Water in crisis: a guide to the world's fresh water resources
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; Oxford
Oxford University Press
1993
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 473 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780195076288 0195076281 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Water in crisis |b a guide to the world's fresh water resources |c ed. by Peter H. Gleick. Foreword by Gilbert F. White. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security ; Stockholm Environment Institute |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York ; Oxford |b Oxford University Press |c 1993 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | List of Part I Tables xxi
List of Figures xxiii
Part I. Essays on fresh water issues
1. An introduction to global fresh water issues Peter H. Gleick 3
The world s fresh water 3 Y
Water quality and health 4 v
Water and ecosystems 5
Agriculture 6
Energy 7
Water for development 8
Water, politics, and international law 9
Water in the 21 st century 10
2. World fresh water resources Igor A. Shiklomanov 13
Introduction 13
World water stocks 13
The hydrologic cycle and the water balance 15
Natural river flow and water supply 15 ^
Impact of economic activities on water resources 18
Conclusions and tasks for further research 23
3. Water quality and health Linda Nash 25
Introduction 25
Water quality problems 25
Current and emerging trends affecting water quality 32 v
Water quality management 35
Conclusions 36
4. Water and ecosystems Alan P. Covich 40
Introduction 40
Ecosystem integrity 40
Biotic diversity 41
Environmental adaptations 42
Present and future problems 45 v
Summary and future studies 51
5. Water and agriculture Sandra Postel 56
Introduction 56
Irrigation trends 56
Irrigation s environmental price 58
Scarcity and competition 59
Contents
Improving irrigation efficiency 60
Strategies for the 1990s and beyond 62
6. Water and energy Peter H. Gleick 67
Introduction 67
Energy for water 67
Water for energy 70
Conclusions 76
7. Water and economic development Malin Falkenmark and Gunnar Lindh 80
Introduction 80
Water as a factor in socioeconomic development: Past experience 80 v
Accessing more of the available fresh water 82 v; ^
Overuse and underuse 84 r
The water future of large urban centers 86 .
Water and ecological security 87
Development in water scarce regions 89 V.
Conclusions 90
8. Water, politics, and international law Stephen C. McCaffrey 92
Introduction 92
Selected international controversies over shared water resources 92 vC
International water law 97
Conclusion 99
9. Water in the 21st century Peter H. Gleick 105
Introduction 105
Population pressures 105 Y.
Climate changes 106
Water wars 108
Conclusions: An agenda for change 110
irt II. Fresh water data
About the data Peter H. Gleick 117
Data format 117
Errors in the data 117
Difference between measured data and derived data 117
Time series data and time of estimate 117
Uneven regional data coverage and uneven data quality 118
Variability, uncertainty, and illusory precision and accuracy 118
Aggregation of data 118
Inconsistent definitions, standards, and boundaries 119
International politics and hydrologic data 119
Summary 119
A. Global and regional fresh water resources 120
1. Global stocks of water 120
2. Flows of the global water cycle 121
3. Inflow of surface water and ground water to the world oceans 122
4. Areas of external and internal runoff, by continent 123
5. Annual average water balance of the continents 124
6. Six estimates of the annual average continental water balance 125
7. Continental areas and mean annual runoff, three estimates 126
8. Water reserves in surface ice 127
9. Distribution of ice cover by region 128
10. Global fresh water resources, by country 129
11. Renewable water resources for the European Economic
Community 134
12. Summary ofthe characteristics of principal aquifer types 135
Contents xv
13. Discharge to the oceans of ground water and subsurface dissolved
solids 136
14. Ground water recharge estimates for India 137
15. Ground water resources in geologic regions of the United States 138
16. Surface flow and useful resources of ground water in the former Soviet
republics 140
17. Stream flow, ground water, and rainfall resources in the Arab region
141
18. Abundances of chemical elements in seawater 142
B. Rivers, lakes and waterfalls 145
1. Drainage area and average runoff for selected rivers, four estimates
(includes Tables B.I I, B.I II, B.I III, and B.I IV) 145
2. Characteristics of fifty selected rivers 149
3. Lengths and basin countries of selected major rivers, four estimates
151
4. River transport of suspended sediment load to the oceans, by climatic
region 154
5. Calculated total suspended sediment discharge from the continents 155
6. Drainage area, runoff, and suspended sediment discharges for major rivers
of the world 157
7. Drainage area, runoff, and sediment yields for fourteen major rivers
159
8. Quality of data base for twenty one of the largest river sediment
discharges to the ocean 160
9. Sediment yields to selected reservoirs in China 161
10. Major lakes of the world 162
11. Number and area of lakes in the former Soviet Union 166
