Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Springer
[1992]
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Astronomy and astrophysics library
Springer study edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 694 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540965750 0387965750 354097735X 038797735X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123526661144577 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE V
CONTRIBUTORS XXI
1. GALACTIC NONTHERMAL CONTINUUM EMISSION
CHRIS J. SALTER
AND
ROBERT
L.
BROWN
1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1 HISTORICAL PREFACE 1
1.1.2 EARLY SURVEYS OF GALACTIC RADIO EMISSION 3
A. ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF THE COSMIC RADIO WAVES 3
B. SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE COSMIC RADIO WAVES 5
C. THE SITUATION CIRCA-1956 6
1.2 PHYSICAL PROCESSES 6
1.2.1 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 6
A. SINGLE PARTICLE EMISSION 7
B. RADIATION FROM AN ENSEMBLE OF PARTICLES 9
C. INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIUM 10
1.2.2 THE FARADAY EFFECT 11
1.3 TOTAL INTENSITY OBSERVATIONS OF THE GALACTIC RADIO
CONTINUUM 12
1.3.1 THE MEDIUM-RESOLUTION SURVEYS 13
1.3.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION SURVEYS OF THE GALACTIC PLANE 15
1.3.3 THE GALACTIC LOOPS AND SPURS 15
1.3.4 THE NONTHERMAL RADIATION AND GALACTIC STRUCTURE 18
1.3.5 A GALACTIC RADIO HALO? 22
1.4 THE SPECTRUM OF THE NONTHERMAL EMISSION 23
1.4.1 THE GALACTIC SPECTRUM ABOVE 10 MHZ 24
1.4.2 THE VERY-LOW-FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 25
1.4.3 THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF COSMIC-RAY ELECTRONS 26
1.5 LINEAR POLARIZATION OF THE NONTHERMAL EMISSION 28
1.5.1 SURVEYS OF LINEAR POLARIZATION OF THE GALACTIC EMISSION 28
1.5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LOCAL MAGNETIC FIELD 30
1.5.3 MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE GALACTIC LOOPS 31
1.5.4 ROTATION MEASURE DATA AND THE GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELD .... 32
1.6 THE GALACTIC NONTHERMAL RADIATION IN PERSPECTIVE 33
RECOMMENDED READING 34
REFERENCES 34
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/940391872
VIII CONTENTS
2. HII REGIONS AND RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES
MARK A. GORDON 37
2.1 IONIZED INTERSTELLAR HYDROGEN 37
2.1.1 EMISSION NEBULAE 37
2.1.2 DIFFUSE THERMAL BACKGROUND 38
2.2 RADIATION TRANSFER 38
2.3 CONTINUUM THERMAL EMISSION (BREMSSTRAHLUNG) 40
2.3.1 ABSORPTION AND EMISSION COEFFICIENTS 40
2.3.2 TRANSFER EQUATION FOR CONTINUUM RADIATION 41
2.3.3 LOW-FREQUENCY RADIATION FROM HII REGIONS 42
2.3.4 HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIATION FROM HII REGIONS 42
2.3.5 INTEGRATED OBSERVATIONS OF HII REGIONS 42
2.3.6 REALITY AND THE HOMOGENEOUS NEBULA APPROXIMATION 43
2.3.7 CONTINUUM OBSERVATIONS OF HII REGIONS 44
2.3.8 THERMAL EMISSION FROM DUST 45
2.4 BASIC THEORY OF RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES 46
2.4.1 LINE FREQUENCIES 47
2.4.2 SHAPE FUNCTION 48
2.4.3 ABSORPTION AND EMISSION COEFFICIENTS 50
2.4.4 TRANSFER EQUATION FOR LINE RADIATION 52
2.5 REFINEMENTS TO THE TRANSFER EQUATIONS 53
2.5.1 LOCAL THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 53
2.5.2 DEPARTURES FROM LTE 54
2.5.3 TURBULENCE BROADENING 57
2.5.4 PRESSURE BROADENING 58
2.6 SINGLE-DISH OBSERVATIONS OF RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES
FROM HII REGIONS 59
2.6.1 EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF INTEGRATED LINE INTENSITIES 59
2.6.2 NON-LTE DENSITY-GRADIENT MODELS 62
2.6.3 CLUMPED MODELS 64
2.6.4 COMPARISON OF THE DENSITY-GRADIENT AND CLUMPED MODELS .. 65
2.6.5 EMPIRICAL DETERMINATIONS OF ELECTRON TEMPERATURE 67
2.7 EXPLORATION OF THE MILKY WAY BY RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES .... 68
2.7.1 GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION OF HII REGIONS 68
2.7.2 GALACTOCENTRIC VARIATIONS OF ELECTRON TEMPERATURES 71
2.7.3 ABUNDANCE RATIO OF HELIUM TO HYDROGEN 71
2.7.4 THE DIFFUSE COMPONENT 77
2.8 RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF HII REGIONS WITH HIGH ANGULAR
RESOLUTION 81
2.8.1 CONTINUUM OBSERVATIONS 81
2.8.2 RECOMBINATION-LINE OBSERVATIONS 82
2.9 OTHER ASPECTS OF RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES 83
2.9.1 LOW FREQUENCIES 83
2.9.2 ZEEMAN EFFECT 85
2.9.3 THE SUN 86
CONTENTS IX
2.9.4 PLANETARY NEBULAE 88
2.9.5 DARK CLOUDS 88
2.9.6 GALAXIES AND QUASARS 90
RECOMMENDED READING 92
REFERENCES 92
3. NEUTRAL HYDROGEN AND THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
SHRINIVAS
R.
