Politeness: some universals in language use
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1987
|
| Ausgabe: | Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in interactional sociolinguistics
4 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521313554 9780521308625 9780521313551 |
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| 250 | |a Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 1987 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 345 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123655985168384 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Symbols
and abbreviations
xii
Foreword by
John
J
.
Gumperz
xiii
Introduction to the reissue
1
Notes
51
1
Introduction
55
1.1
Prologue
55
1.2
The problem S6
1.3
Method
58
2
Summarized argument
59
3
The argument: Intuitive bases and derivative definitions
61
3.1
Assumptions: Properties of interactants
61
3.1.1
Face
61
3.1.2
Face as wants
62
3.1.3
Rationality
64
3.2
Intrinsic FT As
65
3.2.1
First distinction: Kinds of face threatened
65
3.2.2
Second distinction: Threats to H s face versus threats to S s
67
3.3
Strategies for doing FT As
68
3.4
Factors influencing the choice of stntegies
71
3.4.1
The payoffs:
apriori
considerations
71
3.4.2
The circumstances: Sociological variables
74
3.4.2.1
Computing the weightiness of an FT A
3.4.2.2
Context-dependence of P, D, and
R
ЗА.
2.3
P, D, and R
as independent variables
3.4.2.4
Ambiguity and disambiguation as evidence for P, D, and
R
3.4.3
The integration of assessment of payoffs and weighting of
risk in the choice of strategies
83
4
On the nature of the model
84
4.1
Remarks on alternative models
84
4.2
Toward a fomulization
87
5
Realizations of
politene»
stntegies in language
91
5.1 Introduction
91
5.2
Bald on record
94
vu
5.2.1
Cases
of non-minimization of the face threat
95
5.2.2
Cases of FTA-oriented bald-on-record usage
98
5.3
Positive politeness
101
5.3.1
Claim common ground
103
Strategy
1 :
Notice, attend to
H
(his interests, wants, needs,
103
goods)
104
Strategy
2:
Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H)
106
Strategy
3 :
Intensify interest to
H
107
Strategy
4:
Use in-group identity markers
Address forms
Use of in-group language or dialect
Use of jargon or slang
Contraction and ellipsis
Strategy
5:
Seek agreement
112
Safe topics
Repetition
Strategy
6:
Avoid disagreement
113
Token agreement
Pseudo-agreement
White lies
Hedging opinions
Strategy
7:
Presuppose/raise/assert common ground
117
Gossip, small talk
Point-of-view operations
Personal-centre switch:
S
to
H
Time switch
Place switch
A voidance of adjustment of reports to H s point of view
Presupposition manipulations
Presuppose knowledge of H s wants and attitudes
Presuppose H s values are the same as S s values
Presuppose familiarity in
S
-Н
relationship
Presuppose H s knowledge
Strategy
8:
Joke
124
5.3.2
Convey that
S
and
H
are cooperators
125
Strategy
9:
Assert or presuppose S s knowledge of and concern
for H s wants
j
25
Strategy
10:
Offer, promise
125
Strategy
11 :
Be optimistic
126
Strategy
12 :
Include both
S
and
H
in the activity 1
27
Strategy
13 :
Give (or ask for) reasons
128
Strategy
14:
Assume or assert reciprocity
129
vui
5.3.3
Fulfil H s want for some X
129
Strategy
15:
Give gifts to
H
(goods, sympathy, understanding,
cooperation)
129
5.4
Negative politeness
129
5.4.1
Be direct
130
Strategy
1 :
Be conventionally indirect
132
Politeness and the universality of indirect speech acts
Degrees of politeness in the expression of indirect speech
acts
5.4.2
Don t presume/assume
144
Strategy
2:
Question, hedge
145
Hedges on illocutionary force
Hedges encoded in particles
Adverbial-clause hedges
Hedges addressed to Grice s Maxims
Hedges addressed to politeness strategies
Prosodie
and kinesic hedges
5.4.3
Don t coerce
H
172
Strategy
3 :
Be pessimistic
173
Strategy
4:
Minimize the imposition, R*
176
Strategy
5:
Give deference
178
5.4.4
Communicate S s want to not impinge on
H
187
Strategy
6:
Apologize
187
Admit the impingement
Indicate reluctance
Give overwhelming reasons
Beg forgiveness
Strategy
7:
Impersonalize
S
and
H
190
Performatives
Imperatives
Impersonal verbs
Passive and circumstantial voices
Replacement of the pronouns I and you by indefinites
Pluralization of the you and I pronouns
Address terms as you avoidance
Reference terms as
ľ
avoidance
Point-of-view distancing
Strategy
8:
State the FT A as a general rule
206
Strategy
9 :
Nominalize
207
5.4.5
Redress other wants of H s
209
Strategy
10:
Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not
indebting
H
210
ix
5.5
Off record
211
5.5.1
Invite conversational implicatures
213
Strategy
1 :
Give hints
213
Strategy
2:
Give association clues
215
Strategy
3 :
Presuppose
217
Strategy
4 :
Understate
217
Strategy
5:
Overstate
219
Strategy
6:
Use tautologies
220
Strategy
7:
Use contradictions
221
Strategy
8:
Be ironic
221
Strategy
9 :
Use metaphors
222
Strategy
10:
Use rhetorical questions
223
5.5.2
Be vague or ambiguous: Violate the Manner Maxim
225
Strategy
11 :
Be ambiguous 2
Strategy
12:
Be vague 226
Strategy
13:
Over-generalize 22^
Strategy
14:
Displace
H
226
Strategy
15:
Be incomplete, use ellipsis
227
5.6
Conclusion to section
5.00 227
Derivative hypotheses
228
6.1
Exploitations of strategies
228
6.1.1
Trying to re-rank R,P, or
D 228
6.1.2
Use of non-expectable strategy to insult
229
6.2
Mixture of strategies
230
6.2.1
The delicacy of the interactional balance
231
6.2.2
Moods 231
6.3