12. Distribution of large lakes in five republics of the former Soviet Union
166
13. Waterfalls with the greatest flow 167
14. Highest waterfalls 168
C. Sanitation and water related disease 170
1. Worldwide access to safe drinking water 171 v
2. Worldwide access to sanitation services 179
3. Water supply and sanitation coverage for developing regions, 1980 and
1990 187
4. Developing country needs for urban and rural water supply and sanitation,
1990 and 2000 189
v5. Constraints in improving water supply and sanitation services in
developing countries 190
6. Fraction of population served by wastewater treatment plants, for selected
countries, 1970 to 1987 191
7. United States population served by wastewater treatment systems, by level
of treatment, 1960 to 1988 193
8. Estimated unit costs for various wastewater treatment processes 194
9. Average annual onsite wastewater collection and treatment cost, per
household 195
10. Annual cost per household of alternative water supply systems 196
11. Environmental classification of water related infections 197
12. Environmental classification of excreted infections 198
13. Basic epidemiological features of excreted pathogens, by environmental
category 199
14. Water related disease mechanisms and prevention 201
15. Water and sanitation related infections and their control 202
Contents
16. Water related disease prevalence in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,
1977 to 1978 203
17. Incidence of waterborne disease, 1980 204 ^
18. Incidence and effects of selected diseases in developing countries, late
1980s 205
19. Onchocerciasis morbidity, 1983 206
20. Continental trends in malaria morbidity, 1965 to 1987 207
21. National trends in malaria morbidity, 1965 to 1987 211
22. Cholera cases and deaths, by continent, 1979 to 1991 216
23. Cholera cases and deaths worldwide, 1991 218
24. Reported cases of dracunculiasis, 1986 to 1990 219
25. Waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, by type of water
supply system, 1971 to 1988 221
26. Health effects of some major water developments 222
27. Proportion of preventable water related diseases in East Africa 223
28. Expected reduction in morbidity from improved water supply and ,
sanitation 224
D. Water quality and contamination 225
1. Drinking water standards of the United States, Canada, EEC, and
WHO 226
2. Sources of individual ions in rainwater 231
3. Principal sources and causes of salinity 232
4. Average concentration of dissolved constituents in river water 233
5. Acidification of precipitation worldwide 234
6. pH of rainwater in selected cities in China, early 1980s 239
7. Emissions factors for the release of trace metals to soil and water 240
8. Water pollution from industrial effluents 243
9. Raw waste loads in selected industries 248
10. Presence of heavy metals in waste streams of selected industries 250 ,
11. Characteristics of wastewater from the production of organic
chemicals 251
12. Water treatment systems capable of removing common contaminants
252
13. Typical effluent changes in a waste treatment plant 253
14. Impaired waters in the United States, by causes and sources of
pollution 254
15. Activities contributing to ground water contamination in the United
States 255
16. Estimated phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes, 1976 to 1986 257
17. Selected hazardous substances at 951 national priorities sites 258
E. Water and agriculture 259
1. Cropland use by region and country, 1989 260
2. Global irrigated area, 1900 to 1989 265
3. Irrigated area by continent 266
4. Irrigated area by region and country 267
5. Salinization of irrigated cropland, selected countries 272
6. Extent of lands at least moderately desertified, early 1980s 273
7. Rural populations affected by desertification, by region, early 1980s
274
8. Characteristics of alternative irrigation systems 275
9. Factors affecting the selection of an appropriate irrigation method 276
10. Guide for selecting a method of irrigation 277
11. Impacts of irrigation development 279
12. Selected environmental effects of agriculture on water quality 280
13. Land use by different hydrologic water regimes (%) 281
Contents
14. Crop water requirements and crop evapotranspiration 282
15. Methods and sources of irrigation in the United States, 1979 and 1984
284
16. Area irrigated in the United States with on farm pumped water, by type of
energy, and by region, 1980 285
17. Quantity of energy used in the United States for on farm pumped
irrigation water, by region, 1980 286
F. Water and ecosystems 287
1. Wetland terms and types 288
2. Wetlands of international importance, 1990 289
3. Important wetlands area, for selected countries, 1980s 290
4. Important coastal wetlands 291
5. Extent of wetlands, selected OECD countries, 1950 to 1985 292
6. Long term wetlands loss in selected southern Asian countries, 1880 to
1980 293
7. Descriptions of wetlands regions of the United States 294
8. Wetlands area in the United States, 1780s and 1980s 295
9. Estimated U.S. federal agency wetlands holdings, 1985 297
10. Fresh water fish catch, by country, mid 1970s and mid 1980s 299
11.1 World fish production, by origin, 1950 to 1985 303
11 .II World fish production, by end use, 1950 to 1985 303
