Indexing languages and thesauri: construction and maintenance
Review of functions and present state of the art.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Los Angeles, Calif.
Melville
1974
|
| Schriftenreihe: | A Wiley-Becker & Hayes series book
Information sciences series |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Review of functions and present state of the art. |
| Beschreibung: | XLIII, 632 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471810479 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Soergel, Dagobert |d 1940- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1148783598 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Indexing languages and thesauri |b construction and maintenance |c Dagobert Soergel |
| 264 | 1 | |a Los Angeles, Calif. |b Melville |c 1974 | |
| 300 | |a XLIII, 632 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a A Wiley-Becker & Hayes series book | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Information sciences series | |
| 520 | 3 | |a Review of functions and present state of the art. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Indexation (Documentation) | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Indexeertalen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Thesauri |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thésaurus | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Abstracting and Indexing as Topic | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Indexing | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Subject Headings | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Subject headings | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sprache |0 (DE-588)4056449-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123316855767040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Content: Overview
Introduction 1
A General overview of the functions and structure of a
thesaurus. Major tasks to be performed and resources and
work required for the construction of a thesaurus 3
Part I Conceptual structure of indexing languages and thesauri 15
B Concepts and terms. Indexing language and thesaurus and
their functions in an ISAR system 17
C The structure of indexing languages and thesauri 68
Part II Presentation of indexing languages and thesauri 181
D Thesaurus format 183
E Rules concerning the form of terms and related problems 298
Part III Procedures for the construction and maintenance of
indexing languages and thesauri 323
F Flow of work in the construction of indexing languages
and thesauri 325
G Use of Computers in thesaurus construction 420
H Automatic methods in the construction of indexing languages
and thesauri, starting from the texts of documents and/or
search requests. Automatic classification 449
J Updating and maintenance of indexing languages and thesauri 457
Part IV Thesauri as a basis for cooperation in Information Services 469
K Thesauri as a basis for cooperation in information Services 471
Appendices 521
Chapter Notes 535
Bibliography 559
Index 609
xi
Condensed Table of Contents
Introduction 1
A General overview of the functions and structure of a thesaurus.
Major tasks to be performed in and resources and work
required for the construction °f a thesaurus 3
AO Introduction 3
AI Overview of functions and structure of a thesaurus in an
Information Storage And Retrieval (ISRa) System 3
A2 Administrative considerati°ns. Resources and work
required for the developrnent of a thesaurus 10
Part I Conceptual structure of indexing languages and thesauri 15
B Concepts and terms. Indexing language and thesaurus and
their functions in an IS AR system 17
B0 Introduction 17
Bl Plane of concepts versus plane of terms; the synonym¬
homonym structure 17
B2 Treatment of nearly related concepts: the equivalence
structure 22
B3 Indexing language 26
B4 Thesaurus. Summary of and further remarks on the
definition of preferred terrn descriptor, concept, and
indexing language 29
B5 The functions of the indexing language within an ISAR
system. A preliminary overview of the structure of indexing
languages in relation to their functions in an ISAR system 39
B6 The functions of the lead in Vocabulary in an ISAR system 61
B7 User s or author s vocabulary versus Iogical structure
and request oriented indexing as implemented through
the checklist technique 66
C The structure of indexing languages and thesauri 68
xüi
xiv Condensed Table of Contents
CO Introduction 68
Cl Classificatory structure 69
C2 Problems of file organization related to classification.
Practical applications of semantic factoring 112
C3 Concept formation in thesaurus building. Definition
and scope notes 142
C4 Types of concepts, descriptors, terms to be included in
an indexing language or thesaurus 147
C5 The lead in structure. USE and SEE 155
C6 Synonyms proper versus spelling variants 171
C7 Summary of relationships displayed in a thesaurus 174
Part II Presentation of indexing languages and thesauri 181
D Thesaurus format 183
DO Introduction 183
Dl The different parts of a thesaurus 183
D2 Format of entries in the main part 228
D3 How to display descriptors and their interrelationships
(methods for the design of a classified index) 235
D4 Notation 273
D5 Multilingual thesauri 293
E Rules concerning the form of terms and related problems 298
EO Introduction. Difference in requirements between Systems
using notations and Systems using terms 298
E2 Spelling and transliteration 317
E3 Alphabetization 320
Part III Procedures for the construction and maintenance of 323
indexing languages and thesauri
F Flow of work in the construction of indexing languages
and thesauri 325
F0 Overview and general problems 325
Fl Collect and record material (concepts, terms, relation¬
ships between and among them) 355
F2 Sort into alphabetical order and merge information on
identical terms on one card 366
Condensed Table of Contents xv
F3 Work out the preliminary structure of the thesaurus: the
synonym homonym structure, the equivalence structure,
and the classificatory structure. Select preferred terms 384
F4 Work out first draft of the classified index (schedule) 392
F5 Complete first draft of the thesaurus as a whole 397
F6 Test the thesaurus by indexing and retrieval experiments 411
F7 Duplicate or print the user Version of the thesaurus 412
F8 Further remarks concerning the work flow and
modifications of the Standard work flow 413
F9 Use of punched paper tape and punched Cards in
thesaurus construction 417
G Use of Computers in thesaurus construction 420
GO Rationale for Computer application. Overview 420
Gl Computer assistance in the collection and recording
of material 428
G2 Computer assistance in sorting into alphabetical order and
in merging information on identical terms into one record 429
G3 Computer assistance in working out the preliminary
structure of the thesaursus 434
G4 Computer assistance in working out the classified index 441
G5 Computer assistance in completing the first draft of the
thesaurus as a whole 442
G7 Printing the final thesaurus by Computer 443
G8 Updating a computer stored thesaurus 443
G9 Devices for the input (keying) of thesaurus data 447
H Automatic methods in the construction of indexing languages
and thesauri, starting from the texts of documents and/or
search requests. Automatic classification 449
HO Introduction 449
Hl Definition of units of text and counting methods 450
H2 Identification of descriptor candidates from frequency
patterns 451
H3 Detection of terms or concept relationships from
co occurrence patterns 451
H4 Automatic derivation of classification schemes ( global
structures) 455
xvi Condensed Table of Contents
J Updating and maintenance of indexing languages and thesauri 457
JO Introduction 457
Jl Types of changes 457
J2 Sources for new terms, concepts and relationships to be
included in the thesaurus 458
J3 Procedures for regulär updating 460
J4 Revision of the indexing language or the thesaurus at
longer intervals 463
J5 Remarks on the flexibility of structured indexing
languages (classification schemes) 464
J6 Problems of re indexing (re classification) 465
J7 Thesaurus updating and thesaurus compatibility:
common problems 467
Part FV Thesauri as a basis for cooperation in Information Services 469
K Thesauri as a basis for cooperation in information Services 471
K0 Introduction 471
Kl Cooperation in the construction of indexing languages
and thesauri 472
K2 Cooperation through sharing the results of subject indexing 493
K3 The idea of a Universal Source Thesaurus (UST) 516
Appendices 521
Chapter Notes 535
Bibliography 559
Index 609
Contents
Preface vii
How to Read this Book ix
Content: Overview xi
Condensed Table of Contents xiii
Table of Contents xvii
List of Figures xli
Introduction 1
A General overview of the functions and structure of a thesaurus.
