Holdings: Politeness :: THWS Bibkatalog

Politeness: some universals in language use

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Brown, Penelope (Author), Levinson, Stephen C. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1987
Edition:	Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr.
Series:	Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4
Subjects:	Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik Sprechakt Interaktion Pragmatik Sprache Konversation Sprachgebrauch Umgangsformen Höflichkeit Höflichkeitsform
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
Physical Description:	XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0521313554 9780521308625 9780521313551

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	CONTENTS Symbols and abbreviations xii Foreword by John J . Gumperz xiii Introduction to the reissue 1 Notes 51 1 Introduction 55 1.1 Prologue 55 1.2 The problem S6 1.3 Method 58 2 Summarized argument 59 3 The argument: Intuitive bases and derivative definitions 61 3.1 Assumptions: Properties of interactants 61 3.1.1 Face 61 3.1.2 Face as wants 62 3.1.3 Rationality 64 3.2 Intrinsic FT As 65 3.2.1 First distinction: Kinds of face threatened 65 3.2.2 Second distinction: Threats to H s face versus threats to S s 67 3.3 Strategies for doing FT As 68 3.4 Factors influencing the choice of stntegies 71 3.4.1 The payoffs: apriori considerations 71 3.4.2 The circumstances: Sociological variables 74 3.4.2.1 Computing the weightiness of an FT A 3.4.2.2 Context-dependence of P, D, and R ЗА. 2.3 P, D, and R as independent variables 3.4.2.4 Ambiguity and disambiguation as evidence for P, D, and R 3.4.3 The integration of assessment of payoffs and weighting of risk in the choice of strategies 83 4 On the nature of the model 84 4.1 Remarks on alternative models 84 4.2 Toward a fomulization 87 5 Realizations of politene» stntegies in language 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Bald on record 94 vu 5.2.1 Cases of non-minimization of the face threat 95 5.2.2 Cases of FTA-oriented bald-on-record usage 98 5.3 Positive politeness 101 5.3.1 Claim common ground 103 Strategy 1 : Notice, attend to H (his interests, wants, needs, 103 goods) 104 Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H) 106 Strategy 3 : Intensify interest to H 107 Strategy 4: Use in-group identity markers Address forms Use of in-group language or dialect Use of jargon or slang Contraction and ellipsis Strategy 5: Seek agreement 112 Safe topics Repetition Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement 113 Token agreement Pseudo-agreement White lies Hedging opinions Strategy 7: Presuppose/raise/assert common ground 117 Gossip, small talk Point-of-view operations Personal-centre switch: S to H Time switch Place switch A voidance of adjustment of reports to H s point of view Presupposition manipulations Presuppose knowledge of H s wants and attitudes Presuppose H s values are the same as S s values Presuppose familiarity in S -Н relationship Presuppose H s knowledge Strategy 8: Joke 124 5.3.2 Convey that S and H are cooperators 125 Strategy 9: Assert or presuppose S s knowledge of and concern for H s wants j 25 Strategy 10: Offer, promise 125 Strategy 11 : Be optimistic 126 Strategy 12 : Include both S and H in the activity 1 27 Strategy 13 : Give (or ask for) reasons 128 Strategy 14: Assume or assert reciprocity 129 vui 5.3.3 Fulfil H s want for some X 129 Strategy 15: Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation) 129 5.4 Negative politeness 129 5.4.1 Be direct 130 Strategy 1 : Be conventionally indirect 132 Politeness and the universality of indirect speech acts Degrees of politeness in the expression of indirect speech acts 5.4.2 Don t presume/assume 144 Strategy 2: Question, hedge 145 Hedges on illocutionary force Hedges encoded in particles Adverbial-clause hedges Hedges addressed to Grice s Maxims Hedges addressed to politeness strategies Prosodie and kinesic hedges 5.4.3 Don t coerce H 172 Strategy 3 : Be pessimistic 173 Strategy 4: Minimize the imposition, R* 176 Strategy 5: Give deference 178 5.4.4 Communicate S s want to not impinge on H 187 Strategy 6: Apologize 187 Admit the impingement Indicate reluctance Give overwhelming reasons Beg forgiveness Strategy 7: Impersonalize S and H 190 Performatives Imperatives Impersonal verbs Passive and circumstantial voices Replacement of the pronouns I and you by indefinites Pluralization of the you and I pronouns Address terms as you avoidance Reference terms as ľ avoidance Point-of-view distancing Strategy 8: State the FT A as a general rule 206 Strategy 9 : Nominalize 207 5.4.5 Redress other wants of H s 209 Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting H 210 ix 5.5 Off record 211 5.5.1 Invite conversational implicatures 213 Strategy 1 : Give hints 213 Strategy 2: Give association clues 215 Strategy 3 : Presuppose 217 Strategy 4 : Understate 217 Strategy 5: Overstate 219 Strategy 6: Use tautologies 220 Strategy 7: Use contradictions 221 Strategy 8: Be ironic 221 Strategy 9 : Use metaphors 222 Strategy 10: Use rhetorical questions 223 5.5.2 Be vague or ambiguous: Violate the Manner Maxim 225 Strategy 11 : Be ambiguous 2 Strategy 12: Be vague 226 Strategy 13: Over-generalize 22^ Strategy 14: Displace H 226 Strategy 15: Be incomplete, use ellipsis 227 5.6 Conclusion to section 5.00 227 Derivative hypotheses 228 6.1 Exploitations of strategies 228 6.1.1 Trying to re-rank R,P, or D 228 6.1.2 Use of non-expectable strategy to insult 229 6.2 Mixture of strategies 230 6.2.1 The delicacy of the interactional balance 231 6.2.2 Moods 231 6.3 FTAs and conversational structure 232 Sociological implications 238 7.1 Social theory and the study of interaction 238 7.2 Sociological applications 242 7.2.1 Ethos 243 7.2.2 Distribution of strategies 253 8 Implications for language studies 255 Face wants as functional pressures on language 255 .1 Functionalism in linguistic theory 255 .2 Relations between structure and usage 258 .3 Examples 262 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. .3.1 Ironic composition and understatement 8.1.3.2 Lexical usage 8.1.3.3 Phonology and prosody 8.1.3.4 Indirect speech acts 8.1.3.5 Hedges 8.1.3.6 Impersonalization mechanisms The passive Impersonal modais 8.1.3.7 Honorifics 8.2 Implications for sociolinguistics 280 9 Conclusions 283 Notes 285 References 301 Author index 328 Subject index 333 XI
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author	Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C.
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discipline	Sprachwissenschaft Informatik Soziologie Anglistik / Amerikanistik Literaturwissenschaft
edition	Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr.
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV009214537
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T17:33:14Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0521313554 9780521308625 9780521313551
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006125127
oclc_num	632396858
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-384 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-188
owner_facet	DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-384 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-188
physical	XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst.
publishDate	1987
publishDateSearch	1987
publishDateSort	1987
publisher	Cambridge Univ. Press
record_format	marc
series	Studies in interactional sociolinguistics
series2	Studies in interactional sociolinguistics
spelling	Brown, Penelope Verfasser aut Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1987 XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4 Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm gtt Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd rswk-swf Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd rswk-swf Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd rswk-swf Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd rswk-swf Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd rswk-swf Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd rswk-swf Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd rswk-swf Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd rswk-swf Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 s Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 s DE-604 Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 s Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 s Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 s 1\p DE-604 Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 s 2\p DE-604 3\p DE-604 Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 s 4\p DE-604 Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 s 5\p DE-604 Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 s 6\p DE-604 Levinson, Stephen C. Verfasser aut Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4 (DE-604)BV000005630 4 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006125127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C. Politeness some universals in language use Studies in interactional sociolinguistics Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm gtt Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4077623-2 (DE-588)4077747-9 (DE-588)4027266-7 (DE-588)4076315-8 (DE-588)4056449-6 (DE-588)4165198-4 (DE-588)4191506-9 (DE-588)4078514-2 (DE-588)4160349-7 (DE-588)4160350-3
title	Politeness some universals in language use
title_auth	Politeness some universals in language use
title_exact_search	Politeness some universals in language use
title_full	Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson
title_fullStr	Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson
title_full_unstemmed	Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson
title_short	Politeness
title_sort	politeness some universals in language use
title_sub	some universals in language use
topic	Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm gtt Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd
topic_facet	Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik Sprechakt Interaktion Pragmatik Sprache Konversation Sprachgebrauch Umgangsformen Höflichkeit Höflichkeitsform
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006125127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000005630
work_keys_str_mv	AT brownpenelope politenesssomeuniversalsinlanguageuse AT levinsonstephenc politenesssomeuniversalsinlanguageuse

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