KULKARNI
AND
CARL HEILES 95
3.1 INTRODUCTION: FUNDAMENTALS 95
3.1.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER AND EXCITATION OF THE HI LINE 96
3.1.2 OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE MEDIUM 101
A. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE FOUR PHASES: CNM, WNM, WIM, HIM . 101
B. GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION OF HI 103
3.1.3 INTERSTELLAR PRESSURE 104
A. EXCITATION OF CI FINE STRUCTURE 105
B. EXCITATION OF THE CII FINE-STRUCTURE LINES 106
C. PRESSURE OF THE WIM 106
3.1.4 THEORY OF THE KINETIC TEMPERATURE OF DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR
GAS 107
A. COOLING PROCESSES 107
B. HEATING PROCESSES 108
C. THE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE 110
D. IS STATISTICAL EQUILIBRIUM ALWAYS OBTAINED? ILL
3.1.5 ELEMENTS OF INTERSTELLAR GAS DYNAMICS ILL
A. STATIC EQUILIBRIUM: THE Z-STRUCTURE IN THE GALAXY 112
B. STATIC EQUILIBRIUM: A UNIFORM SPHERICAL MAGNETIZED CLOUD . 112
C. TRANSIENT FEATURES: SHOCKS 113
3.1.6 TWO FAMOUS MODELS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 115
3.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: HI EMISSION 118
3.2.1 LOW-VELOCITY GAS 118
A. SHELLS 118
B. FILAMENTS 122
C. MAJOR HI CONCENTRATIONS AROUND DARK CLOUDS
AND NEWLY FORMED STARS 123
D. SHAPES OF HI CLOUDS 123
E. STRUCTURE OF HI CLOUDS 124
3.2.2 INTERMEDIATE-VELOCITY GAS 125
3.2.3 SUPERSHELLS AND WORMS 126
3.3 TEMPERATURE AND IONIZATION OF THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM ...
126
3.3.1 HI ABSORPTION: TECHNIQUES, DATA, AND ANALYSIS 126
A. TECHNIQUES AND DATA 127
B. DERIVED SPIN TEMPERATURE: DEFINITION AND LIMITATIONS 128
3.3.2 TEMPERATURE OF WARM HI 129
3.3.3 TEMPERATURE OF THE COLD HI (CNM) 131
X CONTENTS
A. CLASSICAL ABSORPTION STUDIES: THE
T-T
RELATION
131
B. STATISTICS OF CLOUDS 132
3.3.4 TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF HI CLOUDS 133
A. TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE AND THE
T-T
RELATION
134
B. PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS 134
3.3.5 IONIZATION OF THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 135
A. OBSERVATIONS 135
B. IONIZATION WITHIN DIFFUSE CLOUDS 137
C. WHERE DO THE ELECTRONS RESIDE? 137
D. THE ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE WIM 138
3.3.6 FILLING FACTORS OF THE WIM, WNM, AND CNM 140
3.4 INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS 142
3.4.1 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 142
A. B
: LINEAR POLARIZATION OF STARLIGHT 142
B. B
: LINEAR POLARIZATION OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 142
C. : LINEAR POLARIZATION OF RADIO-WAVELENGTH SPECTRAL LINES . 143
D. BF FARADAY ROTATION 143
E. B]|: ZEEMAN SPLITTING 143
F. FARADAY ROTATION VERSUS ZEEMAN SPLITTING 144
3.4.2 FIELDS IN EXTERNAL GALAXIES 144
3.4.3 THE GALACTIC FIELD ON SCALES ABOVE 100 PC 144
A. THE FIELD STRENGTH 144
B. THE FIELD DIRECTION 146
3.4.4 THE GALACTIC FIELD ON SCALES OF 100 PC AND BELOW 147
3.5 SUMMARY 149
RECOMMENDED READING 151
REFERENCES 151
4. MOLECULES AS PROBES OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND OF STAR FORMATION
BARRY
E.
