Introduction to personality:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Fort Worth [u.a.]
Harcourt Brace College Publ.
1993
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| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 627 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0030335396 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123561693020160 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Introduction to personality
Autor: Mischel, Walter
Jahr: 1993
Parti
Introduction 1
CHAF[ER_1
Orientation to Personality 3
WHAT IS PERSONALITY? 4
Individual Differences 4
Understanding and Predicting 4
Alternative Meanings of Personality 5
THE FIELD OF PERSONALITY
PSYCHOLOGY 5
Individual Differences and Underlying
Processes 6
Themes in Personality Theory 6
Diverse Approaches to Personality 7
Personality Theories: Alternative Approaches 7
From Grand Theories to General Approaches to
Personality 9
A Perspective 10
OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK: FIVE
APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY 12
Psychodynamic Approaches 12
Trait and Biological Approaches 12
Phenomenological Approaches 13
Behavioral Approaches 13
Cognitive Social Approaches 13
STUDYING PERSONAUTY 14
Testing the Limits of Approaches 14
Practical (Therapeutic) Applications 15
Resistance to a Science of Personality 15
Sources of Information about the Person 16
Correlation: What Goes with What? 18
Interpreting Correlations 19
In Focus 1.1 Individual Differences in
Emotionality: Obese versus Normals 20
Experimentation: Trying to Control the
Phenomenon 20
In Focus 1.2 An Illustrative Experiment:
Improving Course Performance 21
Differences Between Groups: But Are They
Significant ? 25
Naturalistic Observation: Moving Out of the
Lab 26
Sampling Daily Life Experiences 27
Case Studies: Gary W., the Text s Case 28
In Focus 1.3 Locating the Case of Gary in the
Text fir Each Approach 29
SUMMARY 29
Part II
Psychodynamic
Approaches 33
CHAPTER 2
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud s
Conceptions 35
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS: UNCONSCIOUS
MENTAL DETERMINISM 38
The Unconscious 38
The Roads to the Unconscious 39
xiii
Dreams 39
Free Association 40
PSYCHIC STRUCTURE: ANATOMY OF
THE MIND 40
The Id: At the Core 40
The Pleasure Principle 41
Sexual and Aggressive Instincts 41
Primary Process Thinking 41
The Ego: Tester of Reality 42
The Reality Principle 42
The Superego: High Court in Pursuit of
Perfection 42
CONFUCT AND ANXIETY 43
Conflict 43
Three Types of Anxiety 44
BASIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS 44
Repression 45
Projection 47
Reaction Formation 47
Rationalization 48
Sublimation 48
PSYCHODYNAMICS OF DEFENSE AND
NEUROSIS 48
Psychodynamics 48
Libido 48
Equilibrium 49
Transformation of Motives 49
When Defenses Fail: Neurotic Anxiety and
Conflict 50
Development of Neurotic Anxiety 50
The Meaning of Neurotic Acts 51
Traumatic Seeds: Origins of Neuroses 52
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life:
Mistakes that Betray 52
Motivational Determinism: Unconscious
Causes 53
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES AND
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 54
The Oral Stage 54
In Focus 2.1 Hm Oral Is the Infant? 55
The Anal Stage 56
The Phallic Stage 56
The Latency Period 56
The Genital Stage 56
Fixation and Regression 57
Freud s Theory of Identification 57
IMPACT OF FREUD S THEORIES 58
Freud s Image of the Person 58
Freud s View of the I lealihy Personality 59
Behaviors as Symptoms 59
PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT 60
Free Association and Dream Interpretation 60
The Transference Relationship and
Working Through 61