12. pH criteria for the protection of European fresh water fish 304
13.1 Distribution of lakes and running waters important for fisheries in the
republics of the former Soviet Union 305
13.11 Distribution of small and medium lakes important for fisheries in the
republics of the former Soviet Union 306
14. The largest lakes in the former Soviet Union supporting capture
fisheries 307
15. Anthropogenic inputs of trace metals into aquatic ecosystems 308
16. A qualitative trophic characterization of lakes and reservoirs 309
17. A quantitative trophic characterization of lakes and reservoirs 310
18. Problems associated with the eutrophication of lakes, reservoirs, and
impoundments 311
19. Selected eutrophic lakes and reservoirs 312
20. Aral Sea hydrologic data, 1926 to 1990 313
21. Annual additions to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System of the
United States, 1968 to March 1992 316
22. Globally threatened amphibian and fresh water fish species, 1990 317
G. Water and energy 321
1. Hydroelectric generation, capacity, and potential, by country 322
2. World net hydroelectric generation, 1975 to 1990 326
3. World net electricity generation, by type, 1989 328
4. World electrical installed capacity, by type, January 1,1990 330
5. The world s major dams and hydroelectric facilities 333
6. The world s major dams and hydroelectric facilities under
construction 347
7. World s largest dams, by dam volume 352
8. World s highest dams 354
9. World s largest reservoirs, by reservoir volume 356
10. World s largest hydroelectric plants, by installed capacity 358
11. Populations displaced as a consequence of dam construction 359
12. Hydropower and mini hydropower potential of least developed and
selected Pacific island countries 362
13. Exploitable hydropower resources of major river systems in China 363
14. African hydroelectric development, 1920 to 1990 364
Contents
15. Reservoir capacity in the United States 365
16. Reservoirs in the United States by primary purpose 366
17. Water storage capacity and the capacity lost annually due to sedimentation t
in the coterminous United States 367
18. Installed hydroelectric capacity per unit area inundated, for selected
projects 368
19. Annual evaporative water losses from California hydroelectric
facilities 369
20. Land inundated for California hydroelectic facilities 370
21. Expected water pollution from selected energy systems 3 71
22. Energy requirements for desalting water 372
H. Water and human use 373
1. Fresh water withdrawal by region, country, and sector 374
2. Total water withdrawal by major users, selected OECD countries, late
1980s 379
3. Water demand in the Arab region, 1985 380
4. Water resources and use in the Gulf Cooperative Council countries 381
5. Water resources used for drinking water supplies in Europe, 1988 382 Y **
6. Basic indicators characterizing the protection and rational utilization of
water resources in the former Soviet Union, 1980 to 1988 383
7. Water withdrawals from natural sources in the former Soviet Union, by
republic, 1985 to 1988 384
8. Water withdrawals, use, and losses in the former Soviet Union, by
republic, 1986 to 1988 385
9.1 Offstream water use in the United States, by state, 1990 387
9.II Offstream water use in the United States, by water resources region,
1990 389
10.1 Fresh water withdrawal in the United States, by state and by user, 1990
391
10.11 Fresh water withdrawal in the United States, by water resources region,
and by user, 1990 393
11. United States water withdrawals, by region, 1960 to 1990 394
12. Summary of estimated water use in the United States, 1900 to 1990
396
13.1 Ground water withdrawals in the United States, by state and sector,
1990 397
13.11 Ground water withdrawals in the United States, by water resources region
and sector, 1990 399
14. Ground water use in the western United States 400
15. Ground water resources and use in selected Asian and Pacific
countries 401
16.1 Estimated industrial water use for the world 402
16.11 Estimated industrial water use by developed and developing countries
403
17. Water use in United States industrial and commercial production 404
18. Water use in United States industry, per employee 406
19. Water use by industries in the United States, 1983 407
20. Geographic distribution of water intensive manufacturing industries in the
United States 408
21. Water use by industry in California, by purpose, 1979 409
22. Water recycling rates in major manufacturing industries in the United
States 410
23. Water requirements for municipal establishments 411
24. Typical household water use in the United States 412
25. Water efficient technologies for the residential and light commercial
sectors 413
Contents
26. Characteristics of unconventional water supply systems 414
27. Costs of water supply, 415 /
28. Production costs and tariffs for drinking water, by country, early 1980s
416
29. Cost of water production versus Gross National Product for selected
countries 419
30. Countries with desalting plant capacity greater than 20,000 nrVday, as of
December 31,1989 422
31. Desalting plants capable of producing at least 100 nrVday, by country, as
of December 31,1989 423
32. Desalting plants capable of producing at least 100 m3/day, by type of