TURNER 154
4.1 INTRODUCTION 154
4.1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 154
4.1.2 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 155
4.2 THE LARGE-SCALE MORPHOLOGY OF THE ISM 158
4.2.1 THE PHYSICAL REGIMES OF THE ISM 158
A. CORONAL GAS 158
B. INTERCLOUD GAS 158
C. DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS 159
D. COLD DARK CLOUDS 160
E. GLOBULES 160
F. GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS 160
G. HOT MOLECULAR CORES IN GMCS 161
4.2.2 THE MORPHOLOGY OF DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS 162
4.2.3 GMCS AND SPIRAL ARMS 163
CONTENTS XI
4.3 THE NATURE OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS 165
4.3.1 SMALL STAR-FORMING CORES IN SMCS AND GMCS 165
4.3.2 MASSIVE STAR-FORMING CORES IN GMCS 166
4.3.3 LARGE-SCALE RELATIONSHIPS OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS 167
A. LOW-MASS-STAR-FORMING REGIONS 168
B. MASSIVE-STAR-FORMING REGIONS 169
4.3.4 INTERMEDIATE-SCALE STRUCTURE: VELOCITY OUTFLOWS AND DISKS .. 170
4.3.5 MAGNETIC FIELDS 172
4.3.6 SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURE OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS 174
A. THE ORION MOLECULAR CORE 174
B. OTHER STAR-FORMING CORES 176
4.3.7 A SUMMARY OF STAR FORMATION MORPHOLOGY 179
4.4 THE STABILITY OF MOLECULAR CLOUDS AND CORES 180
4.4.1 STAR FORMATION RATES AND THE STABILITY OF MOLECULAR CLOUDS . 180
4.4.2 GLOBAL RELATIONS BETWEEN (N, L, AV) FOR MOLECULAR CLOUDS ... 180
4.4.3 ROTATION 182
4.4.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS 182
4.4.5 STELLAR WINDS 183
4.4.6 GRAVITO-TURBULENCE OR STAR CLOUD TURBULENCE 183
4.5 THE FORMATION OF STARS 184
4.5.1 LOW-MASS STARS FROM LOW-MASS CORES 184
4.5.2 FORMATION OF MASSIVE STARS FROM MASSIVE CORES 185
A. A SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS 185
B. MASSIVE-STAR FORMATION: ENHANCED ACCRETION PLUS SHOCKS .. 187
4.5.3 A STOCHASTIC PICTURE OF STAR FORMATION 188
4.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS 189
4.6.1 HIGH-RESOLUTION STUDIES OF STAR FORMATION 190
A. GLOBAL ASPECTS AS SEEN IN OTHER GALAXIES 190
B. STAR-FORMING CORES 190
C. THE QUESTION OF THE ELUSIVE PROTOSTAR 191
D. ORI(KL) AND DETAILED STUDIES OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS 192
4.6.2 SUBMILLIMETER AND FAR-IR STUDIES 192
A. FAR-IR STUDIES 192
B. SUBMILLIMETER STUDIES 193
RECOMMENDED READING 195
REFERENCES 195
S. INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES AND ASTROCHEMISTRY
BARRY
E.