SUMMARY 62
CHAPTER 3
Ego Psychology and Object
Relations 63
COMMON THEMES: TOWARD EGO
PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SELF 64
Carl Jung 65
In Focus i.l Motives Beyond the Id:
Competence Motivation 66
Alfred Adler 69
Erich Fromm 72
Erik Erikson 73
THE RELATIONAL SELF: OBJECT
RELATIONS THEORY 75
Good-Bad Splitting 76
Internalizing Maternal Interactions: Early
Representations 77
The Development of Self 77
HEINZ KOHUT S THEORY OF OBJECT
RELATIONS AND THE SELF 78
Reinterpretation of the Oedipal Period 80
Kohut s Healthy Self 80
APPROACHES TO RELATIONAL
THERAPY 81
The Road to Cure: Relational Therapy and
Restoration of the Self 82
Treating interactions and Relationships: Family
Therapy 82
Relational Problems Expressed in Pathology:
The Case of Anorexia 83
SUMMARY 84
CHAPTER 4
Psychodynatnic Personality
Assessment 86
GLOBAL PSYCHODYNAMIC
ORIENTATION 87
The Core Beneath the Mask 87
Minimizing the Situation: In Search of
Underlying Dynamics 88
The Case of Gary W. 88
In Focus 4.1 Encouraging Free Association 92
Relying on the Clinician 92
Dreams and Free Association 92
PROJECTIVE METHODS AND
INTERVIEWS 93
The Rorschach 93
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 94
Characteristics of Projective Techniques 95
The Interview 97
MURRAY AND THE HARVARD
PERSONOLOGISTS: PIONEERS OF
ASSESSMENT 97
Studying Lives in Depth 97
Assessment Strategy: Diagnostic Council 98
Selecting U.S. Spies: The OSS Assessment
Project 98
From Situational Test to Psychodynamic
Inferences 99
Uncovering New Motives: The Multiple
Determinants of Personality 100
ASSESSING PSYCHODYNAMIC
ASSESSMENT 101
In Focus 4.2 Research Application of the TAT:
Assessing the Need for Achievement 102
Assessing Projective Methods 103
Interjudge Reliability 104
Accuracy and Usefulness 105
Combining Clinical Judges and Tests 105
Alternative Psychodynamic Interpretations of
Gary W. 106
The Complexity of Personality Judgments 107
CHALLENGES AND NEW
DIRECTIONS 107
Studying the Judgment Process 107
Agreement for Less Inferential Judgments 108
Consensual Thought Units in Psychodynamic
Case Formulations 108
In Focus 4.3 The Hazards of Interpretation:
The Case of Dora Revisited 109
SUMMARY 110
CHAPTER 5
Psychodynamic Processes 112
ANXIETY AND UNCONSCIOUS
DEFENSES 113
The Concept of Unconscious Repression 114
Repression versus Suppression 114
Studying Repression 115
Perceptual Defense 116
The Long History of Perceptual Defense 116
Limitations of Early Laboratory Studies 117
THE COGNITIVE UNCONSCIOUS 118
Early Experimental Evidence 118
Cognition Without Awareness: Reformulating
the Unconscious 119
A Kinder, Gentler Unconscious? 119
Do We Know What We Think? 120
In Focus 5.1 Discrimination Without
Awareness? 121
Mommy and I are One 122
Optimistic Prospects for the Future of the
Unconscious 122
PATTERNS OF DEFENSE: INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE
AVOIDANCE 123
Repression-Sensitization 12 3
Selective Attention 123
Blunting versus Monitoring 125
The Role of Control: When Don t You Want
to Know? 128
Vigilance versus Avoidance as Learned
Defenses 129
SUMMARY 131
Part II: Summary Evaluation 133
Part III
Trait and Biological
Approaches 139
CHAPTER 6
Trait Theories: Conceptions 141
TYPES AND TRAITS 142
Types: Sheldon and Jung 143
In Focus 6.1 Type A: A Typology That Predicts
Coronary Disease 146
Individual Differences on Dimensions 146
Trait Attributions 148
Gordon Allport 149
R. B. Cattell 151
H.J. Eysenck*153
COMMON FEATURES OF TRAIT
THEORIES 154
Generality and Stability of Traits 154
Search for Basic Traits 155
Inferring Traits from Behavioral Signs 156
Quantification 156
TAXONOMY OF HUMAN
ATTRIBUTES 157
Psycholexical Approach 157
The Big Five Trait Dimensions 158