Major tasks to be performed in and resources and work required for
the construction of a thesaurus 3
AO Introduction 3
A1 Overview of functions and structure of a thesaurus in an
Information Storage and Retrieval (ISAR) System 3
AI. 1 Requirements for an ISAR system: conceptual structure and
terminological control 3
AI.2 Thesaurus 4
AI.3 The thesaurus in the context of an ISAR system as a whole 5
AI.3.1 Parameters determining thesaurus size 6
AI.3.2 Estimating parameters; dangers of a thesaurus of
inappropriate size or quality 7
A1.4 Use of a thesaurus for improving indexes 8
AI .5 Use of a classification scheine or a thesaurus for purposes other
than ISAR 8
AI .6 Intellectual problems in the development of a thesaurus 9
AI.7 Criteria for the evaluation of a thesaurus 9
AI.8 Concluding remarks 9
A2 Administrative considerations. Resources and work required for
the development of a thesaurus 10
A2.1 Justifying the creation of a new thesaurus 10
A2.2 Staff needed for the development of a thesaurus 10
xvii
xviii Contents
A2.3 Time frame for the development of a thesaurus 12
A2.4 Necessity of continuous updating 13
Part I Conceptual structure of indexing languages and thesauri 15
B Concepts and terms. Indexing language and thesaurus and their
functions in an ISAR System 17
BO Introduction I7
Bl Plane of concepts versus plane of terms: the synonym homonym
structure 17
Bl.l Homonyms and homographs (advanced) 20
B2 Treatment of nearly related concepts: the equivalence structure 22
B2.0 Equivalent concepts (equivalent terms) 22
B2.1 Forming ISAR concepts and naming them. Preferred terms 23
B2.2 Classificatory structure 23
B2.3 SummaryofBl and B2 23
B2.4 A more realistic but less practical model 26
B3 Indexing language 26
B3.0 Definition of descriptor 1 (retrieval cue) , descriptor 2
(subject descriptor) , and indexing language 26
B3.1 Remark on terminological control 29
B4 Thesaurus. Summary of and f urther remarks on the definition of
preferred term, descriptor, concept, and indexing language 29
B4.1 Simple definition of thesaurus . Use of the lead in structure
in indexing 29
B4.2 Summary of and further remarks on the definition of preferred
term, descriptor, concept, indexing language, and thesaurus 30
B4.2.0 Summary of definitions 31
B4.2.1 Preferred term and descriptor 31
B4.2.2 Concept, preferred term, descriptor 34
B4.2.3 Indexing language, System vocabulary, classification
scheme 34
B4.2.4 Subject access vocabulary, thesaurus, indexing language,
and classification scheme 35
B4.3 Complex thesaurus structures. Use of the lead in structure for
terminological control in searching (advanced) 36
B4.4 Formal definition of thesaurus (advanced) 38
B5 The functions of the indexing language within an ISAR system.
A preliminary overview of the structure of indexing languages in
relation to their functions in an ISAR system 39
B5.0 Indexing versus grouping of documents I. Solutions to the
retrieval problem 39
Contents xix
B5.0.1 Elementary solution: search whole (un indexed)
collection 40
B5.0.2 First economy measure: batch search requests 40
B5.0.3 Second economy measure: prepare abstracts 41
B5.0.4 Third economy measure: anticipated search requests:
collect anticipated search requests and analyze documents
in advance 41
B5.0.5 Fourth economy measure: provide a retrieval
mechanism 42
B5.0.6 Concluding remarks 43
B5.1 A preliminary view of the structure of indexing languages
(classification schemes) 44
B5.2 Request oriented indexing and the checklist technique 45
B5.2.0 Introduction 45
B5.2.1 Disadvantages of the method of indexing commonly used
(document oriented indexing) 45
B5.2.2 Implementation of request oriented indexing; the checklist
technique described 46
B5.2.3 Summary: request oriented indexing and the checklist
technique 49
B5.2.4 The checklist technique for search request formulation 49
B5.2.5 Request oriented indexing and cost benefit
considerations 50
B5.3 Adding descriptors through supplementary document oriented
indexing 50
B5.4 Representation versus filing of documents or catalog Cards 51
B5.4.1 Use of relatively broad descriptors in filing arrangement 51
B5.4.2 Use of relatively broad descriptors for peek a boo cards or
other indexes 55
B5.4.3 Use of additional descriptors beyond those used for filing
or manual indexes 56
B5.4.4 The use of free (open ended) terms supplementing the
descriptors from the indexing language 57
B5.4.5 Note on descriptor and multi purpose Systems 58
B5.5 Summary of the functions of hierarchy and classified
arrangement 59
B5.6 Indicative versus informative representation of documents 60
B5.7 Cost benefit consideration for the design of an indexing
language 61
B6 The functions of the lead in vocabulary in an IS AR system 61
B6.1 Advantages of a lead in vocabulary for human indexing and search
request formulation 62
B6.1.1 Alphabetical index to the indexing language is more
effective 62
xx Contents
B6.1.2 Thesaurus as störe of intellectual decisions made in day to
day indexing and search request formulation 62
,1 Gradual development of a thesaurus over time 63
B6.2 Mechanization of indexing or search request formulation
(special topic) 63
B6.2.1 Semi mechanized versus fully mechanized indexing and
search request formulation: description of methods 63
B6.2.2 Problems and implications for thesaurus building 64
B6.2.3 Discussion: advantages and disadvantages of mechanized
indexing 65
B6.3 Thesauri for terminological control in the searching stage 66
B7 User s or author s vocabulary versus logical structure and request
oriented indexing as implemented through the checklist technique 66
C The structure of indexing languages and thesauri 68
CO Introduction 68
Cl Classificatory structure 69
C1.0 Introduction : representation versus grouping of
documents II (continuation of Section B5.0) 69
C1.1 Decomposition of concepts into semantic factors—concept
combination (concept coordination) 74
Cl.1.0 Foundations of semantic factoring and concept
combination 74
C 1.1.1 Advantages of semantic factoring 77
C1.2 Polyhierarchical structure. Definition of hierarchy 78
C1.3 Interaction of hierarchy and concept combination 83
C1.3.1 Limitations of the model for the generation of hierarchical
structures 91
Cl .3.2 Application of the model to hierarchy construction. Facet
analysis 91
C1.4 Further topics in hierarchy and its use in indexing and
searching 95
C1.4.1 Further considerations on pragmatic hierarchy building 95