TURNER
AND
LUCY M. ZIURYS
200
5.1 MOLECULES IN SPACE: AN OVERVIEW 200
5.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY 200
5.1.2 THE PRESENTLY KNOWN INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES 204
5.1.3 INTERSTELLAR CHEMISTRY: SOME GENERALITIES 206
5.2 WHERE MOLECULES ARE FOUND: BASIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DENSE
INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 208
XII CONTENTS
5.2.1 DIFFUSE CLOUDS 209
5.2.2 ENVELOPES OF GMCS AND SMCS ( DARK CLOUDS ) 211
5.2.3 COLD CORES AND LOW-MASS STAR-FORMING CORES
IN MOLECULAR CLOUDS 212
5.2.4 WARM MASSIVE CORES IN GMCS 214
5.2.5 SHOCKED REGIONS 215
5.2.6 CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVELOPES 218
5.3 MOLECULAR ABUNDANCES AND THEIR DETERMINATION 219
5.3.1 METHOD OF ANALYSIS 220
A. THE SIMPLEST DERIVATION OF COLUMN DENSITIES 220
B. ELEMENTARY COLUMN DENSITY ESTIMATES WHEN MANY
TRANSITIONS ARE OBSERVED 222
C. COLUMN DENSITY ESTIMATES FROM RADIATIVE TRANSFER
TECHNIQUES 223
5.3.2 PROBLEMS IN ABUNDANCE DETERMINATIONS 223
A. CLUMPING 223
B. FRACTIONAL ABUNDANCES 224
C. COLLISIONAL CROSS SECTIONS 225
D. KINETIC TEMPERATURE 225
E. RADIATION FIELDS 226
5.3.3 REPRESENTATIVE ABUNDANCES 226
5.4 THE FOUR BASIC SCHEMES OF INTERSTELLAR CHEMISTRY 226
5.4.1 ION-MOLECULE CHEMISTRY 230
5.4.2 SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON DUST GRAINS 235
A. DIFFICULTIES FOR GRAIN-SURFACE CHEMISTRY. DIFFUSE AND
COLD CLOUDS 236
B. GRAIN-SURFACE CHEMISTRY IN WARM CLOUDS 237
C. SUMMARY 238
5.4.3 SHOCK CHEMISTRY 239
5.4.4 CIRCUMSTELLAR CHEMISTRY 241
A. CARBON-RICH ENVELOPES 243
B. OXYGEN-RICH ENVELOPES 243
C. SUMMARY 244
5.5 CURRENT DILEMMAS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 244
5.5.1 THE COMPOSITION OF INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS 244
5.5.2 DIFFUSE BANDS 245
5.5.3 SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX MOLECULES 246
5.5.4 RING MOLECULES 246
5.5.5 NO BONDS 247
5.5.6 CHEMISTRY INVOLVING SECOND- AND THIRD-ROW ELEMENTS 248
5.5.7 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 248
5.5.8 UNIDENTIFIED LINES 249
5.5.9 A FINAL PERSPECTIVE: WHAT HAS ASTROCHEMISTRY REVEALED? ... 249
RECOMMENDED READING 250
REFERENCES 250
CONTENTS XIII
6. ASTRONOMICAL MASERS
MARK J. REID
AND
JAMES M. MORAN
255
6.1 INTRODUCTION 255
6.2 MASER THEORY 257
6.2.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 257
6.2.2 INPUT SOURCES 262
6.2.3 GEOMETRY AND APPARENT SIZES 263
6.2.4 SATURATION 265
6.2.5 LINE WIDTHS 267
6.2.6 POLARIZATION 268
6.2.7 PUMP MODELS 269
A. INTERSTELLAR MASER PUMPS 273
B. STELLAR MASER PUMPS 273
6.3 INTERSTELLAR MASERS 274
6.3.1 H
2
0 MASERS 275
6.3.2 OH MASERS 278
6.4 STELLAR MASERS 282
6.4.1 SUPERGIANTS 287
6.5 EXTRAGALACTIC MASERS 288
6.6 INTERSTELLAR SCATTERING 289
6.7 DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS 290
RECOMMENDED READING 293
REFERENCES 293
7. THE STRUCTURE OF OUR GALAXY DERIVED FROM OBSERVATIONS OF NEUTRAL
HYDROGEN
W. BUTLER BURTON 295
7.1 OBSERVATIONS OF GALACTIC NEUTRAL HYDROGEN 295
7.2 KINEMATICS OF GALACTIC NEUTRAL HYDROGEN 303