process, as of December 31,1989 426
33. Desalting plants capable of producing at least 100 m3/day, by source of
raw water, as of December 31,1989 427
34. Wind and solar desalination plants with a capacity greater than
lOmVday 428
35. Unit cost of desalination alternatives in the Middle East 429
36. Desalination applications 430
I. Water policy and politics 431
1. Agencies collecting water resources assessment data 431
2. Development of hydrological networks and data banks 432
3. State of water management, by country 433
4. Number and area of international river basins, by continent 436
5. Number of countries with greater than 75% of total area in international
river basins, by continent 437
6. Rivers with five or more nations forming part of the basin 438
7. Selected countries dominated by international river basins with low
per capita water availability 439
8. Largest river basins shared by two or more countries, by continent 440
J. Units, data conversions, and constants 449
List of Part I tables
2.1 Water reserves on the earth 13
2.2 Large fresh lakes of the world (with surface areas greater than 5,000 km2) 14
2.3 Water balance of the land 15
2.4 River runoff resources in the world 15
2.5 Large rivers of the world (with mean annual runoff greater than 200 km2) 16
2.6 Water availability in some countries, late 1980s 18
2.7 Water withdrawals by continents and individual countries, 1975 to 1977 19
2.8 Dynamics of water use in the world by human activity 20
2.9 Annual runoff and water consumption by continents and by physiographic and economic
regions of the world 21
2.10 Dynamics of actual water availability in different regions of the world 22
3.1 Classifications of water related infections 26
3.2 Concentration of cadmium in rivers 29
3.3 Examples of organic pollutants, by class and typical use 30
3.4 Radionuclides most abundant in drinking water 32
3.5 The production of selected classes of chemicals in India 1950 to 1980 (103 tonnes) 33
3.6 Pesticides used in or sold to Latin American countries during the 1980s whose use has
been banned or restricted elsewhere 34
4.1 Distribution of water in the biosphere 41
4.2 Data on species rich, deep lakes of the world 42
4.3 Net primary productivity for regional fresh water ecosystems 43
5.1 Net irrigated area, top 20 countries and world, 1989 56
5.2 Use of microirrigation, leading countries and world, 1991 61
6.1 Classification of desalination methods based on energy type 69
6.2 Consumptive water use for energy production 71
6.3 Consumptive water use for electricity production 72
6.4 World hydroelectric capacity and generation, 1990 72
6.5 Water consumed by oil shale production 75
7.1 Overall water predicament 84
9.1 Ratio of water demand to supply by country 106
9.2 Per capita water availability today and in 2025, selected countries 106
9.3 Dependence on imported surface water, selected countries 108
List of figures
1.1 Flows of the hydrologic cycle 3
1.2 Annual per capita water availability by continent, 1990 4
1.3 Cases of cholera worldwide, 1979 to 1991 4
1.4 Cholera deaths worldwide, 1979 to 1991 4
1.5 Aral Sea surface area, 1926 to 1989 6
1.6 Aral Sea salinity, 1965 to 1991 6
1.7 Fraction of cropland that is irrigated, by continent, 1989 7
1.8 Number of desalination plants worldwide, by process 8
1.9 Capacity of desalination plants worldwide, by process 8
1.10 Annual fresh water withdrawal per capita, by region 8
1.11 Population lacking access to safe drinking water in developing countries,
1980 to 2000 10
1.12 Population lacking access to sanitation services in developing countries,
1980 to 2000 10
2.1 The global water circulation 14
2.2 Long term runoff by region 16
2.3 Average monthly runoff as a fraction of annual runoff, by continent 17
2.4 Estimates of consumptive water use in the United States and the former Soviet Union
20
2.5 Consumptive water use by region as a fraction of climatic conditions 22
4.1 Comparisons of fish yields from fresh water and marine ecosystems 46
4.2 The effect of increased numbers of fishermen on yields in open access fisheries 47
4.3 Approximate time scales for ecological relationships following dam
construction 49
5.1 World irrigated area per thousand capita, 1960 to 1990 57
6.1 Number of desalination plants worldwide, by process 69
6.2 Capacity of desalination plants worldwide, by process 69
6.3 World electrical generation by source, 1989 72
6.4 Hydroelectric generation by region, 1975 to 1990
7.1 Location of (a) the lowest income countries (b) countries with low human capability
index (c) regions with dry climate zones 81
7.2 Per capita (a) industrial annual water withdrawals (b) domestic annual water
withdrawals 81
7.3 (a) The overall fresh water availability in a country/region in finite when seen in a
long term perspective (b) visualisation of different levels of water competition 82
7.4 Macroscale comparison of water availability and water demand on a per capita basis,
based on data from the mid 1970s 83
7.5 Logarithmic diagram showing water demand possible to supply at different levels of
mobilization of the potentially available water 85
7.6 Urban population in developing countries according to present estimates 86
