Critical reasoning: understanding and criticizing arguments and theories
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont, Calif.
Wadsworth
1991
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0534146880 |
Internformat
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| adam_text | THIRD EDITION
Critical Reasoning
Understanding and Criticizing
Arguments and Theories
Jerry Cederblom
University of Nebraska at Omaha
David W Paulsen
The Evergreen State College
WADSWORTH PUBLISHING COMPANY
Belmont, California
A Division of Wadsworth, Inc
Contents
Preface xiii
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER TWO
Deciding What to Believe 1
Critical Reasoning Versus Passive Reading or Listening 2
Critical Reasoning Versus Mere Disagreement 3
The Attitude of the Critical Reasoner 4
Self-Identity: Two Options 5
Benefits of Critical Reasoning 5
Some Common Misconceptions about Critical Reasoning •
A Preview of the Text 8
Exercise 1 1 Taking Notice of Disagreements and Reasoning n
The Anatomy of Arguments: Identifying
Premises and Conclusions 13
The Key to Identification: Seeing What Is Supported by What
Clues to Identifying Argument Parts: Indicator Words 15
m CONTENTS
Exercise 2 1 Techniques for Marking the Parts of Arguments 17
What to Do When There Are No Indicator Words:
The Principle of Charitable Interpretation 20
Exercise 2 2 Using the Principle of Charitable Interpretation to Pick
Out Premises and Conclusions without Explicit Indicator Words 22
Patterns of Argument 23
Exercise 2 3 Using Argument Patterns to Pick Out Premises and
Conclusions in Arguments without Explicit Indicator Words 28
Applications to Writing 31
Exercise 2 4 Making Premises and Conclusions Clear in Your
Writing 32
CHAPTER THREE Understanding Arguments through
Reconstruction 35
Understanding Arguments by Identifying Implicit Conclusions 36
Understanding Arguments by Identifying Implicit Premises 38
Adding Both Conclusion and Premises 40
Guidelines and Warnings in Adding Implicit Premises and
Conclusions 42
Exercise 3 1 Recognizing Argument Patterns and Adding Implicit
Premises, Conclusions, or Both 46
Using Techniques of Reconstruction in Writing 56
Exercise 3 2 Moving from Arguments in Standard Form to Prose
Passages 60
CHAPTER FOUR Evaluating Arguments: Some Basic
Questions 64
The Validity Question: When Does the Conclusion Follow from the
Premises? 67
Exercise 4 1 Showing Invalidity 16
When Are the Premises True or Acceptable? 78
Exercise 4 2 Casting Doubt on Premises 80
CONTENTS fit
CHAPTER FIVE
Sample Appraisals: Examples of Techniques of Criticism 81
The Rationale for Using These Critical Techniques 84
Exercise 4 3 Distinguishing the Validity of an Argument from the Truth
of Its Premises 86
Arguments That Create Special Problems 87
Exercise 4 4 Arguments Concerning Values 91
Writing Critical Comments 92
Exercise 4 5 Criticizing Arguments 94
That Depends on What You Mean
by 96
Unclear Expressions in the Premises: Looking for Shifts in
Meaning 98
The Possibility of Misleading Definition 100
Kinds of Unclarity: Vagueness and Ambiguity 101
Interpreting and Evaluating: A Dialogue-Process 103
Exercise 5 1 Criticizing Arguments That Contain Unclear Words or
Expressions 106
Argument and Definition 108
Evaluating Definition-like Premises 111
Conceptual Theories 112
A Model for Conceptual Theories 114
Reconstructing Fragmentary Theories 116
Exercise 5 2 Reconstructing Conceptual Theories
The Criticism of Conceptual Theories 120
Exercise 5 3 Criticism of Conceptual Theories
Conceptual Clarification and Argument 124
Exercise 5 4 Reconstructing and Criticizing Conceptual Theories and
Arguments Based on Them 125
CHAPTER six Why Are Bad Arguments Sometimes
Convincing? 133
What Is a Fallacy? 134
VIII CONTENTS
Categorizing the Fallacies According to Their Sources
of Persuasiveness 135
Two Kinds of Sleight of Hand 135
Sleight of Hand: Distraction 136
Exercise 6 1 Identifying Fallacies: False Dilemma, Slippery Slope,
Straw Man 139
Sleight of Hand: Counterfeit 140
Review 145
Exercise 6 2 More Sleight-of-Hand Fallacies 146
Emotion and Reason in Argument 148
When Is an Emotional Appeal Illegitimate? 150
Motive in Place of Support 151
Exercise 6 3 Identifying Fallacies: Appeal to Force, Appeal to Pity, ana
Prejudicial Language 154
Double Trouble 155
Variations of the Fallacy of Attacking the Person 159
Review 159
A Note on Terminology 162
Exercise 64A Comprehensive Review of Fallacies 162
Exercise 6 5 Fallacious or Not? 164
CHAPTER SEVEN Arguments in Context: Understanding
More Complicated Passages 167
Finding an Argument in a Sea of Words 167
More about Description and Explanation 169
Exercise 1 1 Distinguishing Arguments from Descriptions and
Explanations 112
Exercise 1 2 Picking the Role of a Statement 113