, 1 Extending the definition of concepts or introducing new
broader concepts 95
,2 Introduction of additional broader concepts for
searching 95
,3 Introduction of a broader concept to replace a number
of specific concepts 97
,4 Introduction of new broader concepts to serve as headings
( organizational headings ) 97
,5 Antonyms 97
Contents xxi
,6 Hierarchical relationships versus associative relationships
in indexing and searching 98
,7 Introduction of new broader concepts as a creative
activity 99
C 1.4.2 Kinds of hierarchical relationships (advanced) 99
C 1.4.3 Special cases of hierarchical structure 102
,1 Coarse hierarchy: subdivision of the preferred terms into
subject fields 102
,2 Facets 103
Cl.4.4 General descriptors and Other descriptors as a Special
type of heading applicable throughout the classification
scheme 103
Cl .4.5 Implementation of inclusive searching. Generic posting and
the POST TO instruction 103
Cl .4.6 Descriptors ..., inclusive and ..., general
references 105
, 1 Descriptor usage depends on hierarchy 106
C 1.4.7 Descriptors ..., other 106
C1.5 Associative relationships between concepts 107
C 1.5.1 Concepts similar in meaning 108
Cl.5.2 Concepts connected empirically ( contextual
contiguity ) 108
,1 Contiguity based on definition 108
,2 Contiguity based on empirical knowledge 109
,3 Contiguity and frequency of combination 109
Cl.5.3 Instructional scope note 109
C1.6 Transitions between the synonym homonym structure, the
equivalence structure, and the classificatory structure 110
C1.7 Psychological dimensions of relationships 112
C2 Problems of file organization related to classification. Practical
applications of semantic factoring 112
C2.0 Introduction 112
C2.1 On the relationship between conceptual structure and file
organization in classification theory 113
C2.2 The problem defined 114
C2.3 Principal Solutions: post combination versus pre combination—
a quantitative view 115
C2.3.1 Post combination and pre combination (post coordination
and pre coordination) defined 115
C2.3.2 Conceptual indexes (auxiliary ISAR Systems) I (Special
topic, for Systems using pre combination only) 119
xxii Contents
C2.3.3 Summary 121
C2.4 Selection and arrangement of descriptors with particular reference
to ISAR Systems using pre combination (special topic) 122
C2.5 A unified classification scheine for different kinds of file organi
zation: core classification and extended classification (partly
special topic) 126
C2.5.1 Special problems arising in the implementation of this
proposal (technical) 128
, 1 Multiple entry versus entry under a precombined
descriptor 128
,2 Multiple entry using a faceted classification 129
C2.6 Summary: strategies for the application of semantic factoring 129
C2.6.1 Considerations in the choice of a strategy 130
C2.7 Rules for the use of precombined descriptors in an intermediary
strategy not using roles and links 131
C2.7.1 What compound concepts should be used as precombined
descriptors? 132
C2.7.2 What compound concepts should be represented by a
combination of descriptors rather than by a precombined
descriptor? 134
C2.8 Optimizaticn of an indexing language with a constraint as to the
number of descriptors (advanced) 134
C2.8.1 Semantic super imposed coding 135
C2.8.2 Considerations to be taken into account in reducing the
number of concepts used as descriptors 137
C3 Concept formation in thesaurus building. Definition and scope notes 142
C3.1 Concept formation in thesaurus building 142
C3.2 Definition and scope note 145
C3.2.0 Introduction 145
C3.2.1 Formal definition 145
C3.2.2 Scope notes for the thesaurus user 146
C4 Types of concepts, descriptors, terms to be included in an indexing
language or a thesaurus 147
C4.0 Typology of concepts, descriptors, terms 148
C4.0.1 Remarks on descriptive versus subject indexing 149
C4.1 The treatment of proper names used as subject descriptors 151
C4.2 Treatment of elements of nomenclatures 152
C4.2.1 Nomenclatures as adjunct thesauri 152
C4.2.2 Alternative possibility: inclusion of selected elements of
nomenclatures into the thesaurus proper 153
Contents xxiii
C4.3 Concepts of general application (common attributes, common
isolates) 153
C5 The lead in structure. USE and SEE ] 55
C5.0 Introduction 156
C5.0.1 The lead in problem: alphabetical index method versus
main part method 156
C5.0.2 The lead in problem: the crude form and the detailed
form 158
,1 Further illustrative examples of the crude lead in
form 160
C5.0.3 Use of the lead in structure 161
C5.1 The detailed lead in form 162
C5.2 Alternative lead in forms 165
C5.2.1 Simpler forms 165
C5.2.2 More detailed form: expressing the equivalence structure
(advanced) 166
C5.3 OR type USE instructions 167
C5.3.1 Homonymous lead in terms 168
C5.3.2 Broad lead in terms 168
C5.3.3 Leads to related terms 169
C5.3.4 OR combination of descriptors as semantic factor 170
C5.4 Other matters related to USE instructions 171
C5.4.1 Qualified USE instructions (special topic) 171
C6 Synonyms proper versus spelling variants 71
C6.1 Synonyms proper 171
C6.2 Spelling variants 172
C6.2.1 Distinction between synonyms proper and spelling
variants 172
C6.2.2 Number of spelling variants to be included in the
thesaurus 173
C6.2.3 Where to störe the spelling variants 174
C7 Summary of relationships displayed in a thesaurus 174
C7.1 Cross references and inverse cross references 180
Part II Presentation of indexing languages and thesauri 181
D Thesaurus format 183
DO Introduction [^
Dl The different parts of a thesaurus
xxiv Contents
D1.0 Introduction 183
Dl.l Thesaurus format: the Roget Soergel model 184
Dl.1.0 Rationale 184
, 1 Classified index required for the checklist technique of
indexing and search request formulation 184
,2 A descriptor should always be seen in its place in the
overall structure before it is used in indexing and
searching 192
,3 Not too much information should be given in the
alphabetical index 193
,4 Roget Soergel model appropriate for Systems using
notation 193
,5 Parts of the thesaurus 193
Dl.1.1 Classified index (the schedule) 193
,0 Summary (overview, Synopsis) of the main
subject fields 193
, 1 Display of the checklist descriptors and the important
relationships among them 193
,2 Classified index 194
,3 Noteon,l and ,2 194
Dl. 1.2 Main partof the thesaurus 194
Dl. 1.3 Alphabetical index 195
D1.2 Thesaurus format: the TEST model 196
