organizations 145
Choosing a corporate strategy for knowledge processing 146
Factors affecting the knowledge processing strategy 149
Identification of potential knowledge based applications 150
Cost benefit analyses of potential applications 151
Determining feasibility of applications 152
Creation of knowledge based applications 153
Deployment of applications 155
Maintenance of applications 156
Summary 158
Bibliography and suggested readings 160
Notes 161
Part IV — Intelligent interfaces 163
Chapter 6 — Natural language processing 165
The Securities and Exchange Commission 165
Siemens Nixdorf 166
Components of natural language processing 167
The nature of understanding 168
Ambiguity in natural language understanding 169
Approaches to natural language understanding 170
Keyword matching 170
Syntax and semantics 173
X
Syntactic analyses 173
Semantic analyses 175
Combining syntax and semantics 175
Knowledge based 176
Conceptual dependency diagrams 176
Scripts 177
Understanding multiple sentences and dialogs 179
Machine translation 180
Approaches to machine translation 180
Pattern based translation 180
Using syntax and semantics for translation 181
Knowledge based translation 182
Machine translation in industry 183
Evaluating natural language interfaces 184
Commercial tools for natural language processing 185
Applications of natural language processing 186
The Securities and Exchange Commission 186
The Intelligent Banking System at Citibank 187
The Direct Labor Management System at Ford 188
Content based indexing of news stories at Reuters 188
Patient medical records system at Hartford Hospital 189
Natural language applications at Steelcase 189
The business impact of natural language processing 190
Summary 191
Bibliography and suggested readings 193
Notes 194
Chapter 7 — Image and speech processing 197
Computer vision 198
Biological roots 198
Computational requirements 199
Problems and ambiguities 200
Information processing in machine vision 203
Signal processing 204
Digitizing and sampling 204
Thresholding 205
Smoothing 206
Edge detection 207
Image processing 208
Segmentation 209
Labelling 210
Image understanding 210
Identification 211
Interpretation 212
Commercial applications of machine vision 212
Industrial vision applications 212
Document image processing 216
Retirement fund processing 217
Yellow Pages advertising management 219
Diagnosing heart imagery 219
Microfossil identification 220
Speech processing 221
Interpretation problems 221
xi
Speech recognition 223
Speech understanding 224
Speech processing 225
Phonetic analysis 225
Phonological analysis 226
Morphological analysis 226
The business impact of image and speech processing 227
Summary 228
Bibliography and suggested readings 229
Notes 230
. Part V — Alternative approaches to knowledge processing 233
• Chapter 8 — Approximate reasoning using fuzzy logic 235
Hitachi: The Sendai subway control system 235
Yamaichi Securities: intelligent trading programs 236
Matshushita: intelligent washing machines 237
Rockwell: modelling stress on wings 237
Development of fuzzy logic 238
Fundamentals of fuzzy logic technology 239
Representational concepts 239
Representation of vague concepts using fuzzy sets 240
Linguistic variables 241
Practical implications of fuzzy set representations 242
Reasoning procedures 242
Mathematical operations on fuzzy sets 243
Inference with fuzzy rules 244
Comparing fuzzy and conventional rules 246
Case studies of fuzzy logic applications 247
The inverted pendulum 247
Fuzzy rules for balancing an inverted pendulum 248
Properties of fuzzy control 250
Complex inverted pendulum systems 251
Sendai subway control 251
Commercial activities in fuzzy logic 253
Asia 254
America 256
Europe 257
The business impacts of fuzzy logic applications 258
Enhancing knowledge based technologies 258
Embedded intelligence 259
Intelligent process control 259
New product development strategies 259
Summary 261
Bibliography and suggested readings 262
Notes 263
Chapter 9 — Connectionist modelling of intelligence 265
The connectionist approach 266
History of connectionism 266
Governmental support 267
Neural networks 267
Problem types tackled by neural networks 268
xii
Classification 268
Generalization 269
Clustering 269
Types of neural networks 269
Selected neural network architectures 270
Multi layer perceptrons 270
Structure of neurons 271
Training 272
Testing 273
Learning 273
Decision regions solved by perceptrons 274
The Hopfield net 275
Kohonen s self organizing feature maps 275
Designing applications using neural networks 276
Domain and problem characteristics 276
Designing the network 277
Training and testing the network 279
Maintaining and integrating applications 281
Commercial tools 282
Case study: using neural networks for bond rating 282
The problem of bond rating 284
Use of statistical models for bond rating 285
Decision region required for bond rating 285
Selection of variables 286
Data collection 286
Neural network 286
Regression 287
Results 287
Applications of neural networks 288
NETtalk 289
Determining the secondary structure of proteins 289
Car navigation 290
Backgammon 290
Diagnosis and treatment prescription for hypertension 290
Strengths and limitations of connectionist models 291
Limitations 293
The future of symbolic and connectionist approaches 293
Summary 294
Bibliography and suggested readings 296
Notes 297
Appendix 1 — Commercial applications of knowledge based systems 301
Appendix 2 — Commercial vendors of knowledge based products 321
Appendix 3 — Commercial applications of neural networks 341
Index 350
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| spelling | Dutta, Soumitra Verfasser aut Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence Soumitra Dutta 1. publ. Oxford Butterworth Heinemann 1993 XVII, 352 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Connaissance, Théorie de la ram Informatieverwerking (computer) gtt Intelligence artificielle ram Kunstmatige intelligentie gtt Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Knowledge, Theory of Wissensverarbeitung (DE-588)4286963-8 gnd rswk-swf Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd rswk-swf Wissenserwerb (DE-588)4241169-5 gnd rswk-swf Wissensverarbeitung (DE-588)4286963-8 s Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 s DE-604 Wissenserwerb (DE-588)4241169-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006139765&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Dutta, Soumitra Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence Connaissance, Théorie de la ram Informatieverwerking (computer) gtt Intelligence artificielle ram Kunstmatige intelligentie gtt Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Knowledge, Theory of Wissensverarbeitung (DE-588)4286963-8 gnd Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd Wissenserwerb (DE-588)4241169-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4286963-8 (DE-588)4033447-8 (DE-588)4241169-5 |
| title | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence |
| title_auth | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence |
| title_exact_search | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence |
| title_full | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence Soumitra Dutta |
| title_fullStr | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence Soumitra Dutta |
| title_full_unstemmed | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence Soumitra Dutta |
| title_short | Knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence |
| title_sort | knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence |
| topic | Connaissance, Théorie de la ram Informatieverwerking (computer) gtt Intelligence artificielle ram Kunstmatige intelligentie gtt Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Knowledge, Theory of Wissensverarbeitung (DE-588)4286963-8 gnd Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd Wissenserwerb (DE-588)4241169-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Connaissance, Théorie de la Informatieverwerking (computer) Intelligence artificielle Kunstmatige intelligentie Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Knowledge, Theory of Wissensverarbeitung Wissenserwerb |
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