FINDING MEANINGFUL PATTERNS OF
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 159
Prototypes: Typical People 160
Act Trends: Traits as Summaries 161
Traits versus States 161
Interaction of Traits and Situations 162
SUMMARY 162
CHAPTER 7
Measuring Individual
Differences 164
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE 165
Intelligence Testing 166
What Is Intelligence? 168
Social and Practical Intelligence 171
Expertise 171
Context 171
Pragmatics (Practical Problem Solving for
Multiple Goals) 171
An Example 172
Intelligence, Family, and the SAT 173
THE NATURE OF TRAIT TESTS 174
Personality Measurement:
Early Roots 175
Scoring: Allowing Comparisons 175
Self-Reports and Ratings 177
Objectivity: Are the Procedures
Standardized? 177
Correlations: What Relates to What? 180
Moderator Variables 180
PERSONALITY SCALES: EXAMPLES 180
Impressions of Gary W. by a Fellow Graduate
Student
TheMMPI 181
An Example: Trait Anxiety 184
The California F Scale 185
The Q-Sort Technique 186
Perceived Locus of Control: The I-E Scale 187
Do the Measures Overlap? 188
Factor Analysis to Find Dimensions 189
Links Between Perceiver and Perceived: Valid
Ratings 190
In Focus 7.1 Personality Judgments to Predict
Behavior 191
EVALUATING TRAIT TESTS 192
Ethical Concerns 192
Tests Can Deceive 192
In Focus 7.2 Do Psychological Tests Dupe
You? 193
Reliability: Are the Measurements
Consistent? 194
Validity: What Do the Measurements
Mean? 194
Construct Validity: Elaborating on the Meaning
of the Construct 195
An Example: Construct Validity of Ego-Control
and Ego-Resiliency 195
SUMMARY 196
CHAPTER 8
Traits: Biological Bases and
Behavioral Expressions 198
GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ROOTS OF
PERSONALITY 199
Evidence for Biological Bases of
Personality 199
Genes, Twins, and Individual Differences 200
Heredity and Temperaments 201
Heritability of Aggressive and Altruistic
Tendencies? 202
Genes versus Family Environment: Identical
Twins Reared Apart 203
In Focus 8.1 Heritable Personality Traits:
A Controversy About How Much?
and How? 206
Biochemistry, Heredity, and Abnormal
Behavior 206
Twin Studies of Schizophrenia 207
The Interaction Factors 208
Some Specific Genetic Effects 208
Trait Approach to Change:
Biological Therapies 209
Antidepressants 210
Antipsychotics 210
Minor Tranquilizers 211
New Research Directions 211
THE EXPRESSION OF TRAITS IN
INTERACTIONS WITH SITUATIONS 212
How Broad or Specific Are Traits? 212
Traits as Explanations 214
Aggregation Helps Identify Individual
Differences 215
Dispositions and Situations Interact 216
In Focus 8.2 Anxiety as a Person x Situation
Interaction 217
Identifying Diagnostic Situations 218
SUMMARY 219
Part III: SUMMARY EVALUATION 221
Part IV
Phenomenological
Approaches 227
CHAPTER 9
Phenomenological
Conceptions 229
SOURCES OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES 232
Allport s Contribution: Functional Autonomy and
the Proprium (Self) 232
Lewin s Life Space 233
Phenomenology and Existentialism:
The Here and Now 236
CARL ROGERS SELF THEORY 237
Unique Experience: The Subjective
World 237
Self-Actualization 238
The Self 239
Consistency and Positive Regard 239
Person-Centered Therapy 241
In Focus 9.1 Rogers Reflects on
His Own Work 242
GEORGE KELLY S PSYCHOLOGY
OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS 242
The Person s Constructs 242
People as Scientists 243
Constructive Alternativism:
Many Ways to See 244
Roles: Many Ways to Be 245
People Are What They Make of Themselves:
Self-Determination 246
ENHANCING SELF-AWARENESS:
ACCESSING ONE S EXPERIENCE
246
Expanding Consciousness 246
Exploring Phenomenological
Experience 247
In Focus 9.2 Toward Fulfillment: Maslow s
Self-Actualizing Person 250