Dl.2.0 Parts of TEST 196
Dl.2.1 Classified listings in TEST 196
, 1 Subject category index 196
,2 Hierarchical index 196
Dl.2.2 Thesaurus ofterms (main part) 197
Dl.2.3 Alphabetical index 197
Dl .3 The look up problem and how to arrange the entries in the main
part 198
Dl.3.1 Where the look up problem occurs 198
Dl .3.2 Finding the appropriate descriptor for a term that comes
to mind 198
Dl.3.3 Variations of the TEST model 202
,1 Inclusion of spelling variants in the main part 202
,2 Always look in the alphabetical index first 202
Dl.3.4 Necessity of notation 202
Dl.4 What Broader and Narrower Terms should be listed in the fields
BT or NT, respectively? 202
Contents xxv
D1.4.1 Inverse cross references to broad descriptors of general
application (advanced) 205
Dl.4.2 Listing coordinate terms (advanced) 207
D1.5 Alphabetical index 207
Dl.5.1 General considerations 207
Dl.5.2 KWIC or KWOC format 209
Dl.6 Guidance devices to facilitate look up 209
Dl.7 Description of selected thesauri 209
Dl.7.1 Thesaurus of the Vision Information Center, Harvard
Medical School 211
Dl.7.2 FR Thesaurus (problems ofdevelopingcountries) 211
Dl.7.3 UDC, DDC,LCC 211
Dl.7.4 Thesaurofacet 212
Dl.7.5 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 216
Dl.7.6 Euratom Thesaurus 220
Dl .7.7 Thesaurus of education terms 221
Dl.7.8 American Petroleum Institute (API) Subject Authority
List 221
Dl.7.9 ERIG thesaurus 223
Dl.7.10 Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) 223
Dl.7.11 Other thesauri 225
Dl.8 Introduction to the thesaurus 225
D2 Format of entries in the main part 228
D2.1 Information given for each term 228
D2.2 Rationale for the sequence of data fields (cross reference types)
(advanced) 228
D2.3 Arrangement of terms within one data field (technical) 232
D2.3.0 General 232
D2.3.1 Synonyms and equivalent terms (quasi synonyms) 232
D2.3.2 BT, NT, RT 233
, 1 What Broader Terms and Narrower Terms to list 233
,2 Broader Terms 233
,2.1 Broader Terms and Semantic Factors 233
,2.2 USE instructions containing Broader Terms 233
,2.3 Upward hierarchical chains 233
,3 Narrower Terms 234
,4 Display of different kinds of hierarchical relation
ships 234
,5 Related Terms 234
,6 Arrangement by notation 234
,7 How descriptors are entered in the data fields BT, NT,
RT 234
xxvi Contents
D2.4 Typographical design of entries 235
D3 How to display descriptors and their inter relationships (methods for
the design of a classified index) 235
D3.0 Relational displays vs. classification principles 236
D3.0.1 Alternate classified index (advanced) 237
D3.1 Displays for hierarchical relationships 237
D3.1.1 Linear arrangement of descriptors (andpossibly other
preferred terms) in classified order with cross
references 237
,1 Preferred monohierarchical structure and cross
references 237
,2 Sequence of descriptors on the same level 239
,2.1 How to achieve helpful arrangement
(technical) 239
,3 Details of presentation (technical) 241
D3.1.2 Graphical display of hierarchical relationships 243
, 1 Usual tree display 243
,2 Tree display with horizontal arrangement of hierarchical
levels 246
,3 Circular display of hierarchical relationships 246
D3.2 Network structures for the combined display of hierarchical and
associative relationships 249
D3.3 Comparison of different methods 255
D3.4 Useof different type fonts (technical) 255
D3.5 Methods for compressing the display of checklist descriptors 263
D3.6 Auxiliary ISAR systems ( conceptual indexes ) II 263
D3.6.0 Introduction and rationale 263
D3.6.1 Implementation of ISAR Systems for descriptors (auxiliary
ISAR systems) 265
,1 Mechanized auxiliary ISAR systems 265
,2 Combinatorial indexes 265
D3.7 On line display of thesauri (special topic) 272
D4 Notation 273
D4.0 Definition 273
D4.1 Purpose of notation 275
D4.1.1 Changes in notations (advanced) 275
D4.1.2 Notation and machine internal code in computerized
ISAR systems (special topic) 276
D4.2 The fallacy of overstressing notation 277
Contents xxvii
D4.3 Design of a notation (technical, especially Sections D4.3.3
D4.3.6) 277
D4.3.1 Design criteria 278
D4.3.2 Typesof notation 278
,1 Expressive notation 278
,2 Purely ordinal notation 280
,2.1 A Special device for intercalating new serial
numbers 282
,3 Example 282
D4.3.3 A partly expressive, partly ordinal system of notation
(mixed notation) 282
,1 Mixed notation 1: small indexing languages/classifica
tion schemes (less than 1,000 descriptors) 282
,2 Mixed notation 2: large indexing languages/classifica
tion schemes 283
,3 Notations for compound concepts 285
D4.3.4 An easy to produce expressive notation 286
D4.3.5 Notation for precombined descriptors 286
D4.3.6 Notations for preferred terms that are not descriptors 288
D4.4 Specific problems in notation (technical) 289
D4.4.1 Incorporating Standard classification schemes 289
D4.4.2 Descriptors with data field 291
,1 Numerical data field 291
,2 Data field proper name 292
D4.4.3 The UDC method of handling time, modified 292
D5 Multilingual thesauri (special topic) 293
D5.0 Definitions 293
D5.1 Format of a type 1 multilingual thesaurus (lead in only) 294
D5.2 Format of a type 2 multilingual thesaurus (indexing language
in different languages) 294
D5.2.1 Separate editions for each language (recommended) 294
D5.2.2 One all language edition (not recommended) 295
D5.3 Production of a type 2 multilingual thesaurus 295
D5.4 Production of an English thesaurus that contains translations in
other languages 296
D5.5 Interlingual thesauri 296
E Rules concerning the form of terms and related problems 298
E0 Introduction. Difference in requirements between Systems using
notations and Systems using terms 298
xxviii Contents
El Rules for the form of terms 299
E1.0 Preliminary remarks 299
El.0.1 Selection of rules 299
El .0.2 When to apply the rules for the form of terms in the process
of thesaurus building 299
El.0.3 The application of the rules in the alphabetical index 300
El.0.4 Preview 300
El. 1 Formulating terms more precisely 300
El. 1.1 Disambiguation of homonyms through parenthetical
qualifiers 301
El.1.2 Homonymous multiword or composite terms 301
El.1.3 Omission of parenthetical qualifiers in classified listings
(technical) 302
El. 1.4 Artificial homonyms 303
El.2 Rules on what parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs) are
allowed (technical) 303
El.2.1 Permit all rule 303
El.2.2 Prefer nouns rule 304
El.2.3 Grammatical form to be used for each part of speech 304