FTAs and conversational structure
232
Sociological implications
238
7.1
Social theory and the study of interaction
238
7.2
Sociological applications
242
7.2.1
Ethos
243
7.2.2
Distribution of strategies
253
8
Implications for language studies
255
Face wants as functional pressures on language
255
.1
Functionalism in linguistic theory
255
.2
Relations between structure and usage
258
.3
Examples
262
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
.3.1
Ironic composition and understatement
8.1.3.2
Lexical usage
8.1.3.3
Phonology and prosody
8.1.3.4
Indirect speech acts
8.1.3.5
Hedges
8.1.3.6
Impersonalization mechanisms
The passive
Impersonal
modais
8.1.3.7
Honorifics
8.2
Implications for sociolinguistics
280
9
Conclusions
283
Notes
285
References
301
Author index
328
Subject index
333
XI
|
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| author | Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C. |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)632396858 (DE-599)BVBBV009214537 |
| dewey-full | 401/.9 306/.4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 401 - Philosophy and theory 306 - Culture and institutions |
| dewey-raw | 401/.9 306/.4 |
| dewey-search | 401/.9 306/.4 |
| dewey-sort | 3401 19 |
| dewey-tens | 400 - Language 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Informatik Soziologie Anglistik / Amerikanistik Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV009214537 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:33:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521313554 9780521308625 9780521313551 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006125127 |
| oclc_num | 632396858 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-384 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-384 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-188 |
| physical | XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1987 |
| publishDateSearch | 1987 |
| publishDateSort | 1987 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies in interactional sociolinguistics |
| series2 | Studies in interactional sociolinguistics |
| spelling | Brown, Penelope Verfasser aut Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson Reissued with corr., new introd. and new bibliogr. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1987 XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4 Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm gtt Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd rswk-swf Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd rswk-swf Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd rswk-swf Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd rswk-swf Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd rswk-swf Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd rswk-swf Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd rswk-swf Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd rswk-swf Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 s Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 s DE-604 Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 s Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 s Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 s 1\p DE-604 Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 s 2\p DE-604 3\p DE-604 Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 s 4\p DE-604 Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 s 5\p DE-604 Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 s 6\p DE-604 Levinson, Stephen C. Verfasser aut Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4 (DE-604)BV000005630 4 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006125127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C. Politeness some universals in language use Studies in interactional sociolinguistics Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm gtt Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077623-2 (DE-588)4077747-9 (DE-588)4027266-7 (DE-588)4076315-8 (DE-588)4056449-6 (DE-588)4165198-4 (DE-588)4191506-9 (DE-588)4078514-2 (DE-588)4160349-7 (DE-588)4160350-3 |
| title | Politeness some universals in language use |
| title_auth | Politeness some universals in language use |
| title_exact_search | Politeness some universals in language use |
| title_full | Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson |
| title_fullStr | Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Politeness some universals in language use Penelope Brown ; Stephen C. Levinson |
| title_short | Politeness |
| title_sort | politeness some universals in language use |
| title_sub | some universals in language use |
| topic | Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm gtt Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Actes de parole Beleefdheidsvorm Conversación Conversation Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Interaction sociale Politesse Pragmatique Savoir-vivre Sociolinguistique Etiquette Pragmatics Social interaction Sociolinguistics Speech acts (Linguistics) Soziolinguistik Sprechakt Interaktion Pragmatik Sprache Konversation Sprachgebrauch Umgangsformen Höflichkeit Höflichkeitsform |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006125127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005630 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brownpenelope politenesssomeuniversalsinlanguageuse AT levinsonstephenc politenesssomeuniversalsinlanguageuse |