COMMON THEMES AND ISSUES
248
Potential for Growth and Change 249
Are Cognitions the Causes of
Behavior? 249
Is the Self a Doer ? 249
The Self as a Basic Schema (Category):
New Trends 251
SUMMARY 252
CHAPTER 10 _____
The Internal View 254
PEOPLE AS THEIR OWN EXPERTS
255
Gary W. s Self-Conceptualization 256
The Uses of Self-Assessment 257
EXPLORING SUBJECTIVE
EXPERIENCE 258
Interviews 258
The Semantic Differential 260
Personal Constructs 261
A Personal Construct Conceptualization of
Gary W. 263
Nonverbal Communication 264
In Focus 10.1 Behavioral Referents for
Personal Constructs 265
ADAPTATION, HEALTH, AND
CHANGE 266
The Healthy Personality 266
Client-Centered Psychotherapy 266
Phenomenologically Oriented Groups 269
Group Experiences 270
Meditation 271
Transcendental Meditation 271
Effects of Meditation 271
The Uses of Meditation 272
The Person s Experience and the
Unconscious 272
PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
RELATIONSHIPS: AN ILLUSTRATION
274
Transactional Analysis 275
Analyzing the Cycle 275
Breaking Vicious Cycles: Changing
Relationships 276
THE SUBJECT AS
PSYCHOLOGIST 276
Causal Attributions:
Why Did He (She) Do It? 277
Inferring Internal Causes 277
The Perception of Control and
Meaningfulness 278
SUMMARY 279
Part IV: SUMMARY EVALUATION 281
PartV
Behavioral
Approaches 285
CHAPTER 11
Behavioral Conceptions 287
THE EARLY BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO
PSYCHODYNAMICS: DOLLARD AND
MILLER 288
Primary Needs and Learning 289
Drive 290
Cue 291
Response 291
Reinforcement 291
Conflict 292
Neurotic Conflict 294
Anxiety and Repression 295
Reactions Against Psychodynamic Behavior
Theory 295
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: LEARNED
ANXIETY 295
How Classical Conditioning Works 296
A Behavioral Challenge to the
Psychodynamic Theory
of Neurosis 299
From Trauma to Anxiety 300
Anxiety, Avoidance, and Conflict 302
Higher-Order Conditioning 304
B. F. SKINNER S OPERANT
CONDITIONING 304
Rejection of Inferred Motives 305
Basic Strategy 307
How Operant Conditioning Works 307
Conditioned Generalized Reinforcers 308
Discrimination and Generalization in
Everyday Life 309
Shaping Behavior by Successive
Approximations 311
The Patterning of Outcomes: Schedules
of Reinforcement 311
In Focus 11.1 Inborn limits on Learning 312
Superstitions: Getting Reinforced into
Irrationality 313
In Focus 11.2 Humanistir Criticisms of
Behaviorism 314
Punishment 315
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
(MODELING) 316
Learning through Observation 316
Effects of Models: An Illustration 318
Acquisition versus Performance: Knowing
versus Doing 320
Observing Other People s Outcomes:
What Happens to Them Might
Happen to You 321
Summary of Three Types of Learning 323
SUMMARY 324
CHAPTER 12 _
Analyzing Behavior 326
CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIORAL
ASSESSMENTS 327
Case Example: Conditions Controlling
Gary s Anxiety 327
In Focus 12.1 Two Views of the Same Case:
Pearson Brack Reanalyzed 329
DIRECT BEHAVIOR MEASUREMENT 329
Situational Behavior Sampling 330
Verbal Behavior 332
Measurement of Bodily Changes 332
Finding Effective Rewards 3 34
ASSESSING CONDITIONS CONTROLLING
BEHAVIOR 336
Functional Analyses: Basic Method 337
Functional Analyses: Case Examples 337
Predicting from Situations 340
BEHAVIORAL CONCEPTION OF
ADAPTATION AND DEVIANCE 340
Evaluating the Consequences of Behavior,
Not the Person 341
Disease Models 342
Criticisms of Disease Models 342
Deviance as Problematic Behavior 343
In Focus 12.2 Mental Illness or
Problems of Living? 344
SUMMARY 347
CHAPTER 13
Behavior Change 348
CHANGING EMOTIONAL REACTIONS 349
Desensitization: Overcoming Anxiety 3 50
In Focus 13.1 Combining Relaxation and