El .3 Designation of actions and processes, on the one hand, and of
their results on the other (technical) 305
El.3.0 The problem 305
El.3.1 Rules 305
,1 Verb noun rule 305
,2 ing ation rule 305
,3 Explicit disambiguation 306
,4 Recommended rules 306
El.4 Singular vs. plural (technical) 306
El.4.0 When rules are necessary 306
El.4.1 Terms that are used in singular or in plural only 307
,1 Terms that are used in singular only 307
,2 Terms that are used in plural only (pluralia
tantum) 307
El.4.2 Simple rules 308
El.4.3 More complicated rules: rules used in the TEST
thesaurus 308
El.5 Sequence of words in multiword or composite terms
(technical) 308
El.5.1 Direct entry (TEST) 309
El.5.2 Inverted entry 312
Contents jodx
El .6 Terms formed as strings of terms, interpreted as OR
combination 313
El.7 Symbols, especially numerals, as components of terms 313
El.8 Acronyms and abbreviations 314
El.8.1 Commonly used acronyms 314
El.8.2 Use of abbreviations to save space 315
El.8.3 Standardized abbreviations for descriptors 315
El.9 Termlength 316
El.10 Terms in foreign languages 316
El.l 1 Proper names and trademarks 316
E2 Spelling and transliteration (technical) 317
E2.1 Authorities 317
E2.2 Punctuation 317
E2.3 Capitalization 318
E2.4 Character set available 319
E2.5 Transliteration 319
E3 Alphabetization (technical) 320
Part III Procedures for the construction and maintenance of indexing
languages and thesauri 323
F Flow of work in the construction of indexing languages and thesauri 325
F0 Overview and general problems 325
F0.1 The major steps 325
F0.2 Cooperative thesaurus development 326
F0.3 Collaboration of experts from different subject areas 326
F0.3.0 Necessity of full time staff and collaboration of subject
experts 326
F0.3.1 Supply of material 334
F0.3.2 Answering questions on single problems that come up during
the work on the thesaurus 334
FO.3.3 Discussion sessions for review and/or decisions on difficult
problems 335
FO.3.4 Inter disciplinary approach 336
F0.3.5 Briefing of subject experts on thesaurus functions 336
FO.3.6 Source codes for subject experts and panels 336
F0.4 Criteria for the selection of terms and descriptors 336
F0.4.1 Criteria for the selection of terms (whether nonpreferred
lead in terms, preferred lead in terms, or descriptors) to be
included in the thesaurus 337
xxx Contents
FO.4.2 Criteria for the selection of a preferred term from a class of
Synonyms and quasi synonyms (arranged according to
decreasing priority) 337
FO.4.3 Criteria for the selection of descriptors 338
FO.4.4 The use of frequency data in the selection of descriptors
(technical) 340
,0 Introduction 340
, 1 Gathering of frequency and co occurrence data 341
,2 Use of frequency data in descriptor selection 343
FO.4.5 Central area versus peripheral areas 345
F0.5 Use of a thesaurus form and related problems 345
F0.5.1 Instructions on how to use the thesaurus form
(technical) 345
FO.5.2 Reasons for having an index card for each term 347
FO.5.3 Reasons for having a form rather than blank cards 347
FO.5.4 Size 348
F0.5.5 Width of lines 348
FO.5.6 Sequenceofdatafields 348
F0.6 Working file and user Version 348
F0.7 Source indications for data elements entered in the thesaurus 349
FO.7.1 Why source indications? 349
,1 Use of the source indications for the elaboration of the
thesaurus 349
,2 Why source indications in the user version of the
thesaurus? 349
F0.7.2 Keeping track of the sources in the working file
(technical) 350
F0.7.3 Experts and lexicographers as sources (technical) 352
FO.7.4 Keeping track of deletions (technical) 352
F0.8 Keeping track of decisions and dates 352
F0.8.1 Keeping track of decisions and dates in working file
(technical) 353
,1 Keeping track of decisions made 353
,2 Keeping track of decisions still to be made 354
,3 Keeping track of why decisions have been made 354
F0.8.2 Giving dates in the user version of the thesaurus
(technical) 354
Fl Collect and record material (concepts, terms, relationships between
and among them) 355
F1.1 Kinds of sources. Criteria for selection of sources 3 55
Contents xxxi
F1.1.1 Sources in which terms are already arranged according to
some principle (prearranged sources) 355
Fl. 1.2 Sources in which terms are not ordered or from which terms
must first be derived (open ended sources) 355
Fl.1.3 Selection of the sources to be used 356
Fl.1.4 Term association lists (Special topic) 358
F1.2 Technical procedures for the recording of terms, etc. 358
Fl.2.0 Introduction 358
Fl.2.1 Preparation of sources (technical) 359
,0 Source identification codes 359
,1 Preparation of prearranged sources 359
,1.1 Adding an auxiliary notation 360
,2 Preparation of open ended sources: mark terms to be
transferred 360
,3 Pre processing of open ended sources 362
F 1.2.2 Transfer to terms to cards (thesaurus forms)
(technical) 362
, 1 Entering Synonymous, Broader, Narrower, and
Related Terms 362
,2 Entering the source indication 365
,3 Transfer of terms and other information with
manual procedures 365
Fl.2.3 An alternative procedure 366
F2 Sort into alphabetical order and merge information on identical
terms on one card 366
F2.1 Sort into alphabetical Order. Rules for preliminary
alphabetical sorting 366
F2.2 First round of merging: merge information for identical
terms 367
F2.2.1 Procedure for merging cards and keeping track of
sources (technical) 367
F2.2.2 Steps after the first round of merging 368
F2.2.3 Pulling information from additional sources
(match and merge) 374
,1 Procedure for pulling (technical) 374
F2.3 Second round of merging: merge information for terms in
the same concept class (advanced and technical) 376
F2.3.1 The procedure (algorithm) 376
F2.3.2 Treatment of terms that consist of a string of
Synonymous Terms 380
F2.3.3 Editing during or prior to the second round of merging 380
xxxii Contents
F2.3.4 Concluding remark 381
F2.4 Remarks regarding both rounds of merging 381
F2.4.1 Spelling and morphological variants 381
F2.4.2 Homonyms 384
F3 Work out the preliminary structure of the thesaurus: the synonym
homonym structure, the equivalence structure, and the classificatory
structure. Select preferred terms 384
F3.1 Define broad subject fields and sort terms into these broad fields 385
F3.2 Define subfields within each subject field and sort terms
accordingly 386
F3.3 Work out detailed thesaurus structure. Select preferred terms.