What s the Point? Understanding Complicated Passages 177
Exercise 1 3 Simplification and Paraphrasing: Making a First
Approximation 180
Fine Tuning: Paraphrase and the Structure of Arguments 183
Exercise 1 4 Putting All This into Practice 188
CONTENTS IX
CHAPTER EIGHT
CHAPTER NINE
CHAPTER TEN
Putting It All Together: Six Steps to
Understanding and Evaluating Deductive
Arguments 192
Sample Application of the Six-Step Procedure 195
Exercise 8 1 Applying the Six-Step Procedure 203
Application to Writing 206
Exercise 8 2 Writing a Critical Essay 210
Exercise 8 3 Participating in a Critical Exchange 214
Induction and Empirical
Generalization 217
218Two Major Types of Nondeductive Arguments
Inductive Versus Deductive Arguments 220
More Complex Passages 222
Exercise 9 1 Generalizations, Descriptions of Particulars, and Inductive
Arguments 224
Criticizing Arguments That Generalize 226
Exercise 9 2 Criticizing Empirical Generalizations 232
A Special Case: Causal Generalization 235
Five Common Criticisms of Causal Reasoning 237
The Controlled Experiment: Handling the X-Factor 239
What Happens if Control Is Limited? 243
Exercise 9 3 The Faulty Move from Correlation to Cause
Criticizing Arguments with Statistical Premises 253
Exercise 9 4 Criticizing Arguments with Statistical Premises
Another Special CaserArguments from Analogy 257
Exercise 9 5 Criticizing Arguments from Analogy 261
Explanation and the Criticism of
Theories 264
Picking Out Theories 265
Exercise 10 1 Finding Explanations
Criticism of Theories 275
Exercise 10 2 Criticizing Empirical Theories
CONTENTS
Empirical Theories and Explanation: A More Formal Approach 302
Exercise 10 3 Putting Explanations Given by Empirical Theories into a
Standard Form 309
CHAPTER ELEVEN Making Reasonable Decisions as an
Amateur in a World of Specialists 320
Leaving It to the Experts 321
Who Are the Experts? 322
What If the Experts Disagree? 323
How Can We Control the Influence of Experts? 323
The National Enquirer Syndrome 324
The Dilemma 325
Two Ways of Not Facing the Dilemma 325
Coping with the Dilemma 327
~~ Developing Opinions without Acting on Them 328
A Proposed Strategy 329
Still a Problem: The Disagreement of Experts 329
Creating Arguments and Theories and Determining Who Are the
Experts 330
Creating Arguments and Theories and Controlling the Experts 330
How Does One Create Arguments and Theories? 331
Criticizing and Creating 331
The Strategy and Its Prospects 332
The Contemporary Problem of Knowledge 333
APPENDIX When Does the Conclusion Follow?
A More Formal Approach to
Validity 335
Glossary 368
Answers to Selected Exercises 377
Index 413
|
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| spelling | Cederblom, Jerry Verfasser aut Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories Jerry Cederblom ; David W. Paulsen 3. ed. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth 1991 XIII, 416 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Induction (Logique) Pensée critique Sophismes Théorie (Philosophie) Critical thinking Reasoning Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd rswk-swf Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 s Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 s DE-604 Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 s Paulsen, David W. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005944167&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cederblom, Jerry Paulsen, David W. Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories Induction (Logique) Pensée critique Sophismes Théorie (Philosophie) Critical thinking Reasoning Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4036202-4 (DE-588)4231288-7 (DE-588)4002899-9 |
| title | Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories |
| title_auth | Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories |
| title_exact_search | Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories |
| title_full | Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories Jerry Cederblom ; David W. Paulsen |
| title_fullStr | Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories Jerry Cederblom ; David W. Paulsen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories Jerry Cederblom ; David W. Paulsen |
| title_short | Critical reasoning |
| title_sort | critical reasoning understanding and criticizing arguments and theories |
| title_sub | understanding and criticizing arguments and theories |
| topic | Induction (Logique) Pensée critique Sophismes Théorie (Philosophie) Critical thinking Reasoning Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Induction (Logique) Pensée critique Sophismes Théorie (Philosophie) Critical thinking Reasoning Logik Kritisches Denken Argumentation |
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