7.2.1 VELOCITIES DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL GALACTIC ROTATION 303
7.2.2 THE GALACTIC ROTATION CURVE 305
7.2.3 GALACTIC CONSTANTS 312
7.2.4 DEVIATIONS FROM CIRCULAR SYMMETRY AND CIRCULAR MOTIONS .. 317
7.3 MAPPING THE GALAXY USING NEUTRAL HYDROGEN OBSERVATIONS 322
7.3.1 LINE PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS CAUSED BY GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS .. 322
7.3.2 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS CAUSED BY KINEMATIC IRREGULARITIES ... 324
7.3.3 SOME REMARKS ON THE SPIRAL STRUCTURE OF THE GALAXY 326
7.4 THE INNER-GALAXY GAS LAYER 328
7.4.1 RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE INNER-GALAXY GAS AND
DUST LAYER 329
7.4.2 THICKNESS AND FLATNESS OF THE INNER-GALAXY GAS AND
DUST LAYER 333
7.4.3 OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE INNER-GALAXY GAS AND DUST LAYER .. 337
7.5 THE OUTER-GALAXY GAS LAYER 339
XIV CONTENTS
7.5.1 THE SHAPE OF THE WARPED, FLARING, OUTER-GALAXY GAS
LAYER 340
7.5.2 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARPED GAS LAYER IN OTHER
GALAXIES 347
7.5.3 BRIEF REMARKS ON THE PHENOMENON OF HIGH-VELOCITY
CLOUDS 350
RECOMMENDED READING 354
REFERENCES 354
8. THE GALACTIC CENTER
HARVEY S. LISZT 359
8.1 INTRODUCTION AND APOLOGIA 359
8.2 RADIO CONTINUUM EMISSION FROM THE PROVINCES OF SAGITTARIUS 360
8.2.1 SGRD 360
8.2.2 SGR B 360
8.2.3 SGR C 362
8.2.4 SGRE 363
8.2.5 TAKING STOCK OF THE SITUATION IN THE PROVINCES 364
8.3 SGR A AND ITS IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT 365
8.3.1 THE COMPACT SOURCE SGR A* 365
8.3.2 SGR A EAST IS BOTH EAST AND WEST 368
8.3.3 SGR A WEST 371
A. A MASSIVE ROTATING RING 371
B. A SMALL BAR 1 371
8.3.4 SGR A* REDUX 372
8.3.5 ALL THE KING S HORSES 372
8.4 MATERIAL IN SGR A OBSERVED ON 10- TO 50-PC SCALES 372
8.5 THE NEUTRAL GAS RESERVOIR IN THE INNER GALACTIC REGIONS 374
8.5.1 THE EXPANDING 3-KPC ARM 374
8.5.2 A TILTED DISK-THE GALAXY S BAR? 374
8.5.3 MORE ON THE CENTRAL GAS RESERVOIR 376
RECOMMENDED READING 379
REFERENCES 379
9. RADIO STARS
ROBERT M. HJELLMING 381
9.1 THE EARLY YEARS 381
9.1.1 THE SEARCH FOR THE RADIO SUN 381
9.1.2 EARLY FLARE STAR OBSERVATIONS 382
9.1.3 WHEN IS A STAR A RADIO STAR? 382
9.1.4 THE TWILIGHT YEARS 383
9.1.5 THE DAWN OF STELLAR RADIO ASTRONOMY 385
9.2 FUNDAMENTAL RADIO EMISSION PROCESSES AND STELLAR RADIATIVE
TRANSFER 386
9.2.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN STELLAR ENVIRONMENTS 386
CONTENTS XV
9.2.2 FUNDAMENTAL RADIATION PROCESSES 389
A. THERMAL BREMSSTRAHLUNG 389
B. MAGNETO-BREMSSTRAHLUNG 389
C. THERMAL VERSUS NONTHERMAL AND INCOHERENT VERSUS
COHERENT 391
9.3 SOLAR RADIO EMISSION 391
9.3.1 TYPES OF SOLAR RADIO EMISSION 391
9.3.2 QUIET SUN EMISSION AND THE SLOWLY VARYING COMPONENT .... 392
9.3.3 ENHANCED RADIO EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH SUNSPOTS AND
ACTIVE REGIONS 393
9.3.4 SOLAR NOISE STORMS 395
9.3.5 SOLAR RADIO BURSTS 396
A. RADIO EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH FIRST-STAGE FLARES 396
B. RADIO EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH SECOND-STAGE FLARES 397