Merge information for terms in the same concept class 386
F3.3.1 Work out the synonym homonym structure and the
equivalence structure 388
F3.3.2 Work out the classificatory structure 389
F3.3.3 Use of judgment and creative thinking in processing the
information collected from different sources 390
F3.3.4 Introducing more specific concepts 391
F3.3.5 Scope notes and definitions 391
F3.3.6 Preliminary selection of descriptors from among the
preferred terms 391
F3.3.7 Some suggestions for the technique to be used
(technical) 392
F4 Work out first draft of the classified index (schedule) â„¢
F4.0 Classified index and cross references in BT, NT, and RT 392
|| F4.1 Type preliminary classified index. Amend working file 393
M F4.2 Improve the classificatory structure 394
m F4.3 Type improved classified index and amend working file 395
f F4.4 Discuss classified index with subject exDerts. Select descriptors and
checklist descriptors 395
F4.5 Assign notational symbols 397
F4.6 Make a systematic search for additional cross references 397
F5 Complete first draft of the thesaurus as a whole 3
F5.0 Introduction 397
F5.0.1 Special problems of smaller projects not using Computer
assistance (Special topic) 398
F5.1 Revise entries in the working file 398
F5.2 Produce the main part of the thesaurus in list form 402
F5.3 Check inverse cross references and insert where necessary 402
F5.4 Duplicate preliminary Version of the thesaurus 403
F5.5 Review the whole thesaurus. Consult with subject experts 403
F5.6 Enter modifications in the master copy 404
Contents xxxiii
F5.7 Production of the alphabetical index (technical) 404
F5.7.1 Production of a KWIC index 404
F5.7.2 Manual production of the alphabetical index 406
F5.7.3 TEST model: produce alphabetical main part and
alphabetical index 406
F5.7.4 Remark 408
F5.8 Check homonyms and improve cross reference structure using
the alphabetical index 408
F5.9 Reproduce test Version of the thesaurus 409
F5.10 Remarks on some technical problems arising in F5, F6, and
F7 (technical) 409
F5.10.1 Use of notations as shorthand for descriptors 409
F5.10.2 Technical considerations as to the production of the
main part of the thesaurus in smaller projects
without Computer assistance 410
F6 Test the thesaurus by indexing and retrieval experiments 411
F7 Duplicate or print the user Version of the thesaurus 412
F7.1 Duplication or printing of main part and the alphabetical
index 412
F7.2 Duplication or printing of the classified index 412
F7.3 Proofreading 413
F8 Further remarks concerning the work flow and modifications of the
Standard work flow 413
F8.0 Introduction 413
F8.1 Sequence of the Steps F3, Work out the preliminary structure of
the thesaurus and F4, Work out the first draft of the classified
index 413
F8.2 When should the notation be introduced? 414
F8.3 When should the main part be typed (smaller projects without
Computer assistance)? 415
F8.4 Drawing up and using a core classification consisting of
elemental concepts early in the process 416
F8.5 Extending the collection of conceptual relationships, especially
for cooperative information Services 417
F9 Use of punched paper tape and punched Cards in thesaurus construction
(special topic, in part technical) 417
F9.1 Use of punched paper tape typewriters in thesaurus
construction 417
F9.1.1 Modifications in the flow of work 417
F9.1.2 Conversion of punched paper tape to punched cards 418
F9.2 Use of conventional punched card equipment 419
xxxiv Contents
F9.2.1 Punched card controlled typewriters (for example, the
IBM 870 Document Writing System) 419
F9.2.2 Keypunch and unit record equipment 419
G Use of Computers in thesaurus construction (advanced; technical
with the exception of Sections G0.1 and G0.2) 420
GO Rationale for Computer application. Overview 420
G0.1 Rationale for Computer application 420
G0.1.1 Performing routine operations 420
GO.1.2 Continuous modification of data base 421
G0.2 Overview. Entry points for Computer processing. Modifications
in work flow 421
G0.3 Record organization in the Computer 424
G0.3.1 Complete summary of the organization of cross reference
subrecords 425
Gl Computer assistance in the collection and recording of material 428
Gl .2.2 Recording the data from the sources in machine readable
form 428
G2 Computer assistance in sorting into alphabetical order and in merging
information on identical terms into one record 429
G2.2.3 Computer assistance in pulling information from big
thesauri by Computer 432
G2.3 Second round of merging by Computer 433
G2.4 Standardization of spelling variants by Computer 433
G2.5 Miscellaneous problems 433
G2.5.1 Cross references given using notations 433
G2.5.2 Record identification 434
G2.5.3 Substituting numbers for terms to save storage space 434
G3 Computer assistance in working out the preliminary structure of
the thesaurus 434
G3.3 Computer assistance in clerical tasks to be performed in F3.3,
Work out the detailed structure of the thesaurus 435
G3.3.1 Merging information for each class of synonyms 436
G3.3.2 Rearranging the working file in classified order 436
G3.4 Computer assistance for inteltectual tasks in working out the
detailed thesaurus structure 436
G3.4.1 Computer assistance in hierarchy construction 436
G3.4.2 Use of the decomposition of compound concepts into
elemental concepts in working out the preliminary
structure of the thesaurus 438
Contents xxxv
, 1 Use of the decomposition of compound concepts in
sorting terms into subject fields and subfields, and
in forming groups of synonyms (Steps F3.1, F3.2,
and F3.3.1) 439
,2 Use of the decomposition of compound concepts in
working out the classificatory structure
(Step F3.3.2) 439
G3.4.3 Computer assistance in semantic factoring 440
G4 Computer assistance in working out the ciassified index 441
G5 Computer assistance in completing the first draft of the thesaurus
as a whole 442
G5.1 Computer assistance in revising entries in the working file 442
G5.3 Check of inverse cross references by Computer 442
G7 Printing the final thesaurus by Computer 443
G8 Updating a computer stored thesaurus 443
G8.1 Types of changes 443
G8.2 Input of updating information 445
G8.2.1 Line oriented input of updating information 445
G8.2.2 Term oriented input of updating information 446
G8.2.3 Comparison of the two methods 446
G9 Devices for the input (keying) of thesaurus data 447
H Automatic methods in the construction of indexing languages and
thesauri, starting from the texts of documents and/or search requests.