Biofeedback to Treat Asthma 353
Observational Learning (Modeling) 354
Conditioned Aversion: Making Stimuli
Unattractive 359
CHANGING BEHAVIOR BY MODIFYING THE
CONSEQUENCES 360
Case Example: Hyperactivity 360
In Focus 13.2 Rewards May Boomerang 363
Stimulus Control: The Insomnia Problem 363
Control of Internal States through
Biofeedback 364
The Control of Weight 368
Therapeutic Communities 369
Contingency Contracting 371
In Focus 13.3 Depression as Insufficient
Reinforcement 372
Applying Behavior Therapy to Sexual
Performance 373
TRENDS AND ISSUES 376
Combining Principles 376
Community Health: Behavioral Medicine 376
A Caution 379
Behavior Therapy and Ethics: Toward
Self-Direction 380
Is There Transfer? Moving into Life 381
Toward Community Psychology 382
Symptom Substitution? 383
Behavior Change and Self-Concept Change 384
Am I What I Do? Genuine Change 385
New Directions: Cognitive Behavior
Therapies 385
The Role of Cognition in Behavior Therapy 385
Behavior Therapies Become Cognitive 386
SUMMARY 386
Part V: SUMMARY EVALUATION 388
Part VI
Cognitive Social
Approaches 393
CHAPTER 14
Cognitive Social Conceptions 395
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COGNITIVE
SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE IN
PERSONALITY 396
The Historical Context of Ideas About
Personality 397
The 1968 Challenge 397
Cognitive Processes Underlying Behavior:
Limitations of the Behavioral Perspective
From a Cognitive Social Viewpoint 398
The Role of Awareness in Learning:
Reinforcement as Information 398
Rules and Symbolic Processes 399
Cognitive Transformations: Changing the Impact
of the Stimulus through Mental
Operations 400
Cognitive Lessons from Observational
Learning 400
Dissatisfaction with Behavior Modification: Need
for Cognitive Therapies 402
FROM DISSATISFACTIONS TO
RECONCEPTUALIZATIONS: COGNITIVE
SOCIAL PERSON VARIABLES 403
Encoding Strategies: How Do You See It? 404
Expectancies: What Will Happen? 406
Subjective Values: What Is It Worth?
What Are Your Goals? 408
Self-Regulatory Systems and Plans:
How Can You Achieve It? 408
Competencies: What Can You Do? 410
Summary of Person Variables 410
In Focus 14.1 On the History of Cognitive Social
Person Variables 412
COMMON THEMES OF THE COGNITIVE
SOCIAL ORIENTATION 411
Cognitive Focus 411
Social-Interpersonal Focus 411
Behavioral Focus 412
Focus on Human Potential 412
The Active Organism: Reciprocal
Interactionism 413
Focus on Self-Regulation 413
Focus on Processing Social Information 414
Coherence and Discriminativeness in Personality:
Focus on the Individual s Uniqueness 414
Focus on Doing : Current Social Behavior and
Cognitive Activity 415
SUMMARY 416
CHAPTER 15
Encoding, Constructs, and
Expectancies 418
ENCODING THE SELF: SEEING AND
EVALUATING OURSELVES 419
The I and the Me 420
Self-Schemata 420
Individual Differences in Construct
Accessibility 421
Perceived Stability of Self and Potential for
Change 421
Multiple Self-Concepts: Possible Selves 422
Self-Discrepancies and Their Emotional
Consequences 422
SELF-RELEVANT EXPECTANCIES AND
SELF-APPRAISALS 424
Self-Esteem and Self-Evaluation 424
Expectancies for Success 425
Self-Efficacy 426
The Role of Self-Efficacy 428
Measuring Expectancies 428
PERCEIVED HELPLESSNESS, MASTERY,
AND STYLES OF EXPLANATION 429
Learned Helplessness 430
Learned Helplessness and Apathy:
Examples 430
Causal Attributions: Explanations Influence
Emotions and Outcomes 432
Pride and Shame 432
Self-Enhancing Bias 432
Reinterpreting Helplessness: Pessimistic
Explanatory Styles 432
Learned Optimism 433
Helpless versus Mastery-Oriented
Children 434
In Focus 15.1 The Illusory Warm Glow of
Optimism 435
Incremental versus Entity Theories: Impact of
One s Theory on Performance 436
