Understanding arguments: an introd. to informal logic
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego u.a.
Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich
1987
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 444 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0155928627 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123630295056384 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | THIRD EDITION
A UNDERSTANDING C ARGUMENT !S
AN INTRODUCTION
TO INFORMAL LOGIC
Robert J Fogelin
Dartmouth College
t
HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH, PUBLISHERS
San Diego New York Chicago Austin
London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
Preface vii
PART ONE
The Analysis of Argument
1 The Web of Language 3
Language and Convention 4
Kiri3s of Conventions 7
The Uses of Language 8
Performatives 9
Argumentative Performatives 11
Conversational Rules 13
Conversational Implication 17/ Violating Conversational Rules 19
Deception 21
Some Other Rhetorical Devices 23
Discussion Questions 26
2 The Language of Argument
The Basic Structure of Arguments 29
IfThen31
Arguments in Standard Form 32
Validity, Truth, and Soundness 35
Assuring, Guarding, and Discounting 38
Assuring 39/ Guarding 40/ Discounting 41
Evaluative and Expressive Language 43
Slanting 44/ Persuasive Definitions 45
Discussion Questions 47
X
3 The Art of Close Analysis 49
An Extended Example 50
Clerk Hire Allowance, House of Representatives 50
Discussion Questions 68
4 Fallacies 69
Fallacies of Clarity 70
Vagueness 70/ Heaps and Slippery Slopes 72/ Where Do You Draw
the Line? 74/ Ambiguity 78/ Fallacies of Ambiguity 81/ Definitions
83/ The Role of Definitions 85
Fallacies of Relevance 87
Arguments ad Hominem 87/ Appeals to Authority 90
Fallacies of Vacuity 94
Circular Reasoning and Begging the Question 94/ Self-Sealers 96
Discussion Questions 99
5 Other Uses of Arguments
Refutations 103
Counter-Examples 105
Explanations HO
Excuses 115
Discussion Questions 117
6 The Deep Analysis of Arguments 118
Suppressed Premises 119
Linguistic Principles 119/ Commonly Shared Facts 119/ Fundamental
Principles 122
Capital Punishment 125
Abortion 130
Weighing Factors 136
Discussion Questions 138
7 The Formal Analysis of Argument: Part One 139
Validity and Formal Analysis of Argument 140
The Propositional Calculus 140
Conjunction 140/ Disjunction 146/ Negation 147/ How Truth-
Functional Connectives Work 148
Some Further Connectives 153
Conditionals 155
Logical Language and Everyday Language 161
Other Conditionals in Ordinary Language 165
Summary 167
Discussion Questions 170
8 The Formal Analysis of Argument: Part Two 171
Categorical Propositions 172
Domain of Discourse 175
The Four Basic Propositions 176
Existential Import 178
The Classification of the Basic Propositions 180
Quality 180/ Quantity 181
The Square of Opposition 181
Contraries 182/ Contradictories 183/ Subcontraries 185/
Subalternation 186
Conversational Implication and the Square of Opposition 187
The Theory of Immediate Inference 191
Conversion 192/ Obversion 194/ Contraposition 197
The Theory of the Syllogism 201
Valid and Invalid Syllogisms 203/ Venn Diagrams for Syllogisms
204/ Existential Import 206
Problems in Applying the Theory of the Syllogism 210
A System of Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms 211
Distribution 212/ Quality 213/ Quantity 214
Discussion Questions 217
9 Inductive Reasoning 217
Inductive Generalizations 221
(1) Should We Accept the Premises? 222/ (2) Is the Sample Large
Enough to -Avoid Bias? 222/ (3) Is the Sample Biased in Other Ways?
Sources of Bias 226
Prejudice and Stereotypes 226/ Informal Judgmental Heuristics
226/ (4) Is the Situation Sufficiently Standard to Allow the Use of
Informal Judgmental Heuristics? 229/ Summary 229
Causal Generalizations 230
Mill s Methods 233
(1) The Method of Agreement 233/ (2) The Method of Difference
234/ (3) The Joint Method of Agreement and Difference 235/
(4) The Method of Concomitant Variation 237
Discussion Questions - 240
10 Taking Chances 242
The Language of Uncertainty 243
Establishing Probability Claims 243
A Priori Probability 244/ Statistical Analysis 246
Some Laws of Probability 248
Expected Payoff 251
Relative Value 252
The Gambler s Fallacy 255
Regression to the Mean 256
More on Statistical Significance 258
Some Puzzles Concerning Probability 259
Discussion Question 260
PART TWO
Fields of Argumentation
11 Legal Reasoning 265
Analogy in Legal Reasoning 267
Peevyhouse v Garland Coal and Mining Co 268
The Question of Constitutionality 271
Plessy v Ferguson 273
Brown v Board of Education 277
Regents of the University of California v Bakke 280
Excerpts from Justice Powell s Opinion 284
Excerpts from Justice Brennan s Opinion 287
Burden of Proof 291
Discussion Question 292 -
12 A Moral Debate 294
The Question of Abortion 295
A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thomson 296
The Morality of Abortion, Baruch Brody 311
Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation, Ronald
Reagan 313
Is Abortion Really a Moral Dilemma ? Barbara
Ehrenreich 320
13 Scientific Arguments 324
The Law of Buoyancy 325
On Floating Bodies, Archimedes 325
Conflicting Scientific Interpretations 330
Dialogue Concerning the Two World Systems—Ptolemaic and
Copernican, Galileo Galilei 332
Evolution Science Versus Creation Science 339
Scientific Creationism, Henry M Morris 341
Creation-Science Is Not Science, Michael Ruse 349
14 Philosophical Arguments 358
The Turing Test: A Coffeehouse Conversation, Douglas R
Hofstadter 360
Reflections, Daniel C Dennett 382
The Myth of the Computer, John Searle 385
Appendixes 391
Appendix A: Performative Utterances, J L Austin 391
Appendix B: Logic and Conversation, H P Grice 403
Appendix C: Talking About Women, Robin T Lakoff 418
Appendix D: Answers to Probability Puzzles 432
Index 437
|
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0155928627 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XV, 444 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1987 |
| publishDateSearch | 1987 |
| publishDateSort | 1987 |
| publisher | Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |
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| spelling | Fogelin, Robert J. 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)131728008 aut Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic Robert J. Fogelin 3. ed. San Diego u.a. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich 1987 XV, 444 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd rswk-swf Argumentationstheorie (DE-588)4112589-7 gnd rswk-swf Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 s Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 s DE-604 Argumentationstheorie (DE-588)4112589-7 s 1\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006107932&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fogelin, Robert J. 1932- Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd Argumentationstheorie (DE-588)4112589-7 gnd Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002899-9 (DE-588)4112589-7 (DE-588)4036202-4 |
| title | Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic |
| title_auth | Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic |
| title_exact_search | Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic |
| title_full | Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic Robert J. Fogelin |
| title_fullStr | Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic Robert J. Fogelin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding arguments an introd. to informal logic Robert J. Fogelin |
| title_short | Understanding arguments |
| title_sort | understanding arguments an introd to informal logic |
| title_sub | an introd. to informal logic |
| topic | Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd Argumentationstheorie (DE-588)4112589-7 gnd Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Argumentation Argumentationstheorie Logik |
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