Automatic classification (advanced) 449
HO Introduction 449
Hl Definition of units of text and counting methods 450
H2 Identification of descriptor candidates from frequency patterns 451
H3 Detection of term or concept relationships from co occurrence
patterns 451
H3.0 Nearness measures 451
H3.1 Interpretation of high association between two terms
A and B 452
H3.2 Second order associations for the detection of definitional
relationships 453
H3.3 The use of inconsistent association profiles for the detection
of homonyms 453
H3.4 Detection of hierarchical relationships 454
H3.5 Combined application of different methods 454
H4 Automatic derivation of classification schemes ( global structures) 455
H4.1 Automatic derivation of classification schemes by clustering
methods 455
xxxvi Contents
H4.2 Automatic derivation of classification schemes by
graph theoretical methods 455
J Updating and maintenance of indexing languages and thesauri 457
JO Introduction 457
Jl Types of changes 457
J2 Sources for new terms, concepts, and relationships to be included in
the thesaurus 458
J2.1 Sources within the ISAR system 458
J2.1 • 1 Search request Statements, search request formulations,
and search Performance 458
J2.1 2 Documents and indexing of documents 459
J2.1 3 Collection of updating information from sources within
the ISAR system 459
J2.2 Sources outside the ISAR system 460
J2.2.1 Information on changes in user needs 460
J2.2.2 Information on new developments in the subject flelds of
the ISAR system 460
J3 Procedures for regulär updating 460
J3.1 Use of thesaurus forms in updating 460
J3.2 Processing of updating information 461
J3.3 Issuing Supplements and/or revised Versions 461
J3.3 1 Time schedule for updating 461
J3.3 2 physical form of Supplements 462
J3.3 3 Listing of changes made 462
J3.4 Organization for and decision making in thesaurus updating 462
J3.5 Interactive updating of thesauri 463
J4 Revision of the indexing language or the thesaurus at longer intervals 463
J5 Remarks on the flexibility of structured indexing languages
(classification schemes) 464
J6 Problems of re indexing (re classification) 465
J6.1 Re indexing problems due to introduction of new descriptors 465
J6.2 Re indexing problems due to changes in descriptor usage 466
J7 Thesaurus updating and thesaurus compatibility: common problems
(advanced) 467
Part IV Thesauri as a basis for cooperation in information Services 469
K Thesauri as a basis for cooperation in information Services 471
KO Introduction 471
Kl Cooperation in the construction of indexing languages and thesauri 472
Contents xxxvii
Kl.l Cooperation in material collection and merging only 472
Kl .2 Cooperation in the development of the terminological and
classificatory structure 473
Kl.2.1 Cooperation between two (or a few) institutions 473
Kl.2.2 Generalized cooperation: the concept of a source
thesaurus (advanced) 473
,1 The structure of a source thesaurus 475
,2 Extraction of indexing languages or thesauri for
Special applications from a source thesaurus 477
,2.1 Specific extraction of indexing languages from
a source thesaurus 477
,2.1.1 Format for extraction specifications
(technical) 478
,2.2 General extraction of indexing languages from
a source thesaurus 479
,2.3 Use of a source thesaurus in the revision of
existing indexing languages and thesauri 479
Kl.2.3 Adjunct thesauri 481
Kl.3 The concept of a cumulative thesaurus (advanced) 485
Kl.3.0 Definition and use 485
Kl.3.1 Record organization for a cumulative thesaurus
(technical) 486
,1 Treatment of the recommended structure and of
source indications in a cumulative thesaurus 486
,1.1 Treatment of the recommended structure 486
,1.2 Group of data fields F L 486
,1.3 Use of the data fields Cl, K, and L for increasing
the precision of source indications 487
,1.4 Further refinements 489
,2 Keeping track of decisions and dates in a cumulative
thesaurus 489
Kl.3.2 Development of a cumulative thesaurus 489
Kl.3.3 Display of a cumulative thesaurus 490
Kl.4 Incorporation of an additional thesaurus into the cumulative
thesaurus and/or analysis and improvement of that thesaurus
using a cumulative thesaurus (advanced and technical) 491
K2 Cooperation through sharing the results of subject indexing
(special topic) 493
K2.1 Introduction. Statement of the problem. Searching conversion
versus indexing conversion 494
xxxviii Contents
K2.1.1 Multilateral shared subject indexing using a switching
language 501
K2.2 Framework for the comparison of two indexing languages or
thesauri 502
K2.2.1 Convertibility categories (advanced) 503
,1 Searching convertibility categories 503
,2 Indexing convertibility categories 504
K2.3 Production of conversion tables 510
K2.3.1 Ideal Situation: the indexing languages of the cooperating
institutions are still to be built 511
,1 The development of a total thesaurus through parallel
development of constituent thesauri 512
,2 Alphabetical index for the total thesaurus 512
K2.3.2 Usual Situation: each of the cooperating institutions
already has its own indexing language long in use 513
, 1 The local approach and the global approach to the
construction of conversion tables 513
K2.3.3 Updating of the individual indexing languages or
thesauri 514
K2.4 Compatibility on a general level. The concept of an umbrella
classification 514
K2.4.1 Shared subject indexing on a general level 514
K2.4.2 The concept of an umbrella classification 515
K3 The idea of a Universal Source Thesaurus (UST) (Special topic) 516
K3.0 Universal Source Thesaurus versus universal classification 516
K3.1 The structure of UST 517
K3.2 Neutrality of UST with regard to classification principles 518
K3.3 UST as a framework for semi universal indexing languages
for shared subject indexing 519
K3.4 Implementation of a Universal Source Thesaurus 519
Appendices 521
Appendix 1: Thesaurus guidelines and thesaurus books 523
Appendix 2: Bibliographies of subject access vocabularies and
dietionaries. Specific subject access vocabularies and
documents on specific subject access vocabularies
included in the bibliography 529
Contents xxxix
Chapter Notes 535
Bibliography 559
Index 609
List of Figures
Figure 1. Examples of relationships displayed in a thesaurus (AI.2) 5
Figure 2. Flowchart: Considerations for the construction of a thesaurus (A2) 11
Figure 3. The structure of an Information System (BO) 18
Figure 4. The structure of an IS AR (Information Storage and Retrieval)
System (BO) 19
Figure 5. Examples of synonyms, quasi synonyms, and homographs (B2.3) 25
Figure 6. Summary of definitions and further illustrations (B4.2) 32
Figure7. Examples of semantic factoring (Cl.l.0) 75
Figure 8. Some questions that might be useful for semantic factoring
(Cl.1.0) 76
Figure 9a. Example of (poly ) hierarchical relationships in tree like
representation (C1.2) 82
Figure 9b. Representation of the hierarchical structure of Figure 9a in
linear arrangement with cross references (C1.2) 82
Figure 10a. Hierarchical structure generated by two facets, no within facet
combinations, no hierarchy within facets (C1.3) 86
Figure 10b. Different possible linear arrangements of the concepts given
in Figure 10a (C1.3, D3.1.1) 87
Figure 10c. Same as Figure 10a, but different semantic content (C1.3) 88
Figure 11. Hierarchical structure generated by two facets, no within facet
combinations, hierarchy within facets (C1.3) 89
Figure 12. Hierarchical structure generated by three generating concepts
without hierarchical relationships among generating concepts (C1.3) 92
Figure 13. Hierarchical structure generated by five generating concepts
with hierarchical relationship among generating concepts (C1.3) 93
Figure 14. Examples of different kinds of hierarchical relationships
(Cl.4.2) 100
Figure 15. Transitions between the synonym homonym structure, the
equivalence structure, and the classificatory structure (C1.6) 111
Figure 16. Document representations in different file Systems (C2.3.1) 117
Figure 17. Typology of international organizations (C3.1) 144
Figure 18. Example illustrating the detailed lead in form (C5.1) 163
Figure 19. Example illustrating the detailed lead in form (C5.1) 164
xli
xlii List of Figures
Figure20. Treatment of spelling variants (C6.2) 173
Figure 21. Types of cross references and other data Clements given in
the entry for a tenn (C7) 176
Figure 22. Example worked out according to the Roget Soergel model