CHANGING DYSFUNCTIONAL
COGNITIONS AND ENCODING:
COGNITIVE THERAPY 437
Beck s Cognitive Therapy for Depression 437
Ellis s Cognitive Restructuring 439
ENCODING EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES
AND SITUATIONS 440
How Do You Know What You Feel? 441
Bodily Changes in Emotion 442
Interpreting the Situation 442
Individual Differences in Cognitive
Representation of Social Interactions 443
In Focus 15.2 Experiments on Cognitive
Appraisal in Emotion 444
The Cognitive Appraisal of Stress 444
Encoding Threatening Experiences Adaptively:
How Victims Cope 447
SUMMARY 448
CHAPTER 16
Self-Regulatory Strategies and
Competencies 450
DEMYSTIFYING WILLPOWER: STRATEGIES
OF SELF-CONTROL 451
Delay of Gratification as a Basic Human
Task 452
A Method for Observing Frustration
Tolerance 453
The Value of Not Thinking 454
Self-Distraction to Cope with Frustration 455
Cognitive Transformations and Delay 456
Summary 457
In Focus 16.1 The Growth of Self-Control
Knowledge 458
Early Delay Predicts Later Personality:
Long-Term Coherence 458
SELF-REGULATION IN STRESSFUL
SITUATIONS 460
Cognitive Transformations to Reduce
Stress 460
Tuning Out Cognitively 460
Avoiding Self-Preoccupying Thoughts 461
Enhancing Perceived Efficacy and Coping 461
In Focus 16.2 How to Talk to Yourself Better:
Changing Internal Monologues 462
Increasing Self-Control and Mastery: Making the
Difficult Easier 463
STANDARDS AND
SELF-EVALUATIONS 464
Studying Self-Reward and Self-Standards 465
Effects of Models on Standard Setting 466
Do as I Say or Do as I Do? 466
Self-Evaluation, Perceived Self-Discrepancies, and
Eating Disorders 468
Self-Consciousness in Self-Regulation 469
In Focus 16.3 Obesity:
Where Psychology and Biology Meet 470
Planning and Future Orientation 473
Life Tasks, Personal Plans, and Projects 473
Intrinsic Motivation in Self-Regulation 474
Performance Goals and Learning Goals 475
Toward Self-Management: From External to
Internal 475
SUMMARY 476
CHAPTER 17
Example I: Aggression and
Altruism 478
DEFINING AGGRESSION 479
The Varieties of Aggression 480
Stable Individual Differences in Aggression 480
AGGRESSION: CLASSICAL VIEWS 481
Freud, Dollard, and Miller: Aggression as
Instinct and Drive 481
The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 482
Displacement 48 3
Catharsis: Effects of Expressing
Aggression 483
AGGRESSION: COGNITIVE SOCIAL
VIEWS 483
Cognitive Social Reinterpretation of
Catharsis 484
Alternative Reactions to
Arousal 484
Underlying Person Variables 486
Encoding in Aggressive Terms:
Hostile Attributions 487
Deficits in Competencies and
Self-Regulation 487
Expectancies and Values Relevant to
Aggression 487
Modeling Effects of
Aggression 488
THE ROLE OF SELF-STANDARDS IN
AGGRESSION 489
Bypassing Self-Standards 489
Testing the Limits of
Self-Standards 489
Activating Self-Standards 491
Diffusion of Personal
Responsibility 492
Self-Justification to Reduce
Responsibility 494
SUMMARY 495
FROM AGGRESSION TO
ALTRUISM 495
Increasing Altruism 496
Responsibility and Moral Thinking 497
In Focus 17.1 Moral Reasoning:
Koblberg s Stages 498
Enhancing Responsibility 498
Alternative Constructions of Morality:
Gilligan s In a Different Voice 499
Cognitive Social View of Responsible
Behavior 500
From Moral Competence to Moral
Conduct 500
SUMMARY 501
CHAPTER 18
Example II: Gender
Identity 503
PSYCHOLOGICAL SEX
DIFFERENCES 505
Perceived Sex Differences: Examples 505
Aggression 507
In Focus 18.1 When Are Women More
Aggressive than Men? 508
Dependency 509
Intellectual-Cognitive Functions 509
Overview of Sex Differences 510
Sex-Role Constructs and Identity 510
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEX-TYPING AND
IDENTITY 512
Biological Determinants 512