9.3.6 THE SOLAR WIND 398
9.4 FLARE STARS AND ACTIVE BINARIES 398
9.4.1 FLARE STAR RADIO EMISSION 398
9.4.2 RADIO-ACTIVE BINARIES-PARTICULARLY RS CVN S 400
9.4.3 PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS 405
9.5 STELLAR WINDS 405
9.5.1 IONIZED STELLAR WINDS 405
9.5.2 STELLAR WIND OBSERVABLES 405
9.5.3 COOL, WEAKLY IONIZED WINDS 407
9.5.4 VV CEPHEI BINARIES-IONIZED SUBREGIONS OF COOL SUPERGIANT
WINDS 407
9.5.5 SYMBIOTIC STARS-INTERACTING WINDS AND IONIZED
SUBREGIONS OF WINDS 409
9.6 CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES 409
9.6.1 CLASSICAL NOVAE 409
9.6.2 RECURRENT NOVAE 411
9.6.3 DWARF NOVAE 415
9.6.4 MAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES 415
9.7 RADIO-EMITTING X-RAY BINARIES 416
9.7.1 SUMMARY OF MAJOR RADIO-EMITTING X-RAY BINARIES 416
9.7.2 RELATIVISTIC JETS AND SYNCHROTRON FLARING IN CYG X-3 417
A. CYG X-3 AS A SYCHROTRON FLARING SOURCE 417
B. CYG X-3 AS A RELATIVISTIC JET SOURCE 420
9.7.3 PERIODIC RADIO VARIATIONS IN CIR X-L, LSI +61303, AND
CYG X-3 420
9.7.4 RELATIVISTIC JETS IN SS433 421
9.7.5 EVOLVING BUBBLES, LAYERS, AND CONES OF RELATIVISTIC
ELECTRONS 426
A. TYPE OF GEOMETRY FOR SYNCHROTRON-RADIATING REGIONS 426
B. RADIO-EMITTING BUBBLES AND LAYERS WITH SPHERICAL
SYMMETRY 427
C. EVOLUTION OF CONICAL RADIO JETS 429
XVI CONTENTS
9.7.6 SCO X-L-RADIO VARIABLE WITH COMPANION DOUBLE RADIO
SOURCE 431
9.7.7 THE VERY LARGE REMNANTS AROUND SS433 AND CIR X-L 431
9.7.8 OTHER X-RAY BINARIES 433
9.7.9 TRANSIENT X-RAY/RADIO STARS 433
9.7.10 A UNIFIED VIEW OF RADIO-EMITTING X-RAY BINARIES 433
9.8 FUTURE WORK ON RADIO STARS 434
RECOMMENDED READING 435
REFERENCES 435
10. SUPERNOVA REMNANTS
STEPHEN P. REYNOLDS 439
10.1 INTRODUCTION 439
10.1.1 HISTORY 439
10.2 SUPERNOVAE 442
10.2.1 TYPE I AND TYPE II 442
10.2.2 RATES 444
10.3 OBSERVED PROPERTIES OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 445
10.3.1 RADIO CHARACTERISTICS 445
10.3.2 OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS 447
10.3.3 X-RAY CHARACTERISTICS 455
10.3.4 VARIABILITY 456
10.3.5 STATISTICS OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 457
10.3.6 RADIO SUPERNOVAE 460
10.4 THEORY 460
10.4.1 EVOLUTION 460
10.4.2 RELATION OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY TO OBSERVATIONS 465
10.4.3 CRABLIKE SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 466
10.4.4 NONTHERMAL EMISSION FROM SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 468
10.4.5 RADIO SUPERNOVAE 472
10.5 COLLECTIVE INTERACTIONS OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS WITH THE
GALAXY 473
10.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 473
10.5.2 ENERGY AND MASS INPUT INTO THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM .... 473
10.5.3 COSMIC RAYS 474
10.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS 475
RECOMMENDED READING 476
CATALOGUES OF GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 476
REFERENCES 476
11. PULSARS
DON
C.
BACKER 480
11.1 INTRODUCTION 480
11.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF NEUTRON STARS 480
11.1.2 NEW TYPES OF PULSARS 481