7.7 Water utilization for an increasing population based on present per capita water supply
levels in some Mediterranean countries 88
7.8 Societal demands for goods and services determine human production activities 88
7.9 Populations of rural poor living in different habitats 89
A. 15 Ground water resources in the continental United States by geologic region 139
C.3 Population lacking safe drinking water and sanitation services, and total population, for
developing countries, 1980 to 2000 187
C.20 Malaria cases reported by continent, 1965 to 1985 208
List of figures
C.24 Cases of dracunculiasis (guinea worm) reported worldwide, 1986 to 1990 220
F.I 1 World marine and fresh water fish production, 1950 to 1985 303
G. 1 Number of dams worldwide, by height 321
H. 12 Withdrawal and consumptive offstream use of fresh water in the United States, 1960 to
1990 395
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| discipline | Allgemeines Wirtschaftswissenschaften Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | Aufsatzsammlung gnd |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV008886900 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:26:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)5138369-X (DE-588)5055713-0 |
| isbn | 9780195076288 0195076281 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005878910 |
| oclc_num | 26400228 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-521 DE-526 DE-11 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-521 DE-526 DE-11 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXIV, 473 Seiten Diagramme |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1993 |
| publishDateSort | 1993 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources ed. by Peter H. Gleick. Foreword by Gilbert F. White. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security ; Stockholm Environment Institute New York ; Oxford Oxford University Press 1993 XXIV, 473 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Eau - Approvisionnement Eau - Qualité Eau douce Natuurlijke hulpbronnen gtt Oppervlaktewater gtt Waterkwaliteit gtt Watervoorziening gtt Fresh water Water quality Water-supply Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd rswk-swf Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd rswk-swf Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 gnd rswk-swf Süßwasser (DE-588)4058507-4 gnd rswk-swf Aufsatzsammlung gnd rswk-swf Süßwasser (DE-588)4058507-4 s Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 s Aufsatzsammlung f DE-604 Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 s Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 s DE-188 Gleick, Peter H. edt White, Gilbert F. 1911-2006 (DE-588)135685907 win Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security (Oakland, Calif.) Sonstige (DE-588)5138369-X oth Stockholm Environment Institute Sonstige (DE-588)5055713-0 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005878910&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources Eau - Approvisionnement Eau - Qualité Eau douce Natuurlijke hulpbronnen gtt Oppervlaktewater gtt Waterkwaliteit gtt Watervoorziening gtt Fresh water Water quality Water-supply Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 gnd Süßwasser (DE-588)4058507-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064811-4 (DE-588)4124439-4 (DE-588)4064728-6 (DE-588)4058507-4 |
| title | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources |
| title_auth | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources |
| title_exact_search | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources |
| title_full | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources ed. by Peter H. Gleick. Foreword by Gilbert F. White. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security ; Stockholm Environment Institute |
| title_fullStr | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources ed. by Peter H. Gleick. Foreword by Gilbert F. White. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security ; Stockholm Environment Institute |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water in crisis a guide to the world's fresh water resources ed. by Peter H. Gleick. Foreword by Gilbert F. White. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security ; Stockholm Environment Institute |
| title_short | Water in crisis |
| title_sort | water in crisis a guide to the world s fresh water resources |
| title_sub | a guide to the world's fresh water resources |
| topic | Eau - Approvisionnement Eau - Qualité Eau douce Natuurlijke hulpbronnen gtt Oppervlaktewater gtt Waterkwaliteit gtt Watervoorziening gtt Fresh water Water quality Water-supply Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd Wassergüte (DE-588)4064728-6 gnd Süßwasser (DE-588)4058507-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eau - Approvisionnement Eau - Qualité Eau douce Natuurlijke hulpbronnen Oppervlaktewater Waterkwaliteit Watervoorziening Fresh water Water quality Water-supply Wasserversorgung Wasserreserve Wassergüte Süßwasser Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005878910&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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