In Focus 18.2 Two Sexes in One Body 513
Cognition and the Formation of Gender
Identity 513
Cognitive Social Learning 515
Gender Constructs, Expectancies, and
Values 516
In Focus 183 Sexual Attractiveness and
Dominance: The Interface of Culture and
Biology 518
Social Structure 518
Evolutionary Psychology and the Development of
Male Machismo 520
Moderator Variables 521
Correlates of Sex-Typing 522
Stability of Sex-Typed Behaviors 523
CHANGING SEX-ROLE CONSTRUCTS AND
BIAS 523
Sex-Role Bias in Society 523
Sex-Role Stereotyping in Psychology 524
Consequences of Sex-Role Stereotypes 525
Toward Androgyny 527
Beyond Androgyny 528
SUMMARY 529
CHAPTER_19
Personality Coherence and
Person-Situation
Interaction 531
THE COGNITIVE SOCIAL VIEW OF THE
INDIVIDUAL: GARY W. 532
The Configuration of Stable Person
Variables 532
Gary W: Cognitive Social Assessment 533
Implications for Personality Coherence 535
TYPES OF PERSONALITY COHERENCE
AND CONSISTENCY 536
Average Individual Differences
(Aggregated) 536
Stable If. . . Then . . . Patterns within
Individuals 536
Expressions of Personality in Behavior 538
The Traditional Trait View 538
The Cognitive Social View 538
Implications for Treatment and Change 539
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SITUATIONS 540
Dimensions for Interpreting Situations 540
Environments as Situations 541
Classifying Situations 541
Denning Psychological Situations 542
The Specific Effects of Situations 543
CONCEPTUALIZING PERSON-SITUATION
INTERACTIONS 545
Persons and Situations 546
Response Freedom 546
Behavioral Appropriateness and Situational
Constraints 548
Diagnostic Situations 550
Situational Similarity: Local Consistency 550
In Focus 19.1 Conditions Diagnostic for
Long-term Outcomes 551
LONG-TERM PERSONALITY
COHERENCE 551
Nature and Nurture 551
Interaction of Biological and Cognitive Social
Influences 552
The Role of Temperament 552
Gene-Environment Interactions 553
Mediation by Cognitive Social
Variables 553
Selecting and Creating One s Own Psychological
Environment 554
Social Interaction as a Reciprocal Influence
Process 555
Long-term Life Course Stability 556
Long-term Life Tasks and Personal Projects:
Life-span Development 557
Constraints and Opportunities for Constructing
One s Future 559
SUMMARY 559
Part VI: SUMMARY EVALUATION 561
EPILOGUE 567
Glossary 573
References 585
Name Index 609
Subject Index 617
|
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| author | Mischel, Walter 1930-2018 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)263365930 (DE-599)BVBBV009144346 |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:31:44Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Mischel, Walter 1930-2018 Verfasser (DE-588)1068280409 aut Introduction to personality Walter Mischel 5. ed. Fort Worth [u.a.] Harcourt Brace College Publ. 1993 XXIV, 627 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006062244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075996-9 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Introduction to personality |
| title_auth | Introduction to personality |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to personality |
| title_full | Introduction to personality Walter Mischel |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to personality Walter Mischel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to personality Walter Mischel |
| title_short | Introduction to personality |
| title_sort | introduction to personality |
| topic | Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Persönlichkeitspsychologie Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006062244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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