CONTENTS XVII
11.2 BASIC PROPERTIES 482
11.2.1 INTENSITY SPECTRA 482
11.2.2 DISPERSION AND DISTANCE SCALE 482
11.2.3 PULSE TIMING 484
11.2.4 STANDARD MODEL OF EMISSION MECHANISM 484
11.3 PULSE MORPHOLOGY AND POLARIZATION 485
11.3.1 PULSE COMPONENTS 485
11.3.2 POLARIZATION 487
11.3.3 HOLLOW-CONE BEAM MODEL 487
11.3.4 MORE POLARIZATION EFFECTS 489
11.3.5 A BEAM MODEL 490
11.3.6 INTERPULSES AND STEADY EMISSION 490
11.4 INTENSITY FLUCTUATIONS 491
11.4.1 MICROPULSES 491
11.4.2 SUBPULSES 492
11.4.3 PERIODIC SUBPULSE PHENOMENA 493
11.4.4 PULSE NULLING 493
11.4.5 OTHER MODULATIONS 495
11.5 INTERSTELLAR PROPAGATION 496
11.5.1 NEUTRAL HYDROGEN ABSORPTION 496
11.5.2 THERMAL PLASMA DISPERSION 496
11.5.3 BIREFRINGENCE 497
11.5.4 SECULAR VARIATIONS OF PATH INTEGRALS 498
11.5.5 DIFFRACTION CAUSED BY INTERSTELLAR TURBULENCE 498
A. THIN-SCREEN MODEL 500
B. PULSE BROADENING 501
C. SCINTILLATION 501
D. SCATTERING MEASURE 503
11.5.6 REFRACTION BY INTERSTELLAR TURBULENCE 503
11.6 TIMING AND ASTROMETRY 504
11.6.1 TIME OF ARRIVAL MEASUREMENTS 504
11.6.2 TIME OF ARRIVAL ANALYSIS 504
11.6.3 INTERPRETATION OF PULSAR SPIN PROPERTIES 506
11.6.4 ASTROMETRY 507
11.7 BINARY AND MILLISECOND PULSARS 508
11.7.1 THE NEW PULSARS 508
11.7.2 TIMING A BINARY PULSAR 508
11.7.3 TIMING A MILLISECOND PULSAR 511
11.8 RADIO EMISSION MECHANISM 513
11.8.1 BASIC REQUIREMENTS 513
11.8.2 EMISSION SITE 514
11.8.3 POLAR-CAP MODELS 514
11.9 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION 515
11.9.1 INTRODUCTION 515
11.9.2 GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION 516
11.9.3 PERIOD EVOLUTION 517
XVIII CONTENTS
11.9.4 BINARY PULSAR EVOLUTION 519
RECOMMENDED READING 520
REFERENCES 520
12. EXTRAGALACTIC NEUTRAL HYDROGEN
RICCARDO GIOVANELLI
AND
MARTHA P. HAYNES
522
12.1 INTRODUCTION 522
12.1.1 THE ROLE OF NEUTRAL HYDROGEN IN GALAXIES 522
12.1.2 THE INFORMATION IN THE 21-CM LINE 523
12.1.3 PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF HI DATA 527
12.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HI IN GALAXIES 528
12.2.1 MORPHOLOGY 528
12.2.2 SIZES 530
12.2.3 WARPS 531
12.2.4 APPENDAGES 532
12.3 VELOCITY FIELDS 534
12.3.1 ROTATION CURVES 534
12.3.2 DISTORTIONS IN THE VELOCITY FIELD 536
12.3.3 THE MASS DISTRIBUTION IN SPIRAL GALAXIES 537
12.3.4 DARK MATTER IN DWARF GALAXIES 540
12.4 THE VELOCITY WIDTH AS A DISTANCE INDICATOR 541
12.4.1 THE VELOCITY WIDTH-MAGNITUDE RELATION 541
12.4.2 DEVIATIONS FROM HUBBLE FLOW 543
12.5 HI CONTENT AND OTHER GLOBAL PROPERTIES 544
12.5.1 RELATIONS BETWEEN GLOBAL PROPERTIES FOR SPIRALS (SA AND
LATER) 544
12.5.2 HI CONTENT OF EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES 546
12.6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 547
12.6.1 TIDAL INTERACTIONS 548
12.6.2 GAS DEFICIENCY IN CLUSTER SPIRALS 549
12.7 COSMOLOGICAL STUDIES 550
12.7.1 21-CM REDSHIFT SURVEYS 551
12.7.2 VOIDS AND THE SEGREGATION OF GALAXIAN PROPERTIES 552
12.7.3 HI IN ACTIVE GALAXIES 555
12.7.4 HI IN QUASARS AND IN THEIR SPECTRA 557
RECOMMENDED READING 560
REFERENCES 560
13. RADIO GALAXIES AND QUASARS
KENNETH I. KELLERMANN
AND
FRAZER
N.