and the TEST model (DO) 185
Figure 23. Look up in the Roget Soergel model (Dl.3.2) 199
Figure 24. Look up in the TEST model (Dl .3.2) 200
Figure 25. Alphabetical index in KW IC and KWOC formal (Dl .5.2) 210
Figure 26. Thesaurofacet: sample page of the classified index (Dl.7.4) 214
Figure 27. Thesaurofacet: sample page of the main pari (Dl.7.4) 215
Figure 28a. Medical Subject Headings: sample page of the classified
index (subject category listing) (Dl.7.5) 216
Figure 28b. Medical Subject Headings: sample page of the classified
index (tree structures) (Dl.7.5) 217
Figure 29. Medical Subject Headings: sample page of the main part
(Dl.7.5) 219
Figure 30. Arrangement of types of cross references and other data
elements within a record or entry in the User Version of the main part
of the thesaurus (D2.1 and D2.2) 229
Figure 31. Sample main party entry: Roget Soergel model (D2.1 and D2.2) 229
Figure 32. Sample main part entry: TEST (D2.2) 231
Figure 33. Sample main part entry: BASF (D2.2) 232
Figure 34. Alphabetical versus meaningful sequence of descriptors on
thesamelevel (D3.1.1,2) 240
Figure 35. Segment of the classified index of the FR thesaurus (D3.1.1.3) 242
Figure 36. Display of a large classified index with summaries (D3.1.1.3) 244
Figure37. Simple tree display (following SYNTOL) (D3.1.2,1) 246
Figure 38. Tree display using space saving devices. Also example of how to
show a part of a big tree (following SYNTOL) (D3.1.2,1) 247
Figure 39. Tree display using space saving devices (D3.1.2,1) 248
lüü/Tm* 1 Tof ^^ WhH horizontal Arrangement of hierarchical
teveis (U3.l.Z,Z) 250
S ?/!, // Ci.rCUlZfJSplay: hier^chical levels arranged in concentric
ctrcles (following TDCK) (D3.1.2,3) 256
¥EtRAT2OMTr°rk if? °f COnCePtMl re a ^hips following
EURATOM 1. Group 15 Anatomy (EURATOM 2, see Figure 46) (D3.2) 258
Figure 43. Network display within a coordinate grid (D3 2) 259
261
List of Figures xlüi
Figure 46. Network display following EURATOM 2: Group 05 Blood
System (EURATOM 1, see Figure 42) (D3.2) 262
Figure 47. Illustration of a combinatorial Index to both LC Subject
Headings and LC Classification (D3.6.1,2) 266
Figure 48. Example showing two types of notation (D4.0; also used
for D4.3) 274
Figure 49. An easy to produce expressive notation (D4.3.4) 286
Figure 50. Relative alphabetical Index to DDC (El.1.4) 304
Figure 51. Guidelines to singular—plural usage (El.4.3) 310
Figure 52. Flow of work in thesaurus construction: overview flowchart
(F0.1) 327
Figure 53. Flow of work in thesaurus construction: detailed flowchart
(F0.1) 328
Figure 54. Thesaurus form (Â¥0.5) 346
Figure 55. Example of filled in thesaurus form (Fl.2.2) 363
Figure 56. Merging of data elements from dißerent cards for the
same term (F2.2) 369
Figure 57. Further examples to illustrate merging in the first round (F2.2) 370
Figure 58. Example of result of merging in the first round on a
thesaurus form (F2.2) 372
Figure 59. Sample file for the second round of merging (F2.3.1) 376
Figure 60. Flowchart for the second round of merging (identifying classes
of synonyms) (Â¥23A) 378
Figure 61. Examples illustrating the second round of merging (F2.3.1) 382
Figure 62. Road map for the analysis of terms (F3.2) 387
Figure 63. Example of revisions in the working file (F5.1) 399
Figure 64. Construction of a hierarchy by chaining hierarchical
cross references (G3.4.1) 437
Figure 65. Example of second order association (H3.2) 453
Figure 66. Sample guidance classification scheme of a source thesaurus
(Kl.2.2, 2.1.1) 480
Figure 67. Simple extraction specification and resulting classified
index (Kl.2.2, 2.1.1) 481
Figure 68. More elaborate extraction specification and resulting classified
index (Kl.2.2, 2.1.1) 482
Figure 69. Searching conversion and indexing conversion (K2.1) 498
Figure 70. Two sample indexing languages for the illustration of
convertibility categories (K2.2.1) 505
Figure 71. Searching convertibility categories (conversion from A to B)
(K2.2.1.1) 506
Figure 72. Indexing convertibility categories (conversion from B to A)
(K2.2.1.2) 507
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Soergel, Dagobert 1940- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1148783598 |
| author_facet | Soergel, Dagobert 1940- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Soergel, Dagobert 1940- |
| author_variant | d s ds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV008978151 |
| callnumber-first | Z - Library Science |
| callnumber-label | Z695 |
| callnumber-raw | Z695.9 |
| callnumber-search | Z695.9 |
| callnumber-sort | Z 3695.9 |
| callnumber-subject | Z - Books and Writing |
| classification_rvk | AN 94200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)754588 (DE-599)BVBBV008978151 |
| dewey-full | 029.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 029 - [Unassigned] |
| dewey-raw | 029.5 |
| dewey-search | 029.5 |
| dewey-sort | 229.5 |
| dewey-tens | 020 - Library and information sciences |
| discipline | Allgemeines |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV008978151 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:27:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471810479 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005929078 |
| oclc_num | 754588 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-384 DE-20 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-706 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-384 DE-20 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-706 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | XLIII, 632 S. graph. Darst. |
| psigel | TUB-nveb |
| publishDate | 1974 |
| publishDateSearch | 1974 |
| publishDateSort | 1974 |
| publisher | Melville |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | A Wiley-Becker & Hayes series book Information sciences series |
| spelling | Soergel, Dagobert 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1148783598 aut Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance Dagobert Soergel Los Angeles, Calif. Melville 1974 XLIII, 632 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Wiley-Becker & Hayes series book Information sciences series Review of functions and present state of the art. Indexation (Documentation) Indexeertalen gtt Thesauri gtt Thésaurus Abstracting and Indexing as Topic Indexing Subject Headings Subject headings Indexierung Inhaltserschließung (DE-588)4120478-5 gnd rswk-swf Thesaurus (DE-588)4185172-9 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Thesaurus (DE-588)4185172-9 s DE-604 Indexierung Inhaltserschließung (DE-588)4120478-5 s Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005929078&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Soergel, Dagobert 1940- Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance Indexation (Documentation) Indexeertalen gtt Thesauri gtt Thésaurus Abstracting and Indexing as Topic Indexing Subject Headings Subject headings Indexierung Inhaltserschließung (DE-588)4120478-5 gnd Thesaurus (DE-588)4185172-9 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120478-5 (DE-588)4185172-9 (DE-588)4056449-6 |
| title | Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance |
| title_auth | Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance |
| title_exact_search | Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance |
| title_full | Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance Dagobert Soergel |
| title_fullStr | Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance Dagobert Soergel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance Dagobert Soergel |
| title_short | Indexing languages and thesauri |
| title_sort | indexing languages and thesauri construction and maintenance |
| title_sub | construction and maintenance |
| topic | Indexation (Documentation) Indexeertalen gtt Thesauri gtt Thésaurus Abstracting and Indexing as Topic Indexing Subject Headings Subject headings Indexierung Inhaltserschließung (DE-588)4120478-5 gnd Thesaurus (DE-588)4185172-9 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Indexation (Documentation) Indexeertalen Thesauri Thésaurus Abstracting and Indexing as Topic Indexing Subject Headings Subject headings Indexierung Inhaltserschließung Thesaurus Sprache |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005929078&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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