OWEN
563
13.1 INTRODUCTION 563
13.1.1 OPTICAL COUNTERPARTS 563
A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 565
B. RADIO GALAXIES 565
C. QUASARS 566
CONTENTS XIX
13.1.2 RADIO SOURCE PROPERTIES 568
13.1.3 RADIO SPECTRA 569
13.1.4 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS 572
13.2 LOW-LUMINOSITY SOURCES 575
13.2.1 SPIRAL, SEYFERT, AND IRREGULAR GALAXIES 575
13.2.2 ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES 576
13.3 COMPACT SOURCES 576
13.3.1 SELF-ABSORPTION 576
13.3.2 INVERSE COMPTON RADIATION 577
13.3.3 POLARIZATION 579
13.3.4 STRUCTURE 580
13.3.5 VARIABILITY 581
13.3.6 SOURCE DYNAMICS AND SUPERLUMINAL MOTION 585
13.3.7 RELATIVISTIC BEAMING 588
13.4 EXTENDED SOURCES 591
13.4.1 JETS, LOBES, AND HOT SPOTS 592
13.4.2 JET PHYSICS 597
A. STRAIGHT JETS 597
B. BENT JETS 598
13.5 SUMMARY 599
RECOMMENDED READING 599
REFERENCES 600
P. THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION
| JUAN M. USON
AND
DAVID T. WILKINSON
603
I 14.1 INTRODUCTION 603
F 14.1.1 THE DISCOVERY 603
^ 14.1.2 COSMOLOGICAL SETTING 603
I
14.2 THE SPECTRUM OF THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND 605
I 14.2.1 SUMMARY 605
E 14.2.2 HETERODYNE RADIOMETER METHODS (A ^ 3 MM) 607
F 14.2.3 BOLOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS (A ^ 3 MM) 612
I 14.2.4 MEASUREMENTS USING INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES 615
I 14.2.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 616
J
14.3 POLARIZATION OF THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND 617
I 14.4 ANISOTROPY SEARCHES 618
14.4.1 SMALL-SCALE MEASUREMENTS 618
A. A SCENARIO 618
I B. MEASUREMENTS 621
| C. CONSTRAINTS ON COSMOLOGICAL MODELS 625
I D. NEAR-FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS 626
I 14.4.2 MEASUREMENTS OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE 627
I A. A SCENARIO 627
I B. MEASUREMENTS 629
1 C. LIKELY NEAR-FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS 630
XX CONTENTS
14.5 THE SUNYAEV-ZEL DOVICH EFFECT 632
14.5.1 CONCEPT AND COSMOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 632
14.5.2 MEASUREMENTS 635
14.5.3 COSMOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 637
RECOMMENDED READING 638
REFERENCES 638
15. RADIO SOURCES AND COSMOLOGY
JAMES J. CONDON 641
15.1 INTRODUCTION 641
15.2 BASIC RELATIONS 642
15.3 THE WORLD PICTURE AND SOURCE EVOLUTION 643
15.4 SOURCE POPULATION DATA 646
15.4.1 THE LOCAL LUMINOSITY FUNCTION 646
15.4.2 SOURCE COUNTS 649
15.4.3 SPECTRAL-INDEX DISTRIBUTIONS 652
15.4.4 REDSHIFT/SPECTRAL-INDEX DIAGRAMS 653
15.4.5 REDSHIFT AND LUMINOSITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF STRONG
SOURCES 653
15.4.6 OPTICAL CONSTRAINTS 653
15.5 EVOLUTIONARY MODELS 656
15.5.1 SOURCE DISTRIBUTION EQUATIONS 657
15.5.2 EVOLUTIONARY MODELS OF RADIO LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS ... 658
15.6 SOURCE SIZE EVOLUTION 662
15.6.1 THE ANGULAR SIZE-REDSHIFT RELATION 662
15.6.2 THE ANGULAR SIZE-FLUX DENSITY DATA 664
15.6.3 MODELS OF THE ANGULAR SIZE-FLUX DENSITY RELATION 665
15.7 THE FAINT-SOURCE POPULATION 667
15.8 ISOTROPY AND HOMOGENEITY 669
15.9 COSMOLOGY MADE SIMPLE: THE SHELL MODEL 671
15.10 WHAT NEXT? 675
RECOMMENDED READING 676
REFERENCES 676
INDEX 679
|
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| bvnumber | BV009110303 |
| classification_rvk | US 1650 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)230946105 (DE-599)BVBBV009110303 |
| discipline | Physik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV009110303 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:31:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)2034358-9 |
| isbn | 3540965750 0387965750 354097735X 038797735X |
| language | English |
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| oclc_num | 230946105 |
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| owner | DE-384 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-188 |
| physical | XXII, 694 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Astronomy and astrophysics library Springer study edition |
| spelling | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy G. L. Verschuur ... Ed. 2. ed. New York u.a. Springer [1992] XXII, 694 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomy and astrophysics library Springer study edition Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd rswk-swf Radioastronomie (DE-588)4048200-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Radioastronomie (DE-588)4048200-5 s DE-604 Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 s 2\p DE-604 Verschuur, Gerrit L. Sonstige oth National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Green Bank, W Va.) Sonstige (DE-588)2034358-9 oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006040561&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd Radioastronomie (DE-588)4048200-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057375-8 (DE-588)4048200-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy |
| title_auth | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy |
| title_exact_search | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy |
| title_full | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy G. L. Verschuur ... Ed. |
| title_fullStr | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy G. L. Verschuur ... Ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy G. L. Verschuur ... Ed. |
| title_short | Galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy |
| title_sort | galactic and extragalactic radio astronomy |
| topic | Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd Radioastronomie (DE-588)4048200-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Galaxie Radioastronomie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006040561&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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